1. WORKABILITY STUDY FOR RECYCLED AGGREGATES: (Parekh D.

N
and Modhera C D) , (May. 2012, Vol. 2(5) pp: 1040-1044)
Known source of concrete were prepared by a popular concrete mix 0.55:1:1.5:3, which
was used here for preparation of known source of aggregate. Another source of
aggregates was laboratory tested concrete specimens whose age or strength was not
known. Recycled aggregates were prepared with help of laboratory type jaw crusher.
All aggregates were tested as per IS recommendations and results compared with
natural coarse aggregate (NCA) and IS requirements.At present converts low-value
waste into secondary construction materials such as a variety of aggregate grades, road
materials and aggregate fines (dust). Often these materials are used in as road
Construction.
MATERIALS: These mixes were tested and then crushed (at 28 days) to obtain RCA
for next phase of recycled aggregate.
An OPC 53 grade conforming to IS 12269 – 1987 was used throughout the study for
preparation of mix A and mix B concrete production.
Sieve Analysis of aggregates was carried out in accordance with IS: 2386 (PART I) –
1997
Results: Workability by slump cone was determined by using IS: 1199-1959[25] for
RA concrete mixes
Water absorption of RCA was 5 to 9 times higher and specific gravity of is 15% to 20%
lower than the NCA. Furthermore, RCA had 9 to 11% lower density. Attached cement
mortar and voids in that are the basic reason behind such behaviour.
2. Construction Industry Waste Management- An Experimental Case Study of
Recycled Aggregate Concrete. (Ankit Sahay, Gaurav Saini.), (e-ISSN: 2278-1684,
p-ISSN: 2320-334X. PP 43-47)
A comparison between natural aggregate (NA) and recycled aggregate (RA) has been
done and various proportions of NA: RA (0:100, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20 and 100:0) have
been experimentally tested for efficacy of use in two concrete mixes.
The utilization of recycled aggregate is particularly very promising as 75 per cent of
concrete is made of aggregates.
Recycled aggregates are currently used for low construction works such as
construction of pavements.
The aggregate properties where they are tested and compared with natural aggregate.
Focus has been laid on one of the strength characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete
to come to a specific conclusion related to the strength parameters of RAC and thereby
the possibility of using recycled aggregates.
MIXES AND CODES:
On the basis of consideration of two concrete mixes, M20 and M25, the standard
proportions are considered as 1:1.5:3 and 1:1:2 respectively. The water-content of M20
and M25 is 0.5 and 0.45 respectively. The concrete mix design has been carried out
using IS 456:2000. Recycled aggregate of 20 mm has been used. 43 grade Ordinary
Portland cement (OPC) has been used. 3 different mixes of natural aggregate (NA) and
recycled aggregate (RA). NA: RA have been considered for experimental purposes
such as (NA: RA) 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20 respectively.
 RESULTS:
The NA: RA mix of 70:30 and 80:20 have consistently given better results as compared
to mix proportion of 60:40 and thus, may be recommended for sustainable and
economic development of concrete. So, it is still suitable for low level construction
works like that of pavements.
The compressive strength results of the recycled aggregate were somewhat ambiguous
and can be improved by adding admixtures like chemical admixtures etc. Certain
concrete strength tests may be executed to analyse RCA in terms of its strength
parameters.
3. Effect of Physical Properties Of Recycled Aggregate On The Strength Of Concrete
(Ms. Manjushree G. Shinde, Prof. M. R. Vyawahare, Prof. P. O. Modani),(Vol. 2
Issue 4, April – 2013 ,ISSN: 2278-0181)
The aim for this study is to determine the strength characteristics of recycled aggregates
for application in structural concrete, which will give a better understanding on the
properties of concrete, the recycled aggregates as an alternative material to coarse
aggregate in structural concrete.
In order to reduce the usage of natural aggregate, recycled aggregate can be used as the
replacement materials. Recycled aggregate is comprised of crushed, graded inorganic
particles processed from the materials that have been used in the constructions.
