Remesh’s Mathematics [DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS]

DIFFERENTIATION
Continuity and differentiability of a function

If a function is differentiable at a point, it is necessarily continuous at that point. But its converse it not
necessarily true. E.g.: the function f(x) = |x| is continuous at x  0 , but it is not differentiable at x  0 .

Differentiability at a point

Let f be a real valued function defined in the open interval (a, b) and let c   a, b  . Then f ( x) is said to be
f  x  f c
differentiable or derivable at x  c iff lim exits finitely. This limit is called derivative or differential
xc xc
coefficient of the function f(x) at x  c and is denoted by f   c  .

Derivative of a function

A function f (x) is said to be derivable or differentiable if it is derivable at every points in its

domain.

. Domain of the function is R  0

1
Suppose f ( x) 
x
f (x) is derivable at every point in R except 0.

Derivability of a function on an interval

i. A function f (x) is said to be a derivable function on the open interval a, b  , it is derivable at
every points in the open interval a, b  .

ii. A function f (x) is said to be a derivable function on the closed interval a, b ,
a. it is derivable at every points in the open interval a, b  ,
b. it is derivable at x  a from right
c. it is derivable at x  b from left

Standard results on differentiability

1. Every polynomial function is differentiable at each xR.

2. Every constant function is differentiable at each xR.
3. Every exponential function is differentiable at each xR.
4. Every logarithmic function is differentiable at each point in its domain.
5. Trigonometric and inverse T-functions are differentiable in their domains.
6. The sum, difference, product and quotient two differentiable functions is differentiable.
1

7. The composition of differentiable functions is a differentiable function.

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Differentiation

Let f (x) be a differentiable function on a, b . Then corresponding to each point x  a, b , we get
dy
a unique real number equal to the derivative of f (x) and are denoted by f (x) or or Dy y1 or y  , etc..
dx
dy f  x  h  f  x  dy f  x  h  f  x 
i.e.,  lim (or)  lim . The process of obtaining the derivative of
dx h0 h dx h0 h
a function is called differentiation.

Geometrical meaning of the derivative at a point

Consider the curve y  f (x) . Let f (x) is differentiable at x  c . Let Pc, f c  be a point on the
f x   f c 
curve and let Q be a neighbouring point on the curve. Then slope of the chord PQ  . Taking
xc
f x   f c 
limit as Q  P i.e., x  c , we get lim . As Q  P , the chord PQ becomes tangent at P.
xc xc

Y
Q x , f ( x) 

P[c,f(c)] y

y
o x
Note: derivative of y w.r.t. x =
d
 y   dy
dx dx
derivative of y w.r.t. t =  y  
d dy
dt dt
derivative of x w.r.t. t =  x  
d dx
, etc.
dt dt

Derivative of a function

Let y  f (x) is a finite, single valued function of x . Let  x be a small increment in x and  y be the
corresponding increment in y respectively.
Then y  y  f x  x
y  f x  x   f x 
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y f x  x   f x 
=
x x

taking limits we have,

y f x  x   f x 
lim = lim
x0 x x0 x

 f  x 
dy
dx

i.e.,
d
 f x   f x  .This is called derivative of y w.r.t x or differential coefficient of y w.r.t x . This
dx

method is called first principles or delta (  or  ) method or differentiation by definition or ab initio.

are f x , y , y1 , Dy, etc..

dy
Note: Other forms of
dx

Derivative of the functions using the first principles:

1. Let y  x 2

Let  x be a small increment in x and  y be the corresponding increment in y respectively.

y  y  x  x 2

y  x  x 2  y  x  x 2  x 2

y x  x 2  x 2 x 2  2 xx  x 2  x 2 2 xx  x 2

    2 x  x
x x x x

y
lim  lim 2 x  x 
x 0 x x 0

dy
 2x  0  2x
dx

d 2
dx
x   2x
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STANDARD RESULTS

f (x) f x 

sin x cos x
cos x  sin x
tan x
sec 2 x
cos ecx  cos ecx cot x
sec x sec x tan x
cot x
 cos ec 2 x

xn nx n1

ex ex

e x ex

xx x x 1  log x 

xa a.x a 1

ax a x . log a

aa 0

x 1
2 x
log x 1
x
x 1
2x
x2
1 1

n1
xn x
1 1

x x2
1 2

x2 x3
dy
xy x y
dx
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y dy
dx

y2 dy
2y
dx

x
a2  x2
a2  x2

x
a2  x2
a2  x2

x
x2  a2
x2  a2

x
x2  a2
x2  a2

Note: Derivative of any trigonometric function starting with ‘co’ is negative.

