Lipid Classes

LIPID CLASSES
1
Lipids
2
Lipids are
 Biomolecules that contain fatty acids or a steroid nucleus.
 Soluble in organic solvents but not in water.
 Named for the Greek word lipos, which means “fat.”
 Extracted from cells using organic solvents.

Types of Lipids
3
The types of lipids containing fatty acids are

1. Prostaglandins.
2. Fats and oils (triacylglycerols).
3. Waxes.
4. Glycerophospholipids.
5. Not steroids, as they do not contain fatty acids.
Lipid Classes
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Some common types of storage and membrane lipids
1. Fatty Acids
6
Fatty acids
 Are long-chain carboxylic acids.
 Typically contain 12-18 carbon atoms.
 Are insoluble in water.
 Can be saturated or unsaturated.

Fatty Acid Formulas
7
The formulas for fatty acids are written as

 Condensed formulas.
 Line-bond formulas.
 For example caprylic acid with 8 carbon atoms.
CH3—(CH2)6—COOH
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—COOH
O
OH
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)
8
Saturated fatty acids have

 Single C–C bonds.
 Molecules that fit closely together
in a regular pattern.
 Strong attractions between fatty
acid chains.
 High melting points that make
them solids at room temperature.
 Example:
stearic acid (C18)

miristic acid (C14)
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Some Saturated Fatty Acids
9
Structure of Fatty Saturated
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
11
 Have one or more double C=C bond

 Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA)
 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)
 Typically contain cis double bonds.

Structure of Unsaturated Acid
Properties of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
13
Unsaturated fatty acids “kinks” in

chain
 Have “kinks” in the fatty
acid chains.
 Do not pack closely.
 Have few attractions

between chains.
 Have low melting points.
 Are liquids at room

temperature.
14

❍ (The double bonds in the fatty acids are cis (hydrogen atoms are on
the same side of the double bonds of the carbon chain)
Oleic acid (18:1) is a monounsaturated fatty acid
O
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 7 C C (C H 2 ) 7 C OH
H H
❍ Linoleic acid (18:2) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (one of the omega-
6 fatty acids since there is a double bond six carbons from the end of
the chain) O
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 4 C C CH2 C C (C H 2 ) 7 C OH
H H H H C
Comparing Melting Points of Some Fatty Acids
16

Learning Check
17
Assign the melting points of –17°C, 13°C, and

69°C to the correct fatty acid. Explain.
stearic acid (18 C) saturated
oleic acid (18 C) one double bond
linoleic acid (18 C) two double bonds
Solution
18
Stearic acid is saturated and would have a higher

melting point than the unsaturated fatty acids.
Because linoleic has two double bonds, it would
have a lower mp than oleic acid, which has one
double bond.
stearic acid mp 69°C saturated
oleic acid mp 13°C
linoleic acid mp -17°C most unsaturated
Omega-6 and Omega 3- Fatty Acids
19
Fatty acids
 In vegetable oils are mostly omega-6 with the first C=C at C6.
linoleic acid
CH3─(CH2)4─CH=CH─CH2─CH=CH─(CH2)7─COOH
6
 In fish oils are mostly omega-3 with the first C=C at C3.
linolenic acid
CH3─CH2─(CH=CH─CH2)3─(CH2)6─COOH
3
Some Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
20
Learning Check
21
Write a fatty acid with 10 carbon atoms that is:

A. saturated
B. monounsaturated omega-3
C. monounsaturated omega-6
Solution
22
Write a fatty acid with 10 carbon atoms that is:

A. saturated
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—COOH
B. monounsaturated omega-3
CH3—CH2—CH=CH—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—COOH
C. monounsaturated omega-6
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH=CH—CH2—CH2—COOH
1a. Prostaglandins
23
Prostaglandins have
 20 carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains.
 An OH on carbon 11 and 15.
 A trans double bond at carbon 13.
C 11 C 13 C 15

Prostaglandins
O
OH
❍ Prostaglandins are powerful hormones in mammalian systems

 Prostaglandins were first isolated from the prostate gland (seminal fluid)
❍ Prostaglandins have a five-membered ring with a 7-carbon side chain

(often ending in a carboyxlic acid group) adjacent to an 8-carbon chain
Prostaglandins in the Body
25
Prostaglandins are
 Produced by injured tissues.
 Involved in pain, fever, and

inflammation.
 Not produced when anti-
inflammatory drugs such as
aspirin inhibit their synthesis.