MIXES AND CODES:
In this experimental study, Ordinary Portland Cement conforming to IS: 8112-1989
was used.
The coarse recycled aggregate passing through 20mm and retained on 4.75mm size
aggregate was used.
The mix proportion was done based on Arbitrary method. The cement, sand and
recycled coarse aggregate was weighed according to mix proportion 1:1.2:2.4.
Recycled aggregate obtained from tested concrete cubes of M25 mix & M20 mix.
RESULTS:
Water absorption of recycled aggregate is about 3 to 5% higher than Natural Aggregate.
Significant decrease in compressive strength observed in concrete with recycled
aggregate as compared to concrete with natural aggregate.
Impact value of RA was found to be more than NA and other type of RA. So, the
recycled aggregate are relatively weaker than natural aggregate
4. Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (Ismail Abdul Rahman), (Vol. 3, No.
10, October, 2009)
This paper reports the results of an experimental study on the mechanical properties
of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) as compared to natural aggregate concrete
(NAC). The 100% of RA used in concrete mix to replace the natural coarse aggregate
in concrete with 150 x 150 x 150 cube mm were cast with target compressive strength
is 25 MPa. The 28-day compressive strength was crushed at 7, 28 days are reported. It
was found the size of 10mm and 14 mm of RA in RAC is quite similar performance
with 10mm and 14mm size of natural aggregate (NA) in natural aggregate concrete
(NAC).
They compare the performance and characteristics of the two aggregates used. Most
researchers found that the performance of recycled aggregate used in concrete has low
workability and compressive strength. reasons for these are because of factors like
 smooth texture and rounder shape of RA, higher percentage of fine particles and high-
water absorption. Only one researcher found recycled aggregate concrete has higher
compressive strength. He claimed that recycled aggregate has more angular shape and
rough surface texture compare to natural aggregate. The angular shape and rough
texture of RA leads to better bond and higher strength of concrete.
MIXES AND CODES:
The crushed materials are sieved using a vibrator sieve in order to obtain aggregate with
the sizes of 10mm, 14mm and 20mm. The aggregate properties are analysed according
to BS 882:1992.
TESTS:
(i) flakiness and elongation, (ii) water absorption and specific gravity, (iii) aggregate
crushing value and aggregate impact value.
RESULTS:
1) The 28-day target compressive strength for all six mixes was achieved to 25 MPa
even though the RAC strength is lower than NAC. The compressive strength for RAC
is within the same range compared to NAC and reaching up to 25MPa at day 28 of
curing.
2) The size of RA was affected the strength in compressive strength, the results shows
the 10mm and 14mm size of RA is better than 20mm size.
3) The workability (slump test) of RAC is lower than NAC because the rate absorption
of RA is higher than NA.
5. Utilization of Demolished Concrete Waste for New Construction (Asif Husain, and
Majid Matouq Assas) (Vol:7, No:1, 2013)
The recycled aggregate that are obtained from site make good quality concrete. The
compressive strength test results of partial replacement and full recycled aggregate
concrete and are found to be higher than the compressive strength of normal concrete
with new aggregate. Research work indicates a positive result of rising recycled
concrete for pavement construction. However, there are certain limitations for using it
in structure.
MIXES AND CODES:
By casting more than 180 cubes of size 150mm in the laboratory using two nominals
mixes M15 & M20 (1:2:4 & 1:1.5:3). The same quality and required quantity of cement
and fine aggregate have been used for both the nominal mixes, replacing fresh coarse
aggregate by 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% demolished waste aggregate concrete for
both mixes have been prepared and cubes were caste. 7 days and 28 days compressive
strength of the cubes have been obtained. Ordinary Portland cement (53 grades) has
been used in both the mixes. Water cement ratios 0.60, 0.625 and 0.65 have been used
throughout the experiments.