FUNDAMENTAL RESULTS OF DIFFERENTIATION

1. Differential coefficient of a constant is zero. i.e.,

d
c   0 , where c is a constant.
dx

E.g.:
d
5  0 , d  10  0 , etc.
dx dx

d d
2. If c is a constant and u is a function of x then  cu   c  u 
dx dx
d d d
3. If u and v are functions of x , then (u  v )  ( u)  ( v )
dx dx dx
d
5 sin x  log x   d 5 sin x   d log x   5 d sin x   d log x   5 cos x  1
dx dx dx dx dx x

d
dx

2e x  tan x  
d
dx
 
2e x 
d
dx dx
 
tan x   2 d e x  d tan x   2e x  sec 2 x
dx

4. Product rule: If u and v are functions of x , then derivative of the product of two functions is equal to
first function x derivative of the second function + (plus) second function x derivative of the first
function.
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d d d
i.e., ( uv)  u. (v )  v . ( u)
dx dx dx

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E.g.: i. y = e 3x sin 4 x
dy
dx
= e3x sin 4 x   sin 4 x.
d
dx
d 3x
dx
e  
= e3x . cos 4 x. 4  sin 4 x.e3x . 3 = e3x 4 cos 4 x  3 sin 4 x 

ii. y = x 2 tan x
dy
dx
 x2
d
dx
 
tan x   tan x d x 2
dx

 x 2 sec 2 x  tan x.2 x  x 2 sec 2 x  2 x tan x

Corollary of product rule:

d d d d
If u , v and w are functions of x , then ( uvw )  uv. ( w )  vw . ( u)  uw. (v )
dx dx dx dx

E.g.: y  x 2 e x tan x
dy
dx
 x 2e x
d
dx dx
 
tan x   e x tan x d x 2  x 2 tan x d e x
dx
 
 x 2 e x sec 2 x  e x tan x.2 x  x 2 tan x.e x

  
 xe x x sec 2 x  2 tan x.  x tan x.  xe x x sec 2 x  2  x  tan x. 
5. Quotient formula: If u and v are any two functions of x , then quotient of two functions is equal to
(2nd function x derivative of the 1st function minus 1st function x derivative of the 2nd function)
divided by square of the 2nd function.
d d
v. ( u)  u. (v )
d  u dx dx
i.e.,  
dx  v  v2

Sin x  Cos x
E.g.: y = .
Sin x  Cos x

dy
sin x  cos x . d sin x  cos x   sin x  cos x  d sin x  cos x 
= dx dx
dx sin x  cos x 2
=
sin x  cos x cos x  sin x   sin x  cos x cos x  sin x 
sin x  cos x 2

=
sin x  cos x .  sin x  cos x   sin x  cos x 2 = sin x  cos x 2  sin x  cos x 2
sin x  cos x 2 sin x  cos x 2
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sin2 x  2 sin x. cos x  cos 2 x  (sin 2 x  2 sin x. cos x  cos 2 x)

=
sin x  cos x 2
sin2 x  2 sin x. cos x  cos 2 x  sin2 x  2 sin x. cos x  cos 2 x)
=
sin x  cos x 2
2 sin x. cos x  2 sin x. cos x 2 . 2 sin x. cos x 2 sin 2 x
= = =
sin x  cos x 2 sin x  cos x 2 sin x  cos x 2

Function of a function

Let y  f u  , where u   x  , then the derivative or differential coefficient of y w.r.t x is

dy dy du
 .
dx du dx

E.g.: y = 2x  3
put u  2x  3
Then y  u
dy 1

du 2 u
du
 2 1  0  2
dx
dy dy du 1 1 1
  .  2  
dx du dx 2 u u 2x  3

Short-cut method:

i. Let us assume that the inside function be x .

ii. Find the derivative of the function in the standard form.
iii. Replace the value of x .
iv. Multiply it with derivative of the inside function.

The above question will be done using the short-cut method:

y = 2x  3
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i. Assume 2 x  3 as x
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ii. Now the function becomes in the form y  x .

dy 1
iii. Find the derivative of y  x . i.e., 
dx 2 x
1
iv. Replace x by 2 x  3 . i.e.,
2 2x  3
v. Find the derivative of 2 x  3 . i.e., 2 1  0  2
dy 1 1
vi. Find the product of steps iii and iv. i.e.,  2 
dx 2 2 x  3 2x  3

y  e ax
2
ii.
dy
dx
 e ax 
2 d
dx
 ax 2  e  
ax2  a  2 x  2axe ax2

If y  f   x  ,then

dy
Note:  f    x      x 
dx

Chain rule

Function of a function can be extended to more than two functions is called chain rule. If y  f u  , where

u   v  and v   x  then the derivative or differential coefficient of y w.r.t

dy dy du dv
x is  . .
dx du dv dx

 x
E.g.: y  log tan 
 2

 x x x
Here y  log tan  , u  tan and v 
 2 2 2
dy 1 du x dv 1
 ;  sec 2 ; 
du x dv 2 dx 2
tan
2
x
cos
dy 1 x 1 2 1 1 1 1
  . sec 2 .      cos ecx
du x 2 2 x x 2 x x sin x
tan sin cos 2 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2