2. Waxes, Fats, and Oils
26
2a. Waxes
27
Waxes are
 Esters of saturated fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.
 Coatings that prevent loss of water by leaves of plants.
TABLE 1.

Jojoba (Simmondsia sinensis)
28
www.kerfootgroup.co.uk
Fats and Oils: Triacylglycerols
29
Fats and oils are

 Also called triacylglycerols.
 Esters of glycerol.
 Produced by esterification.
 Formed when the hydroxyl
groups of glycerol react with

the carboxyl groups of fatty
acids.
2b. Triacylglycerols
30
In a triacylglycerol,
 Glycerol forms ester bonds with three fatty
acids.

Formation of a Triacylglycerol
31
glycerol + three fatty acids triacylglycerol
O
CH2 OH HO C (CH2)14CH3
O
CH OH + HO C (CH2)14CH3
O O
CH2 OH HO C (CH2)14CH3 CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3
O
CH O C (CH2)14CH3 + 3H2O
O
CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3
Olive Oil
32
Olive oil
Contains a high percentage
of oleic acid, which is a
monounsaturated fatty acid
with one cis double bond.

Learning Check
33
What are the fatty acids in the following triacylglycerol?
O
CH2 O C (CH2)16CH3
O
CH O C (CH2)7CH CH(CH2)7CH3
O
CH2 O C (CH2)12CH3
R1= C18
R2= C18 (1) MUFA= mono unsaturated fatty acid
R3= C14
Solution
34
O
CH2 O C (CH2)16CH3 Stearic acid
O
CH O C (CH2)7CH CH(CH2)7CH3 Oleic acid
O
CH2 O C (CH2)12CH3 Myristic acid
Melting Points of Fats and Oils
35
A triacylglycerol that is a fat

 Is solid at room temperature.
 Is prevalent in meats, whole milk, butter, and

cheese.
A triacylglycerol that is an oil

 Is liquid at room temperature.
 Is prevalent in plants such as olive and safflower.

Oils with Unsaturated Fatty Acids
36
Oils
 Have more unsaturated fats.
 Have cis double bonds that cause “kinks” in the
fatty acid chains.
 Cannot pack triacylglycerol molecules as close
together as in fats.
 Have lower melting points than saturated fats.
 Are liquids at room temperature.
Diagram of Triacylglycerol with Unsaturated
37
Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acid

chains have kinks that
do not allow close
packing.

TYPICAL FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF L M P S O G L L
THE PRINCIPAL VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL A Y A T L A I I
FATS AND OILS IN THE US U R L E E D N N
R I M A I O O O
(% of total fatty acids)
I S I R C L L L
C T T I E E E
I I C I I N
C C C C I
C
SATURATED MONOUNSATURATED POLYUNSATURATED
Oil or Fat 12:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 18:1 20:1 18:2 18:3
Corn oil 11 2 28 58 1
Palm oil 1 45 4 40 10
Peanut oil 11 2 48 2 32
Olive oil 13 3 71 10 1
Canola oil 4 2 62 22 10
Safflower oil 7 2 13 78
Sunflower oil 7 5 19 68 1
Mid oleic sunflower oil 4 5 65 26
Coconut oil 47 18 9 3 6 2
Palm kernel oil 48 16 8 3 15 2
Butterfat 3 11 27 12 29 2 1
Lard 2 26 14 44 1 10
Beef tallow 3 24 19 43 3 1
http://www.iseo.org
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safflower
Canola, Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

diaryofanutritionist.com
burcon.ca
Vegetable oil sources
Soybean oil Sunflower oil Canola oil Corn oil
Palm Oil Olive Oil Coconut Oil
Palm Kernel
Palm Fruit Palm Fruit

