27-31 July 2009, Edinburgh, UK

Composites Forming

Shear Tension Coupling in Biaxial Bias Extension Test

P Harrison (Univ of Glasgow) P Potluri (Univ of Manchester
Biaxial Bias Extension tests have been performed on various engineering fabrics under different in-
plane tension conditions. The test results have been normalised using both the upper and lower
bound method proposed by Potluri et al. [1] and also using a novel alternative normalisation method
based on energy arguments [2]. Normalised bias extension test data are compared with picture
frame test data. (C1:1)

Simulation and Tomography Analyses of Textile Composite Reinforcement

E Vidal-Sallé, P Badel, E Maire, L Bigorgne, P Boisse (INSA Lyon)
A simulation method for woven composite fabric deformation at mesoscopic scale is presented
together with a specific continuum hypo-elastic constitutive model. X-ray tomography is used to
obtain undeformed and deformed 3D geometries of the reinforcements. Comparisons between
numerical and experimental deformed geometries are shown. (C1:2)

Analysis of Woven Reinforcement Preforming using an Experimental Approach

G Hivet, S Allaoui, D Soulat, A Wendling (Univ d’Orleans) S Chatel (EADS IW)
In order to understand the mechanisms involved in the forming step of LCM processes and provide
validation date to numerical models, a specific experimental device has been designed in
collaboration between PRISME Institute and EADS. The goal of this paper is to present the
potentialities and the first results obtained with this device. (C1:3)

Multiscale Modelling: Yarn Deformation to Draping Simulation of Woven Preforms

RB Ramgulam, P Potluri, M Chilo (Univ of Manchester)
The objective is to simulate the geometry and forming forces in a woven preform draped over a
complex surface and loaded only at its boundaries. Multiscale modelling approach, starting from
fibre properties, has been employed in order to eliminate the uncertainties of material testing at
intermediate scales. (C1:4)

On the Formability of Multi-Layered Fabric Composites

K Vanclooster, SV Lomov, I Verpoest (KU Leuven)
A forming limit diagram, which visualizes the formability of multilayered fabric composites, is
presented. A drastic decrease in formability is noticed when the relative orientation between two
neighbouring fabrics increases. By increasing the interlaminar thickness between the fabric layers
the formability can be increased. (C1:5)

Advances in Measurement of Shear and Friction of Woven Fabrics for Forming

J Chen, D Jauffres, K Fetfasidis, D Winchester, J Sherwood (Univ of Massachusetts)
Fabrics provide a challenge to the standard materials characterization methods used to generate
input properties for forming simulations. This paper addresses recent advances in measurement of
shear and friction properties, along with insights gained from studies of dry fabric, commingled
fabrics, and fabric-reinforced sheet moulding compound. (C1:6)

Composite Reinforcement Forming Simulation: A Multiscale Approach

P Boisse, N Hamila, A Khan , S Gatouillat , E De Luycker, E Vidal-Salle, T Mabrouki (INSA Lyon)
The finite elements presented in this paper for textile fabric forming are composed of woven unit
cells. The mechanical behaviour of these is analyzed by 3D computations at the mesoscale regarding
biaxial tensions, in plane shear and bending properties. (C1:7)
27-31 July 2009, Edinburgh, UK

Characterization of an Aeronautic Composite Material During the Manufacturing Process -

Experimental Study of the Process Induced Residual Stresses Through-The-Thickness
A Poitou, YA Msallem, F Jacquemin (Ecole Centrale de Nantes) N Boyard, D Delaunay (Univ de
Nantes) S Chatel (EADS)
A mechanical and thermal characterization during the manufacturing process of an aeronautic
composite material is reported in this work. An experimental approach based on the peel-ply-
method allows deducing the process induced residual stresses through the thickness. (C1:8)

Mesoscopic Finite Element Modelling of Woven Reinforcements Applied to Sheet Moulding

Compound Forming Simulation
D Jauffres, JA Sherwood, J Chen, C Morris, J Kremer (UMass-Lowell)
A mesoscopic finite element approach using a combination of 1-D and 2-D elements is proposed to
model the complex and highly nonlinear deformation behaviour of woven fabrics. To demonstrate
the capabilities of the method, the drapability of an actual automotive part is studied. (C1:9)

High Speed Moulding of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Based on Non-Woven Stitched
Multi-Axial Cloth Using Induction Heating System
K Tanaka, T Katayama (Doshisha Univ) K Uno (Marubeni Co Ltd)
High speed moulding process of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics using induction heating
system in combination with non-woven stitched multi-axial cloth (NSMC) was proposed. NSMC is a
novel material system, in which non-woven fabric plays a supporting material of non-crimp stitched
fabric and at the same time will be the matrix of composites. (C1:10)

Pressure Distribution and Surface Quality During Forming of Thermoplastic Composites

with a Collection of Rubber Particles as Mould Half
V Antonelli*, S Lindstedt, R Marissen (TU Delft) R Carbone (Universita) (*now at TU München)
The present paper shows the influence of the rubber hardness and the particles' shape and
dimensions on the pressure distribution during Hylid forming. Results show that the hardness of the
rubber influences the uniformity of the pressure distribution, while the shape of the particles allows
for a better surface quality. (C1:11)

Deformation Pattern and Failure Criteria of Woven Composite Preform in General Bias
Extension
B Zhu, XM Tao (Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ) TX Yu (Hong Kong Univ of Science & Tech)
A series of bias extension tests was carried out on balanced plain woven composite preforms with
various aspect ratios, disclosing that different aspect ratios may result in different first failures. By
the competition of the required energies, the failure of wrinkling or inter-yarn slippage can be
approximately predicted. (IC1:1)

Coupled Non-Orthogonal Constitutive Model for Woven Fabric Composites

W Lee, J-H Byun (KIMS) J Cao (Northwestern Univ) P Badel, P Boisse (INSA-Lyon)
A coupled non-orthogonal constitutive model was newly proposed for woven fabric composites
considering the conjoined effect of tensile and shear forces. The predictability of the developed
model was examined and compared with the previous decoupled model for the bias-extension tests
with various aspect ratios and inclined angle. It showed that the new model captures the physics of
material deformation. (IC1:2)
27-31 July 2009, Edinburgh, UK

Cure Cycle Optimisation for Composite Laminates Fabricated by RTM using Dielectric
Sensors
JH Chen, MA Octeau, M Hojjati, A Yousefpour (National Research Council Canada)
In this study, carbon fiber/epoxy composite flat panels were fabricated by a resin transfer molding
(RTM) process. A dielectric sensor was used to monitor the curing process of these panels. In the
experiment, three dielectric cure monitoring tests were first conducted under isothermal conditions
to correlate the dielectric ionic conductivity with the degree of cure and the glass transition
temperature of the epoxy resin. (IC1:3)

Measuring Method and Process Analysis of Void Formation Conditions for Resin Matrix
Composites
Y Gu, M Li, Z Zhang (Beihang Univ)
This paper focuses on void formation originated from hygroscopic water in resin matrix composites
during fabrication. A simple method was established to measure the relationship between porosity
and processing parameters, including temperature and pressure, and the void formation conditions
of carbon fiber/epoxy resin and bismaleimide resin were studied. (IC1:4)

C
Cllliiiccck
C kh
k he
h errre
e e ttto
e o rrre
o etttu
e urrrn
u n ttto
n oT
o Th
T he
heem
me
m esss
e