(or)
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x
cos
dy 1 d  x 1 x 1 2 1 1 1 1
  tan   sec 2       cos ecx
dx x dx  2 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 x x sin x
tan tan sin cos 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Consider a function y  f (x) . If it is possible to write x as a function of y , we say x is an

inverse function of y, and is symbolically written as x  f 1 ( y) . There are six inverse trigonometric

functions viz. sin 1 x , cos 1 x , tan 1 x , cos ec 1 x , sec 1 x and cot 1 x , etc.. The principle value of

sin 1 x lies between  , the principal value of cos 1 x lies between 0 and  and the principal value of
2

tan 1 x lies between  .
2

(sin 1 x ) 
d 1
1.
dx 1  x2

(cos 1 x )  
d 1
2.
dx 1  x2

(tan 1 x ) 
d 1
3.
dx 1  x2

(cot 1 x )  
d 1
4.
dx 1  x2

(sec 1 x ) 
d 1
5.
dx x. x 2  1

(cos ec 1 x )  
d 1
6.
dx x. x 2  1

dy
E.g.: Find if
dx
1
1. y  e a cos x
1
1 1 a e a cos x
9

dy
 e a cos x . a .  .
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 2x 
2.
y  sin 1  

 1 x 2 

put x  tan  ;   tan 1x

 2 tan  
y  sin 1   sin 1 sin 2   2  2 tan 1 x

 1  tan 2  
dy 1 2
 2. 
dx 1 x 2 1 x 2

 2x 
3.
y  sin 1  

 1 x 2 

put x  tan     tan 1 x

 2 tan  
y  Sin 1   Sin 1sin 2  2  2 tan 1 x

 1  tan 2  
dy 1 2
 2. 
dx 1 x 2 1 x 2

Implicit functions

When the two variables x and y are connected in a single relation such as f x, y   0 , it is called an
implicit function. If is often difficult to find y explicitly. To find the derivative of an implicit function,
perform the following steps:

1. Differentiate the whole expression w.r.t. x

dy
2. Keep terms to one side and all other terms to the other side
dx
dy
3. Then obtain .
dx
E.g.:
dy
Find if
dx

1. x2  y2  a2

Given x 2  y 2  a 2
10

Diff. w.r.t. x
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dy
2x  2 y 0
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dy
2y  2 x
dx

dy 2 x x
  
dx 2y y

2. cos x  y   y sin x

diff. w.r.t x
 dy  dy
 sin( x  y).1    y. cos x  sin x.
 dx  dx
dy dy
 sin(x  y).  sin(x  y)  y. cos x  sin x.
dx dx
dy dy
 sin(x  y)  sin x.  y. cos x  sin(x  y)
dx dx

 sin(x  y)  sin x.

dy
 y. cos x  sin(x  y)
dx

dy

y. cos x  sin(x  y)
dx sin(x  y)  sin x

Exponential functions

A function is of the form y  e x is known as an exponential function.

Derivative of e x

x x 2 x3
Let e x  1    .........
1! 2! 3!
Diff. w.r.t. x we have

d x
dx
 
e 
d
dx dx  1!  dx 2!
 2
1  d  x   d  x
 d  x3
 
 dx  3!

  .........

   

   1   2 x   3x 
2
e  0  
d x
 .........
dx  1!   2!   3! 

x x 2 x3
 1   ......... e x
1! 2! 3!
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Logarithmic functions

A function of the form y  u v , both u and v are functions of x . Then follow the following steps;
Taking ‘log’ on both sides

log y  log u v

log y  v log u

Diff. w.r.t. x
1 dy d d
.  v. (log u )  log u. (v)
y dx dx dx

dy  d d   d d 
  y.v. (log u )  log u. (v)  u v v. (log u )  log u. (v)
dx  dx dx   dx dx 

dy
E.g.: Find if
dx

1. y  x sin x

log y  log x sin x

log y  sin x log x

Diff w.r.t. x
1 dy 1
.  sin x .  log x . cos x
y dx x

dy  sin x   sin x 
 y  log x. cos x   x sin x   log x cos x
dx  x   x 

2. If x y  e x y , prove that
dy log x

dx 1  log x 2

Given x y  e x y
Taking log on both sides,
log x y  log e x y  y log x  x  y  log e  y log x  x  y  log e  1
y  y log x  x  y1  log x   x  y 
x
1  log x
12

Differentiating w.r.t. x we have

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1  log x  d x   x. d 1  log x  1  log x .1  x 0  x 

1 1
1  log x  x.
dy dx dx    x 1  log x  1
  
dx 1  log x 2 1  log x 2 1  log x 2 1  log x 2
log x
 . Hence proved.
1  log x 2

The following formulae will be found very useful in differentiation of logarithmic functions:

1. log ab  log a  log b

a
2. log  log a  log b
b
ab
3. log  log a  log b  log c
c

4. log m n  n log m

5. log m m b
n  log b  log n

m logbm
6. log n 
logbn
1
7. logba 
logba

8. log aa  1
1
9.  log x  log
x
1
10. log x  log x
2
11. log1  0

Note: i. elog x  x
ii. log e x  x

dy x 2 x 1
E.g.: Find if y 
dx e 3x tan x
x 2 x 1
y
e 3x tan x
13

Taking log on both sides,

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 x 2 x 1 
log y  log 
  log x 2  log x  1  log e 3x  log tan x
 e 3x tan x 

 

 x 2 x 1 
log y  log   2 log x  1 logx  1  3x log e  log tan x
 e 3x tan x  2
 
diff. w.r.t. x
1 dy 1 1 1 1
2   3x 1  sec 2 x
y dx x 2 x 1 tan x

dy x x 1  2
2 1 1 
    3x  
dx e 3x tan x  x 2 x  1 sin x cos x 

Parametric functions

When the variables x and y are given as functions of a third variable, known as parameter, say
x  f t  and y  y t  , is called parametric functions. To find the derivative of such functions:

dy
dy dt dy dy dt
 (or )  .
dx dx dx dt dx
dt

dy
E.g.: Find if
dx

1. x  sin  ; y  cos 

dx dy
 cos    sin
d d

dy dy dx

dx d d

sin 
   tan 
cos 

c
2. x  ct ; y 
t
dx dy d 1 1 c
 c 1  c  c    c 
dt dt dx  t  t2 t2
14

dy dy d c 1 1
    
dx d dx t 2 c t2
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Remesh’s Mathematics [DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS]

Successive differentiation

 f x  , is called first differential coefficient of y

dy
Let y  f (x) is a function of x . Then
dx
2
d  dy  d
w.r.t. x . It we differentiate
dy
w.r.t x , we have    f ( x)  d 2y  f ( x), is called second
dx dx  dx  dx dx

d3y d 4 y dny
differential coefficient of y w.r.t x . If we differentiate again and again we have , ,..., are
dx3 dx 4 dx n
called 3rd derivative, 4th derivative,…, nth derivative of y w.r.t x . The process of obtaining the
derivatives in succession is called Successive Differentiation.

 f x   y1  y   Dy
dy
Note: 1.
dx

d2y
2.  f x   y 2  y   D 2 y
dx 2

d2y
E.g.: 1. Find if x  a1  sin  ; y  a1  cos  
dx 2
dx dy
 a(0  cos  )  a cos  ;  a(0   sin  )  a. sin 
d d

dy
dy d a sin 
   tan 
dx dx a cos 
d

d2y d  dy  d d d 1 1 1
   (tan  )  (tan  )  sec 2  .  sec 2  .sec   sec3 
dx 2 dx  dx  dx d dx a cos  a a


2. y = sin m sin 1 x 
1 1
 cos ( m sin 1 x) . ( m sin 1 x)  cos ( m sin x) . m.
dy d
dx dx
1 x 2

m cos ( m sin 1 x)

15

1 x 2

 m cos ( m sin 1 x)
dy
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Remesh’s Mathematics [DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS]

Diff. again w.r.t x

d2y
  2 x  m .  sin ( m sin1 x) . m .
dy 1 1
1  x2 .  .
2 dx 2 1  x 2
dx 1  x2

d2y x dy  m 2 . sin ( m sin 1 x)

1  x2 . . 
dx 2 1  x 2 dx 1  x2

1  x 2  ddx 2y  x dydx
2
  m 2 sin ( m sin 1 x) = – m y  ing by 1 x 2
2

1  x 2  ddx 2y  x dydx  m 2 y
2
 0 . Hence proved.

Derivative of a function with another function.

du
du dx
If u and v are functions of then the derivative of u w.r.t. v is  .
dv dv
dx
E.g.: i. Find the Derivative of: sin x w.r.t. cos x .

Let u  sin x and v  cos x

d sin x 
d
sin x 
du cos x
  dx    cot x
dv d cos x   sin x
d
cos x 
dx

2
 
ii. derivative of sin x w.r.t. cos x

du

 
d sin x 2  cos x 2  2 x
 

 

2 x cos x 2
.
 
dv d  cos x   sin x sin x

Note:
d
derivative of sin x w.r.t. x =  sin x   cos x
dx
d dy
derivative of sin y w.r.t. x =  sin y   cos y
dx dx
d dx
derivative of sin x w.r.t. y =  sin x   cos x
dy dy
d
derivative of sin y w.r.t. y =  sin y   cos y
dy
16
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