Some trigonometric implementations of Euler's formula

Problem

Euler’s formula states that, for any real number 𝑥

𝑒 𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Where 𝑒 is the base of the natural logarithm.

With the help of this formula, prove the following trigonometric identities

1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑎 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑏

4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠[(𝑎 − 𝑏)⁄2]𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑎 + 𝑏)⁄2]

5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏, 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏

Solution

From the formula of Euler

𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
2
𝑒 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =
2𝑖
So

1.
2 2
𝑒 𝑖2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑖2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ) − (𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = = = =2 ∙
2𝑖 2𝑖 2𝑖 2𝑖 2
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

2.
2 2
𝑒 𝑖2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ) + (𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = =
2 2
𝑖𝑥 2 𝑖𝑥 −𝑖𝑥 2 2 2
(𝑒 ) + 2𝑒 𝑒 + (𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ) − 2𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 + (𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 )
= +
4 4
𝑖2𝑥 −𝑖2𝑥 2 𝑖2𝑥 −𝑖2𝑥 2 2 2
𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖2𝑥
𝑖2𝑥
𝑒 𝑖2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑖2𝑥
=( ) +( ) =( ) −( )
2 2 2 2𝑖
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

3.

1
 (𝑒 𝑖(𝑎+𝑏) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝑎+𝑏) )(𝑒 𝑖(𝑎−𝑏) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝑎−𝑏) ) 𝑒 𝑖2𝑎 + 𝑒 𝑖2𝑏 + 𝑒 −𝑖2𝑏 + 𝑒 −𝑖2𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 − 𝑏) = =
4 4
𝑒 𝑖2𝑎 + 2 + 𝑒 −𝑖2𝑎 + 𝑒 𝑖2𝑏 − 2 + 𝑒 −𝑖2𝑏
=
4
𝑖𝑎 2 𝑖𝑎 −𝑖𝑎 2
(𝑒 ) + 2𝑒 𝑒 + (𝑒 −𝑖𝑎 ) + 𝑒 𝑖2𝑏 − 2𝑒 𝑖𝑏 𝑒 −𝑖𝑏 + 𝑒 −𝑖2𝑏
=
4
𝑖𝑎 −𝑖𝑎 2 𝑖𝑏 −𝑖𝑏 2 2 2
(𝑒 + 𝑒 ) + (𝑒 − 𝑒 ) (𝑒 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎 ) (𝑒 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑏 )
= = +
4 4 4
2 2 2 2
𝑒 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎 𝑒 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑏 𝑒 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎 𝑒 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑏
=( ) +( ) =( ) −( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑎 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑏
2 2 2 2𝑖

4.
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
𝑒𝑖 2 + 𝑒 −𝑖 2 𝑒𝑖 2 − 𝑒 −𝑖 2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠[(𝑎 − 𝑏)⁄2]𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑎 − 𝑏)⁄2] = 2 ∙
2 2𝑖
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
(𝑒 𝑖 2 + 𝑒 −𝑖 𝑖
2 ) (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −𝑖 2 )
=
2𝑖
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 −𝑖
𝑒 2 𝑒 2 −𝑒 2 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −𝑖 2 𝑒 𝑖 2 − 𝑒 −𝑖 2 𝑒 −𝑖 2
=
2𝑖
𝑒 𝑖𝑎 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑏 + 𝑒 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎 𝑒 𝑖𝑎 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎 𝑒 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑏
= = + = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏
2𝑖 2𝑖 2𝑖

5.

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑖 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑒 𝑖(𝑎+𝑏) = 𝑒 𝑖𝑎 𝑒 𝑖𝑏 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 + 𝑖 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑖 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑖 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 + 𝑖 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏) + 𝑖(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏)

Hence

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏, 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏

Question:

What do we get if we start with the equality 𝑒 𝑖2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ?

E. Lamprakis