Palm kernel oil
 Castor oil (minyak jarak) Ricinus communis
 Sesame oil (minyak wijen)
 Kapok seed oil (minyak biji randu/kapok)
 Rice bran oil (minyak dedak)
 Fish oil (minyak ikan)
Komposisi asam lemak dalam minyak wijen:
43
Asam lemak minimum maksimum

 Asam palmitat C16:0 7,0 % 12,0 %
 As palmitoleat C16:1 sangat kecil 0,5 %
 Asam stearat C18:0 3,5 % 6,0 %
 Asam oleat C18:1 35,0 % 50,0 %
 Asam linoleat C18:2 35,0 % 50,0 %
 Asam linolenat C18:3 sangat kecil 1,0 %
 Asam eikosenoat C20:1 sangat kecil 1,0 %
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Fats
and Oils
44

Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
45
The chemical reactions of triacylglycerols are

similar
to those of alkenes and esters.
 In hydrogenation, double bonds in
unsaturated fatty acids react with H2 in the
presence of a Ni or Pt catalyst.
 In hydrolysis, ester bonds are split by water in
the presence of an acid, a base, or an
enzyme.
Hydrogenation of Oils
46
The hydrogenation of oils
 Adds hydrogen (H2) to the carbon atoms of double bonds.
 Converts double bonds to single bonds.
 Increases the melting point.
 Produces solids such as margarine and shortening.
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hydrogenation
47
O
CH2 O C (CH2)5CH CH(CH2)7CH3
O Ni
CH O C (CH2)5CH CH(CH2)7CH3 + 3H2
O O
CH2 O C (CH2)5CH CH(CH2)7CH3 CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3
O
glyceryl tripalmitoleate CH O C (CH2)14CH3
(tripalmitolean) O
CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3
glyceryl tripalmitate
(tripalmitin)
Learning Check
48
What product(s) is obtained from the complete

hydrogenation of glyceryl trioleate?
1. Glycerol and 3 oleic acids

2. Glyceryltristearate
3. Glycerol and 3 stearic acids
Solution
49
What product(s) is obtained from the complete

hydrogenation of glyceryl trioleate?
2. Glyceryltristearate
Olestra, a Fat Substitute
 Used in foods as an artificial fat.
50  Sucrose linked by ester bonds to several long-chain fatty chains.
 Not broken down in the intestinal tract.
Fatty acids:
+ CH3(CH2)6COOH
CH3(CH2)8COOH
Cis and Trans Fatty Acids
51
Unsaturated fatty acids can be

 Cis with bulky groups on same side of C=C.
CH3─ (CH2)5 (CH2)7─ COOH cis
C=C
H H
 Trans have bulky groups on opposite sides of C=C.
CH3─ (CH2)5 H
C=C trans
H (CH2)7─ COOH
Trans Fatty Acids and Hydrogenation
52
Trans fatty acids

 Are formed during hydrogenation when cis double
bonds are converted to trans double bonds.
 In the body behave like saturated fatty acids.
 Are estimated to make up 2-4% of our total
Calories.
 Are reported in several studies reported to raise
LDL (low-density lipoprotein) -cholesterol and
lower HDL (high-density lipoprotein) -cholesterol.
Learning Check
53
(1) True or (2) False
A. There are more unsaturated fats in vegetable oils.

B. Vegetable oils have higher melting points than fats.
C. Hydrogenation of oils converts some cis-double bonds
to trans- double bonds.
D. Animal fats have more saturated fats.
Solution
54
(1) True or (2) False
A. T There are more unsaturated fats in vegetable oils.

B. F Vegetable oils have higher melting points than fats.
C. T Hydrogenation of oils converts some cis-double
bonds to trans- double bonds.
D. T Animal fats have more saturated fats.
Hydrolysis
55
In hydrolysis,
 Triacylglycerols split into glycerol and three fatty
acids.
 An acid or enzyme catalyst is required.
O
CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3
O
H+
CH O C (CH2)14CH3 +3 H2O
O
CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3 CH2 OH O
CH OH + 3 HO C (CH2)14CH3
CH2 OH
Saponification and Soap
56
Saponification
 Is the reaction of a fat with a strong base.
 Splits triacylglycerols into glycerol and the salts of

fatty acids.
 Is the process of forming “soaps” (salts of fatty acids).
 With KOH gives softer soaps.