TESTS:
Sieve Analysis Test of Aggregates, water absorption and specific gravity, aggregate
crushing value and aggregate impact value, Los Angeles Abrasion Test, compressive
strength
 RESULTS:
Water absorption increases from 1.5% (for 100% fresh new aggregate) to 4.6% (for
100% dismantled aggregate) which shows more requirement of water that is higher w/c
ratio for making concrete mix, while large percentage of dismantled coarse aggregate
is to be used.
Abrasion values obtained, permits 30% replacement of aggregate by dismantled
aggregate for concrete to be used.
With different w/c ratio as recommended in IS456-2000 compressive strength of mix
increases by 26.75% when fresh aggregate is replaced by 75% dismantled aggregate.
However, slump decreases to 2/3rd value. Increasing w/c ratio from 0.60 to 0.625 i.e.
by 4.16%, slump increases from 21mm to 60mm
when fresh aggregate is replaced by 75% dismantled with 12.68% increase of
compressive strength of the mix.
MIXES AND CODES:
TESTS:
RESULTS:

6. Influence of aggregate’s treatment on properties of recycled aggregate concrete

(V. P. Kukadia, Prof. Dr. R .K. Gajjar, Dr. D. N. Parekh),( Volume 8, Issue 3,
March 2017, pp. 351–361)
In this study replacement of Natural aggregate is restricted up to 30% of coarse recycled
aggregate. More over fine aggregates replaced in 50% and 100% to Fine recycle
aggregates. where in natural aggregates (65–70%) are coated by cement mortar (30–
35%) and can be produced from the crushing of concrete into smaller pieces. This
attached mortar has higher porosity and lower density than the natural crushed stone,
which is known to be the major area for concerned for effective use in concrete.
Recycled concrete Aggregate (RCA) is a material; where in natural aggregates (65–
70%) are coated by cement mortar (30–35%) and can be produced from the crushing of
concrete into smaller pieces. This attached mortar has higher porosity and lower density
than the natural crushed stone, which is known to be the major area for concerned for
effective use in concrete.
Therefore, to maintain a uniform quality during production a method to offset the water
absorption of the RA is usually employed. The high absorption capacity of RA means
that more water is needed than for conventional concrete.
MIXES AND CODES:
In first stage there was preliminary investigation of materials like Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) of 53 Grade, Aggregate and sand.
Indian standard method [IS 10262 (IS 2009)] applicable for natural aggregate is adopted
for the mix design of concrete, which is prepared based on constant effective
water/cement ratio of 0.57 for all concrete mixtures to achieve targeted mean strength
of 27.6 MPa at the 28 days for M20 grade of Concrete. The mix proportion (by weight)
was arrived at as 1:1.53:3.28, (cement: fine: coarse) with a cement content of 388 kg
per m3.
The Rotation the machine was kept at a speed of 25 revolutions per minute for 5
minutes without charge inside. Due to rotation of drum, aggregate particle strikes with
each other due to this rubbing process attached mortar are removed.
 In order to remove the loosely adhered mortar that was attached to the original RA,
recycled coarse aggregates were pre-soaked in an acid for 24 h and then washed with
water to remove the acid. There were two types of acid used (1) hydrochloric acid (HCl)
(2) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The acid has concentration of 0.2 mole. This chemical
HCl and (H2SO4) were added to the RCA sample in two different plastic containers
until it covered the RCA surface. After immersion for 24 hours, the aggregates were
washed with water, and then coarse RA were placed in an oven and dried for 24 h at
105 °C.
TESTS:
water absorption and specific gravity, aggregate crushing value and aggregate impact
value, Los Angeles Abrasion Test, compressive strength
RESULTS:
The specific gravity of RA was found to be 2.41, which is lower than the specific gravity
of natural aggregate of 2.86.
The water absorption of NA and RA are 1.15 and 9.7%, respectively.
The results indicate that the impact values of NA and RA are 9.52 and 16.94%.
The crushing values of NA and RA are 24.67 and 32.95%, respectively.
The experimental results showed that the compressive strength of RAC can be
improved significantly, and the strength can reach to 39.73 MPa which is sufficient for
structural application.
