Sub: Thermodynamics

SYLLABUS

Module 1
Introduction and Basic Concepts:
Application areas of thermodynamics, Systems and Control volumes,
Properties of system, Continuum, State and equilibrium, Processes and cycles,
Temperature and Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat and thermodynamic
concept of work.
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Statement, Heat and work calculations, Application of first law to non-flow
and flow systems, steady flow energy equation as applied to boiler, condenser,
nozzle and turbine.

Module 2
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Statements and their equivalence, thermal energy reservoirs, concept of heat
engine, refrigerator, heat pump and perpetual motion machines, Carnot cycle
and principles.
Entropy:
Concept of entropy, Temperature- entropy plot, Clausius inequality theorem,
Principle of Increase of entropy, entropy balance, entropy generation in daily
life, first and second law combined, entropy changes of an ideal gas during
reversible processes.

Module 3
Availability:
Available and unavailable energy, Available energy (AE) referred to cycle and
energy source, Availability in steady flow process, availability in non-flow
process, Irreversibility, Definition of second law efficiency.
Property Relations:
Introduction to Maxwell relations, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, volume
expansivity and isothermal compressibility, Mayer relation, Joule-Thomson
coefficient.

Module 4
Properties of Steam:
Dryness fraction, enthalpy, internal energy and entropy, steam table,
polynomial form of steam equations and Mollier chart, First law applied to
steam processes.
Vapour Power Cycles:
Carnot vapour cycle, Rankine cycle, Ideal reheat Rankine cycle, Introduction
to cogeneration.

Module 5
Gas Power Cycles:
Air standard assumptions, Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, dual cycle, Stirling cycle,
Ericsson cycle, Atkinson cycle, Brayton cycle.
Module 6(not in syllabus now)
Reactive Systems:
Combustion, theoretical and actual combustion processes, enthalpy of
formation and enthalpy of combustion, Adiabatic flame temperature, first law
analysis of reactive system.

GENERAL PATTERN of QUESTION PAPER

Q.1 THEORY QUESTIONS (20 MARKS)

MODULE 1 FIX QUE

Q.2 THEORY + NUMERICAL (20 MARKS)

MODULE 1&2 (MODULE 2 THOERY, EITHER SFEE OR CLOSED SYSTEM

NUMERICAL)

Q.3 THOERY + NUMERICAL

NUMERICAL ON HEAT ENGINE, REFRIGERATOR, HEAT PUMP (10-12 MARKS)

Q.4 THEORY + NUMERICAL

NUMERICAL ON GAS POWER CYCLE (10-12 MARKS)

Q.5 THOERY + NUMERICAL

NUMERICAL ON VAPOUR POWER CYCLE (10-12 MARKS)

Q.6 THEORY + NUMERICAL(not in syllabus now)

NUMERICAL ON EITHER REACTIVE SYSTEM (MOST CHANCES) OR

AVAILABILITY (12 MARKS)

MODULE WISE WEIGHTAGE MARKS

MODULE
PAPER
1 2 3 4 5 6
MAY 16 25 33 17 20 25 0
DEC 15 28 32 12 16 20 20
MAY 15 25 30 21 24 15 15
DEC 14 28 32 26 19 10 10
MAY 14 22 20 16 20 20 18
DEC 13 17 38 26 14 20 15
 IMPORTANT THEORY TOPICS

MODULE 1

Define: Thermodynamic properties, system, Quasi-static process, reversible process,

thermodynamic work, thermodynamic equilibrium

Define Open, closed, and isolated system

*Zeroth law of thermodynamics and its significance

Statement of first law for cycle, open and closed system

*Joule Thompson experiment

Steady flow energy equation (derivation+ applications)

*Proof of energy is a property of system

Difference between flow and non-flow process

Steady flow process

Expression for work done, heat transfer in a reversible polytropic closed process

MODULE 2

Limitations of 1st law of thermodynamics

*Statement of 2nd law of thermodynamics (Kelvin- Plank and Clausius) and their equivalence

Carnot theorem (statement 1 and 2) with proof

Carnot cycle and expression for efficiency

Limitations of Carnot cycle

*Absolute thermodynamic temperature scale

Define Heat engine, heat pump, and refrigerator.

Define COP for refrigerator and heat pump and derive relation between them

Perpetual motion machine (PMM)

*Prove that entropy is a property of system

Clausius Inequality

*Principle of entropy increase and its applications

*Expression for maximum work obtainable from Two Finite bodies

MODULE 3

*Define: Available and unavailable energy, availability, irreversibility, dead state

Derive expression for availability of non-flow process

Second law efficiency

Law of degradation of energy

*Derive Maxwell’s equations

*Explain Clausius-Clapeyron equation

*Expression for ratio of heat capacities in terms of isothermal compressibility and adiabatic
compressibility

*Expression for difference in heat capacities in terms of isothermal compressibility and

volume expansivity

Joule-Thompson coefficient and its significance, inversion point and inversion curve

MODULE 4

Describe the phase change process of water using T-V diagram.

Define: Dry saturated steam, wet steam, sensible heat of water, total enthalpy of steam,
dryness fraction, critical point, triple point, degree of superheat, saturation temperature, latent
heat of vaporisation work ratio, specific steam consumption, heat rate, steam rate

Carnot vapour cycle and expression for efficiency

Rankine cycle on P-V and T-S diagram

Expression for efficiency of Rankine cycle

List different methods of improving the performance of the Rankine cycle. Discuss any one
method in brief.

What are the effects of reheating of steam on (a) specific power output (b) cycle efficiency
(c) Steam rate (d) Heat rate of steam power plant.

Thermal power plant with one reheater (schematic diagram and T-S diagram)

*Reheat Rankine cycle

MODULE 5

Assumptions of air standard cycle

Define cut off ratio and discuss its effect on thermal efficiency of diesel engine.
*Derive expression for efficiency of Otto cycle, diesel cycle and dual cycle

Define Mean effective pressure, compression ratio, cut off ratio, expansion ratio, pressure or
explosion ratio

Open and closed Brayton cycle

Derive expression for efficiency of Brayton cycle

Derive expression for optimum pressure ratio for maximum work in Brayton cycle

IMPORTANT TOPICS FOR NUMERICALS

MODULE 1

Numericals on P.dv work for closed system and V.dp work for open system

First law applied to closed system

Numericals on constant pressure, constant volume, constant temperature, adiabatic,

polytropic process for open and closed system

*Numericals on steady flow energy equation (SFEE)

MODULE 2

*Numericals on Carnot cycle, refrigerator, heat pump, heat engine

Numericals on entropy change in different processes

MODULE 3

Numericals on availability, irreversibility, maximum work , loss of availability in open and

closed process

MODULE 4

*Numericals on properties of steam

Numericals on varius processes with vapour for closed and open system

*Numericals on Carnot vapour cycle, Rankine cycle, reheat Rankine cycle

MODULE 5

*Numericals on Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, dual cycle, Brayton cycle

MODULE 6(not in syllabus now)

*Numericals on combustion process

*Numericals on first law for Reactive system

NOTE: ALL * MARKED ARE VERY IMPORTANT

Solve number of numericals on every topic from different books.

Refer last 4 years of paper solution from library.

Refer formula sheet

ALL THE BEST