Saponification
57
O
CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3
O
CH O C (CH2)14CH3 + 3NaOH
O CH2 OH
CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3
CH OH O
+ 3 Na+ -O C (CH2)14CH3
CH2 OH “soap”
Learning Check
58
What products are obtained from the complete

hydrolysis of glyceryl trioleate?
2. Glyceryl tristearate
3. Glycerol and 3 stearic acids
Solution
59
What products are obtained from the

complete hydrolysis of glyceryl trioleate?
Learning Check
60
Write the product of the following

reaction.
O
O
Ni
CH O C (CH2)5CH CH(CH2)7CH3 + 3 H2
O
Solution
61
O
CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3
O
CH O C (CH2)14CH3
O
CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3
2c. Glycerophospholipids
62
Glycerophospholipids are
 The most abundant lipids in cell membranes.
 Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids,

phosphate and an amino alcohol.
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
Glycerol
Amino
PO4
alcohol
Glycerophospholipids Are Polar
63
A glycerophospholipid has
 Two nonpolar fatty acid chains.
 A phosphate group and a polar amino alcohol.
CH3
│+ +
HO−CH2−CH2−N−CH3 HO−CH2−CH2−NH3
│
choline CH3 ethanolamine
+
NH3
│ Amino alcohols
HO−CH2−CH−COO−
serine
Structure and Polarity of a Glycerophospholipid
64

Lecithin and Cephalin
65
Lecithin and cephalin are glycerophospholipids

 Abundant in brain and nerve tissues.
 Found in egg yolk, wheat germ, and yeast.
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Learning Check
66
Identify each as a
A. fatty acid B. triacylglycerol
C. amino alcohol D. glycerophospholipid
1. glyceryl trioleate
2. cephalin
3. choline
4. palmitic acid
Solution
67
Identify each as a
A. fatty acid B. triacylglycerol
C. amino alcohol D. glycerophospholipid
1. glyceryl trioleate B. triacylglycerol

2. cephalin D. glycerophospholipid
3. choline C. amino alcohol
4. palmitic acid A. fatty acid
Learning Check
68
Identify the components and type of glycerophospholipid

O
║
CH2−O −C −(CH2)16 −CH3
O
║
CH2−O −C −(CH2)16 −CH3
+
O NH3
║ │
CH2−O −P −O − CH2−CH−COO-
│
O-
Solution
69
Identify the components and type of glycerophospholipid

O
║
CH2−O −C −(CH2)16 −CH3
O
║ 2 stearic acids
CH2−O −C −(CH2)16 −CH3
+
O NH3
║ │ type = cephalin
CH2−O −P −O − CH2−CH−COO-
│ serine
O-
phosphate amino alcohol
3a. Sphingolipids
70
Sphingolipids
71
 Are similar to phospholipids.

 Contain sphingosine (a long-chain amino alcohol), a
fatty acid, phosphate, and a small amino alcohol.
 Have polar and nonpolar regions.
fatty acid
sphingosine
amino
PO4
alcohol
Sphingosine
72
Sphingosine is a long-chain unsaturated amino alcohol.
CH3−(CH2)12 −CH=CH−CH−OH
│
CH−NH2
│
CH2−OH
sphingosine
Sphingolipids
73
In sphingomyelin, a sphingolipid found in nerve cells

 There is an amide bond between a fatty acid and
sphingosine, an 18-carbon alcohol.

3b. Glycosphingolipids
74
 Glycosphingolipids
contain
monosaccharides
bonded to the –
OH of sphingosine
by a glycosidic
bond.

Glycosphingolipids and Cerebrosides
75
Glycosphingolipids
 Are sphingolipids that contain
monosaccharides.
 Can be a cerebroside with galactose.