7. Use of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (Mr. Tushar R Sonawane,Prof. Dr. Sunil S.
Pimplikar)( ISSN: 2278-1684, PP: 52-59)
As per report of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Delhi, in India, 48million
tons solid waste is produced out of which 14.5-million-ton waste is produced from the
construction waste sector, out of which only 3% waste is used for embankment. The
use of recycled aggregate generally increases the drying shrinkage creep & porosity to
water & decreases the compression strength of concrete compared to that of natural
aggregate concrete. It is nearly 10-30% as per replacement of aggregate.
MIXES AND CODES:
The average compressive strengths of cubes cast are determined as per IS 516 using
RCA and natural aggregate at the age 7, & 28days.
The recycled aggregate is relatively weaker than the natural aggregate against different
mechanical actions. As per IS 2386 part (IV), the crushing and impact values for
concrete wearing surfaces should not exceed 30% & for other than wearing surfaces
45% respectively.
The specific gravity in saturated surface dry condition of recycled concrete aggregate
was found from 2.35 to 2.58 which are less but satisfying the results. If specific gravity
is less than 2.4, it may cause segregation, honeycombing & also yield of concrete may
get reduced.

TESTS:
Specific Gravity, Water Absorption, Crushing and Impact Values, Compressive test,
Flexural Strength.
 RESULTS:
1. Use of recycled aggregate up to 30% does not affect the functional requirements of
the structure as per the findings of the test results.
2. Various tests conducted on recycled aggregates and results compared with natural
aggregates are satisfactory as per IS 2386.
8. An Innovative Study on Reuse of Demolished Concrete Waste (Yadhu G* and S
Aishwarya Devi),( ISSN: 2165-784X JCEE, an open access journal, August 27,
2015)
Nowadays the greatest crisis faced by the construction industry is the availability of
sand. As the digging of river sand destroys the river bed and causes danger for people
using the river, digging of river sand has been made illegal in most rivers. So, getting
river sand is really expensive nowadays as its availability is very limited. So, more
importance is now given nowadays for replacement of river sand as fine aggregate.
Mostly used nowadays in Kerala is M-Sand. In our project we are trying to replace sand
with crushed used (demolished) concrete. The concrete created with this aggregate
showed almost the same strength of concrete with natural sand.
MIXES AND CODES:
M20, opc43.
TESTS:
Sieve analysis, Specific gravity test, Slump cone test, Compressive strength test
RESULTS:
The slump value of the test is 26. The slump formed was a true slump. It satisfies the
conditions of the true slump 25 mm-30 mm.
Test results indicate that the concrete made using crushed C&D wastes gives almost as
much as strength as normal concrete (about 30.66N/mm2 for 28 days).
9. A techno-economical study on recycled aggregate concrete (Prof. Chetna M Vyas,
Prof. (Dr.) Darshana R Bhatt), (Oct.-Dec., 2012/107-109)
The recycled concrete families were created by replacing parts of the natural aggregates
forming families of concrete with 0%,20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of aggregates
from recycled sources. Recycled aggregates are comprised of crushed, graded inorganic
particles processed from the materials that have been used in the constructions and
demolition debris.
MIXES AND CODES:
A mix M20, M25grade was designed as per IS 10262:2009 and the same was used to
prepare the test samples.
The Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grade conforming to IS:8112-1989 is be use.
The fractions from 20 mm to 4.75 mm are used as coarse aggregate. The Coarse
Aggregates from crushed Basalt rock, conforming to IS: 383 are used.
Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 microns are termed as fine aggregate.
Water cement ratio used is 0.55 for M20, 0.50 for M25.
TESTS:
Modulus of Elasticity, Testing for Split Strength.
RESULTS:
Split strength increases when natural aggregates replaced by recycled coarse
aggregates by 40% but modulus of elasticity decreases with replacement of natural
aggregates.
 The test results show maximum strength at 40% replacements of recycled aggregates.

10.
MIXES AND CODES:
TESTS:
RESULTS: