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Biaxial Testing of Open


Hole Tension Specimens
Stephen R. Hallett
and
Mary Ogunnupebi

Conference, Speaker
www.bris.ac.uk/composites Date
Data protection statement
2/14
Introduction
• Open-hole strength is a critical design
driver for aerospace composite structures
• Majority of the scientific investigations
have been based on uniaxial loading

Brittle Pull-out Delamination

• Only limited work has been done on non-uniaxial loading –


more representative of in-service loading
• Detailed failure mechanisms present in complex loading of
notched composite laminates still not well understood
Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
th
Data April statement
3/14
Role of Ply splits
• Sub-critical damage at the hole edge is known to affect the
ultimate failure strength of notched laminates
• Past work has shown that the length of the load bearing 0º
ply splits is critical in its effect on the stress concentration
• As an example a specimen fatigued for 1,000,000 cycles has
a higher residual strength than a pristine sample

600 563
531
Central Sub-laminate
3D View 500
0 Matrix Cracks
400

6.0 mm 300

200
5.9 mm
100

1 2 0
Pristine Fatigued

1 Hallett SR, Green BG Jiang WG and Wisnom MR, An Experimental and Numerical Investigation into the Damage Mechanisms in Notched Composites, Composites Part A, 2009, 40(5), 613-624
2 Nixon-Pearson OJ and Hallett SR, An investigation into the damage development and residual strengths of open-hole specimens in fatigue, Composites Part A, 2015, 69, 266-278

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
th
Data April statement
4/14
Hypothesis
• Under uniaxial load the 0º ply splits are driven by pure shear
• Transverse applied loading changes split growth from pure
mode II to mixed mode I/II with mode I opening component
• Mode I fracture toughness is typically much lower than
mode II, so split should propagate more easily
• Can we apply a small amount of transverse load to change
the split growth?

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
Data
thApril statement
5/14
Biaxial Specimen Design
• Initial idea was to design a fairly traditional
style biaxial specimen
• Radius introduced at corner so it does not
influence the failure
• An initial finite element study was undertaken
to examine the most appropriate specimen
width and corner radius
• w/d = 5 as used previously showed a strong
influence on the hole stress (axial only load)
• w/d = 10 was considerably better and chosen
for the current study
• Corner radius varied to investigate stress
concentration at hole vs at corner radius

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
th
Data April statement
6/14
Biaxial Specimen Design
• From Open Hole Tension work, we know

300mm
damage starts at a very early stage from a 300mm

notch or stress concentration


• Idea - Instead of trying to avoid damage 32mm Primary
loading
why not induce damage at sharp corners Transverse
direction

and let the cracks provide stress relief loading


direction
Y, 90

• Layup = [45/90/-45/0]2s - New design was X, 0


Schematic of specimen
developed with discontinuous plies in the design

arms except for 90º plies to introduce the


transverse load
• FE modelling with progressive damage of 45
90

splits and delamination undertaken to -45


0

show that with discontinuous plies, 45


90

experiments will work


-45
0

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
Data
thApril statement
7/14
Specimen Manufacture
• Due to complex pattern, each specimen
had to be individually laid up in a custom
jig
• Material used was Hexcel’s UD IM7/8552
carbon/epoxy pre-preg
• Aluminium formers used to ensure shape
was held during cure
• After several trails of different edge
conditions, final edge condition obtained by
hand sanding specimens clamped between
shaped gauge plates
• This jig was also used to support and
clamp the specimen during drilling to avoid
back face breakout

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
Data
thApril statement
8/14
Uniaxial Experiments
• The aim was to investigate influence of
transverse loads on uniaxial failure
• Initial work was needed to validate Loading
direction
cruciform specimen design and
40,000 fps
to uniaxial data from straight
sided specimens
• Cruciform specimens were
loaded in uniaxial tension
• High speed photography shows failure 700
549 581

initiating from the hole and progressing


600

500

across the specimen width 400

• Strength results compare well with


300

200

previous data on w/d=10 specimens1 100

0
Straight sided Cruciform
1 Cheung KH and Hallett SR, Investigation of the effect of specimen width on open hole tensile strength, CompTest 2008, Dayton

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
th
Data April statement
9/14
Biaxial Experiments
• Tests were carried out to the load
cruciform specimens with a primary and
additional transverse loading
• Undertaken on a biaxial servo-hydraulic Primary
loading
tension testing machine Transverse
direction

loading
• Tests were run in displacement control direction

with transverse loads ramped up linearly


with axial load
• Nominal transverse loads of 5, 10 and
15% calculated from the specimen
compliance were applied
• Experiment showed an increase in failure
strength with increase transverse load

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
Data
thApril statement
10/14
Biaxial Experimental Results

Biaxial
individual
results

Straight sided Cruciform


specimen uniaxial uniaxial mean
mean result result

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
th
Data April statement
11/14
Biaxial High-speed Video
Primary
• 100,000 FPS loading
direction

Transverse
loading
direction
Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
Data
thApril statement
12/14
High-speed Video - Stills
Transverse
loading
direction

Primary
loading
direction

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
Data
thApril statement
13/14
Interrupted Tests
• To better investigate the presence of splits in the experiment
a test was interrupted at similar load levels for uniaxial and
biaxially loaded cruciforms
• Specimens were then x-ray CT scanned (with zinc iodide
penetrant to enhance cracks)

516 MPa 519 + 64 MPa

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
Data
thApril statement
14/14
Summary
• A test was successfully developed to introduce relatively small
amounts of transverse loading to open hole tensile tests
• The specimen configuration was shown to have a minimal
effect on the uniaxial result
• When transverse stress is introduced the strength increases
• X-ray CT scanning showed that the original hypothesis of
increased split length at the hole boundary is the cause of the
strength increase
• Compression stress is known to increase shear strength
• If transverse load is reversed and compression applied, could
it reduce open hole tensile strength?
• Could result in non-conservative design if not taken into
account

Conference,
CompTest Speaker
2017
Date
5-7 protection
Data
thApril statement

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