Gangliosides
76
 Are similar to cerebrosides, but contain two

or more monosaccharides.
 Are important in neurons.
 Act as receptor for hormones and viruses.
 Can accumulate and cause genetic diseases.
Gangliosides
77
GM2 is a ganglioside
 That accumulates in Tay-Sachs disease.

Lipid Diseases (Lipidoses)
78
 In many lipid diseases, the deficiency of an

enzyme causes the accumulation of glycolipids.
Table 2.

Learning Check
79
Identify each as a
1) Fatty acid 2) Triacylglycerol
3) Amino alcohol 4) Glycerophospholipid
5) Glycosphingolipid
A. Glyceryl trioleate
B. Cephalin
C. Choline
D. Galactocerebroside
E. Palmitic acid
Solution
80
A. Glyceryl trioleate 2) Triacylglycerol

B. Cephalin 4) Glycerophospholipid
C. Choline 3) Amino alcohol
D. Galactocerebroside 5) Glycosphingolipid
E. Palmitic acid 1) Fatty acid
4. Steroids
81
Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and

Steroid Hormones
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 81
Steroid Nucleus
82
A steroid nucleus consists of

• 3 cyclohexane rings.
• 1 cyclopentane ring.
• No fatty acids.
steroid nucleus
Cholesterol
83
 Is the most abundant steroid in the body.

 Has methyl CH3- groups, alkyl chain, and -OH
attached to the steroid nucleus.
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
Cholesterol in the Body
84
A normal, open artery.

 Is obtained from meats,
milk, and eggs.
 Is synthesized in the liver.
 Is needed for cell
membranes, brain and
nerve tissue, steroid
hormones, and Vitamin D.
 Clogs arteries when high
levels form plaque. An artery clogged by
cholesterol plaque
Cholesterol in Foods
85
Cholesterol is Table 3.
 Synthesized in the liver.
 Obtained from foods.
 Considered elevated if
plasma cholesterol
exceeds 200 mg/dL.

Learning Check
86
Match the components of the cholesterol molecule with

the following:
___ carbon chain ___hydroxyl group
___ steroid nucleus ___methyl group
D
CH3 CH3
CH3
B
CH3
CH3
A
C
HO
Solution
87
Match the components of the cholesterol molecule with

the following:
D carbon chain A hydroxyl group
C steroid nucleus B methyl group
D
CH3 CH3
CH3
B
CH3
CH3
A
C
HO
Bile Salts
88
 Are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol.

 Are stored in the gallbladder.
 Are secreted into the small intestine.
 Have a polar and a nonpolar region
 Mix with fats to break them part.
 Emulsify fat particles to provide large surface area.
Bile Salts
89
cholic acid, a bile acid glycine, an amino acid
O
CH3 CH2
OH C
N COO- Na+
CH3
H Polar region
CH3
HO OH
Nonpolar region
sodium glycocholate, a bile salt

Lipoproteins
90
• Combine lipids with proteins and phospholipids.

• Are soluble in water because the surface
consists of polar lipids.

Types of Lipoproteins
91
Lipoproteins
 Differ in density, composition, and function.
 Include low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) and high-
density lipoprotein (HDLs).

Table 4.

Transport of Lipoproteins in the Body
92

Steroid Hormones
93
 Are chemical
messengers in cells.
 Are produced from
cholesterol.
 Include sex hormones
such as androgens
(testosterone) in
males and estrogens
(estradiol) in females.

Adrenal Corticosteroids
94
Adrenal corticosteroids are steroid hormones that

 Are produced by the adrenal glands located on the
top of each kidney.
 Include aldosterone, which regulates electrolytes and
water balance by the kidneys.
 Include cortisone, a glucocorticoid, which increases
blood glucose level and stimulates the synthesis of
glycogen in the liver.
Adrenal Corticosteroids
95

Anabolic Steroids
96
 Are derivatives of testosterone.

 Are used illegally to increase muscle mass.
 Have side effects including fluid retention, hair
growth, sleep disturbance, and liver damage.

Learning Check
97
Identify each as a
1. fatty acid 2. steroid 3. triacylglycerol
4. phospholipid 5. sphingolipid
A. cholesterol
B. glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate, and choline
C. glyceryl tristearate
D. sphingosine, fatty acid, phosphate, and choline
E. estradiol
F. bile salts
G. lipids in plasma membranes
Solution
98
A. cholesterol 2 steroid
B. glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate, and choline
4 phospholipid
C. glyceryl tristearate 3 triacylglycerol
D. sphingosine, fatty acid, phosphate, and choline
5 sphingolipid
E. estradiol 2 steroid
F. bile salts 2 steroid
G. lipids in plasma membranes
4 phospholipid, 5 sphingolipid
.
Cell Membranes
99

Cell Membranes
100
Cell membranes
 Separate cellular contents from the external environment.
 Consist of a lipid bilayer made of two rows of
phospholipids.
 Have an inner portion made of the nonpolar tails of
phospholipids with the polar heads at the outer and inner

surfaces.
Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membranes
101
The lipid bilayer

 Contains proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol.
 Has unsaturated fatty acids that make cell
membranes fluid-like rather than rigid.

 Has proteins and carbohydrates on the surface that
communicate with hormones and neurotransmitters.

Fluid Mosaic Model
102

Transport Through Cell Membranes
103
The transport of substances through cell

Membranes involves
 Diffusion (passive transport), which moves
particles from a higher to a lower
concentration.
 Facilitated transport, which uses protein
channels to increase the rate of diffusion.
 Active transport, which moves ions against a
concentration gradient.
Transport Pathways Through Cell Membranes
104

Learning Check
105
The transport of particles across a cell membrane from

high concentration to low concentration is called
1. Facilitated transport
2. Diffusion
3. Active transport
Solution
106
The transport of particles across a cell membrane from

high concentration to low concentration is called
2. Diffusion
References
107
 Burcon.ca
 diaryofanutritionist.com
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safflower
 http://www.kerfootgroup.co.uk/oil-
inventory/jojoba-wax
 Lipids, Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings, accessed
11 April 2012
 ChemDraw Ultra 11.0

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LIPID CLASSES

 Soluble in organic solvents but not in water.

 Named for the Greek word lipos, which means “fat.”

 Extracted from cells using organic solvents.

The types of lipids containing fatty acids are

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Typically contain 12-18 carbon atoms.

 Are insoluble in water.

 Can be saturated or unsaturated.

The formulas for fatty acids are written as

 For example caprylic acid with 8 carbon atoms.

Saturated fatty acids have

stearic acid (C18)

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Have one or more double C=C bond

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unsaturated fatty acids “kinks” in

 Have few attractions

 Are liquids at room

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Assign the melting points of –17°C, 13°C, and

Stearic acid is saturated and would have a higher

Write a fatty acid with 10 carbon atoms that is:

Write a fatty acid with 10 carbon atoms that is:

 An OH on carbon 11 and 15.

 A trans double bond at carbon 13.

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

❍ Prostaglandins are powerful hormones in mammalian systems

❍ Prostaglandins have a five-membered ring with a 7-carbon side chain

 Involved in pain, fever, and

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Coatings that prevent loss of water by leaves of plants.

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fats and oils are

 Formed when the hydroxyl

groups of glycerol react with

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

glycerol + three fatty acids triacylglycerol

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What are the fatty acids in the following triacylglycerol?

A triacylglycerol that is a fat

 Is prevalent in meats, whole milk, butter, and

A triacylglycerol that is an oil

 Is prevalent in plants such as olive and safflower.

Unsaturated fatty acid

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SATURATED MONOUNSATURATED POLYUNSATURATED

Canola, Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Palm Oil Olive Oil Coconut Oil

Palm Fruit Palm Fruit

Asam lemak minimum maksimum

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The chemical reactions of triacylglycerols are

 Converts double bonds to single bonds.

 Increases the melting point.

 Produces solids such as margarine and shortening.

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What product(s) is obtained from the complete

1. Glycerol and 3 oleic acids

What product(s) is obtained from the complete

Unsaturated fatty acids can be

Trans fatty acids

(1) True or (2) False