CMD Mode

***ATIR***
for
Windows
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
PROGRAM
Command Mode
USER S MANUAL
Version 12.5
December 2006
Version 12.5 i 12/06

STRAP Command Mode Manual
Disclaimer
The STRAP programs have been written by a team of highly qualified engineers and programmers and have
been extensively tested. Nevertheless, the authors of the software do not assume responsibility for the validity
of the results obtained from the programs or for the accuracy of this documentation.
The user must verify his own results
The authors remind the user that the programs are to be used as a tool for structural analysis, and that the
engineering judgement of the user is the final arbiter in the development of a suitable model and the
interpretation of the results.
Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.
AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk Inc.
Version 12.5 ii 12/06

Table of Contents
1 Command mode - general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.1 Enter a Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 Revise a Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.3 Retrieve a command (from the Clipboard ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.4 Command Format - General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.5 Batch mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
1.5.1 Batch mode - Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
1.5.2 Batch mode - Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
1.5.3 Batch mode - Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2 Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Single Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.3 Line of Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.3.1 Nodes Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.4 Grid of Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.5 Nodes - move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.6 Nodes - delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.7 Nodes - renumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.8 Cylindrical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.8.1 Cylindrical - Single node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.8.2 Cylindrical - Line of nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.8.3 Cylindrical - Grid of nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.9 Nodes - Unify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2.10 Duplicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
2.11 Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.12 Nodes - Warnings and Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
3 Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.1 Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 Local Supports (rotated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
3.3 Cylindrical support system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.4 Rigid links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.5 Restraints - Revisions and Deletions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.6 Restraints - Warnings and Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
4 Property Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1 Define . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.2 Property Groups - Revisions and Deletions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
4.3 Property groups - Warnings and Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
5 Member Incidences (Beams and Elements) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.1 Single beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.1.1 JC Node and Beta Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.2 Line / group of beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
5.3 Grid of beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
5.4 Single quad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
5.5 Single triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
5.6 Line / group of quads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
5.7 Line / Group of triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
5.8 Grid of quads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
5.9 Grid of Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Version 12.5 iii 12/06

5.10 Elements - mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

5.10.1 Mesh - generate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
5.10.2 Mesh - existing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
5.10.3 Mesh - 3D contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
5.10.4 Solid elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
5.11 Beams/elements - renumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
5.12 Duplicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
5.13 Flange orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
5.14 Revisions and Deletions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
5.15 Warnings and Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
6 Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
6.1 Beam releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
6.2 Element releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
6.3 Releases - Revisions and Deletions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
6.4 Releases - Warnings and Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
7 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
7.1 Program material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
7.2 User-defined Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
7.3 Revisions and Deletions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
8 Properties Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

8.1 General Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.1.1 Shape factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.1.2 Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.2 Beam properties entered directly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
8.3 Properties Entered from a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
8.4 Computed Member Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
8.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
8.4.2 Rectangular section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
8.4.3 Rectangular tube section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
8.4.4 Hollow pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
8.4.5 Round section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
8.4.6 L - shaped section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
8.4.7 Channel section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
8.4.8 T - shaped section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
8.4.9 I - section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
8.5 Tapered section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
8.6 Cable element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
8.7 Quad and Triangular element properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
8.8 Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
8.9 Revisions and Deletions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
8.10 Warnings and Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
9 Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
9.1 Revisions and Deletions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
9.2 Warnings and Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
10 Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
10.1 Copy - Translate Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
10.1.1 Copy - Translate and Rotate - Mirror Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Version 12.5 iv 12/06

11 Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
11.1 Define a section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
11.2 Add section to model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
11.3 Rotate walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
11.4 Delete walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
11.5 Renumber walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
12 Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.1 Define a stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.2 Activate a stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.3 Delete a stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
13 Loads - General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2

13.1 Joint Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
13.1.1 Joint loads - Self weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
13.2 Beam loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
13.2.1 Beam loads uniform/linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
13.2.2 Beam loads - concentrated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
13.2.3 Beam/element loads - Self-weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
13.2.4 Beam loads - Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
13.2.5 Beam loads - prestress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
13.2.6 P-Delta effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
13.3 Element Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
13.3.1 Uniform element pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
13.3.2 Element loads - temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
13.3.3 Linear pressure on a group of elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
13.4 Combine Loading Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
13.5 Support Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
13.6 Global Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
13.6.1 Rectangular area global load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
13.6.2 Parallelogram area global load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
13.6.3 Concentrated global loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-15
13.6.4 Global loads applied to a plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-15
13.6.5 Global loads recalled from a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
13.7 Solid loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
13.7.1 Temperature loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
13.7.2 Self-weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
14 Command mode - Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

14.1 Plane frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
14.2 Plane Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
14.3 Plane Truss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
14.4 Space Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3
14.5 Plane frame (beam and finite elements) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4
14.6 Plane grid (beam and finite elements) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-5
14.7 Space frame (beam and finite elements) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-6
Version 12.5 v 12/06

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Version 12.5 vi 12/06

1 Command mode - general

The following section explains in general how to define the model using the Command Mode.
The commands are typed in by the user in the Command Mode Box at the bottom of the screen; the program
automatically updates the graphic display of the model.
It is important to note the following:

the Graphic Mode and the Command Mode may be used concurrently.
every time a part of the model is defined in the Graphic Mode, the program automatically writes the
equivalent command in the Graphic Mode Box. Therefore, the Command Mode Box contains a complete
record of all that was defined in the current session.
1.1 Enter a Command

When you enter a definition type, the program automatically writes a header in the Command Mode Box. For
example, when you select Nodes, the Command Mode Box appears as:
To type in a command, move the below the last line in the box so that the I cursor appears; click the mouse.
Type in the command in the correct format and press [Enter]; the Graphic Display will be updated.
1.2 Revise a Command

All commands are entered in the command box as the model is defined. The box displays only two rows and
so the commands are scrolled up and disappear (the box can be enlarged as any "Windows" box). To recall
scrolled commands, click the up/down arrow buttons at the right side of the box.
Example: revise the definition for beam 116.
move the to the command and click the mouse; the command is rewritten at the bottom of the Command
Box and the I cursor is displayed at the beginning of the command.
Correct the command and press [Enter]; the graphic display will be updated.
1.3 Retrieve a command (from the Clipboard )

Commands located in any ASCII file may be retrieved via the Windows "Clipboard".
This option is similar to the Batch Mode feature, but allows selected commands to be retrieved rather than the
entire file.
To write the commands to the clipboard:

run the program "Wordpad"/"Notepad"/Write", a "Windows" line editor.
either type in the commands or retrieve an existing file using the File option.
move the to the start of the block of commands; click the mouse.
Version 12.5 1-1 12/06

without releasing the mouse key drag the to the end of the last command in the block; release the mouse
key (the block should be highlighted).
Select the Edit option from the top menu bar.

Select the Copy option from the pull-down menu.
The block of text is now in the clipboard; exit the "Write" program.
To retrieve the commands from the Clipboard into STRAP :

Select the Edit option from the STRAP top menu bar.
Select Paste commands from the pull-down menu.
The program reads the commands, adds them to the Command Box and updates the graphic display.
If the program encounters commands with format errors or commands that generate warnings (i.e. redefinition
of existing nodes), it pauses and display the following menu:
Edit command:
The command is displayed in the Command Box at the bottom of the screen; edit the command as explained
in "Revise a command". The program will then continue to the next command in the clipboard.
Ignore command:
The program will ignore the current command and continue to the next command in the clipboard.
Quit copy:
The program will ignore the current command and all following commands in the clipboard.
Version 12.5 1-2 12/06

1.4 Command Format - General

All data is input in free format. There must be at least one blank space between one data value and another
(including words, numerical values, and special symbols - without exception).
The answer must be in the format specified by this manual. For example, to define the self-weight of beams as
a load on the structure, the manual specifies the command:
The words in capital letters are keywords which must be entered exactly as they appear in the format statement.
The program normally requires only the first one or two letters of a keyword in order to identify it. Underlined
letters indicate the letters that the program reads. Simplify the input by typing these letters only. For example:
S instead of SELF
B instead of BEAM
Lower-case letters indicate numerical data. In general, parameters beginning with i,j,k,l,m,n indicate integer
values, and all other letters indicate decimal values.
examples:
n, n1, ... are symbols for node numbers (integers)
p, p1, ... are symbols for section dimensions (decimals)
Decimal values may also be entered exponentially. For example:

510 may be entered as 5.1E2 or 5.1E+2
0.0037 may be entered as .37E-2 or 3.7E-3
Do not leave any blank spaces between the numbers and the letter E.
Parameters in brackets ( ) indicate optional input. In the self-weight example above, f may be omitted.
Keywords in brackets | | indicate a choice of one of the keywords listed. In the above example, type one of
X1,X2,X3 to specify the direction the loads act.
"list" indicates a list of nodes or elements in the List Format.
list examples:
1 9 17 20
1 3 TO 6 12 15 18 TO 30
3 TO 11 BY 2 20 TO 24 34
The last example is equivalent to entering:

3 5 7 9 11 20 21 22 23 24 34
A list can consist of up to 50 items, where " 1 TO 6 " is one item.
Typical input for the self-weight example are:
SELF X1 B 10 11 12
S X3 -1.4 B 1 TO 90
The program checks the validity of every character entered; an illegal entry will cause the computer to beep and
the character will not be displayed on the screen.
Version 12.5 2-3 12/06

1.5 Batch mode

"BATCH" processing is a method where the model files are created external to the program.
STRAP has limited batch processing capabilities for defining geometry, loads and load combinations.
Models created in batch mode are added to the model list using the Add a file to model list option in the File
pull-down menu.
1.5.1 Batch mode - Geometry
There are two methods for defining STRAP geometry via external files:
Using the Clipboard (refer to 1.10.3)
Creating and importing an ASCII file
The file format is as follows:
1st line:
| REPLACE |
| ADD |
where:
REPLACE = the program will use this file instead of the existing geometry file.
ADD = the program adds the commands in this file to the data in the existing binary geometry file
(GEOMnnn.DAT).
(Do not write IGNORE in this line)
Command Lines:
All commands are in the regular format. Before the first line of each command type, a header must be entered
on a separate line. The headers are:
/ JOINT COORDINATES
/ RESTRAINTS
/ PROPERTY NUMBER
/ BEAM END RELEASES
/ MEMBER INCIDENCES
/ MATERIAL
/ PROPERTY DEFINITION
/ SPRINGS
/ DUPLICATE A BLOCK
/ UNITS force length
Notes:
There must be a space after the "/".
Lines beginning with " ; " are comment lines and are ignored by the program.
No blank lines are allowed.
The order is not important; the commands of any type may appear in scattered groups as long as each group
begins with the header.
If REPLACE is used, the program does not read the binary geometry file and hence does not know what the
model is 'plane' or 'space'. It assumes that the model is 'space' and expects three coordinates in every node
definition command. Type the command COORD 2 on a separate lone (after / JOINT COORDINATES ) if the
following commands contain only two coordinates..
If the program discovers a format error in a command when reading the geometry file, it exits and displays a
message. The error/warning messages are written to a file "ERR1.LST" that may be displayed or printed.
Version 12.5 2-4 12/06

Refer also to GEOINnnn.DAT. (after the following example)
For the following example, the ASCII file would be:
REPLACE
/ JOINT COORDINATES
COORD 2
1 0 0 TO 6 0 15 EQ
7 10 0 TO 12 10 15 EQ
/ RESTRAINTS
X1 X2 X6 1 7
/ PROPERTY NUMBERS
1 1 TO 10
2 11 TO 15
/ MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 TO 5 1 2
6 TO 10 7 8
11 TO 15 7 8
/ MATERIALS
CONC
/ PROPERTY DEFINITION
1 A 0.1 I 0.002
2 A 0.2 I 0.02
GEOINnnn.DAT
The current geometry for each model is stored in a binary file named GEOMnnn.DAT, where "nnn" can be
verified by selecting the Display all model files option in the Files pull-down menu on the main menu bar.
However, STRAP simultaneously creates for each model an ASCII data file that contains all of the geometry data
that was defined interactively in the form of commands.
The file name is: GEOINnnn.DAT
This file may be edited or updated external to the program using a screen editor; STRAP can then be instructed
to use this file instead of the existing geometry file (GEOMnnn.DAT) as the source for the current model
geometry.
When you choose the Geometry option in the Main Menu bar, the program reads the first line of the
GEOINnnn.DAT file. If the first line is:
IGNORE = the program will ignore this file and use the GEOMnnn.DAT file only. This is the normal case
because when the model is entered interactively, the program automatically writes IGNORE in
the first line of the GEOINnnn.DAT file
REPLACE = the program will use this file instead of the existing geometry file, i.e it ignores the
GEOMnnn.DAT file
ADD = the program adds the commands in this file to existing geometry in the GEOMnnn.DAT file. If
data is defined in both files the GEOINnnn.DAT data will overwrite the GEOMnnn.DAT data.
If a format error is discovered in a command, the program exits with a warning. All warning and error messages
are entered in a file "ERR1.LST" which may be displayed or printed.
After reading all of the command lines in the file, the program changes the first line back to IGNORE.
Version 12.5 2-5 12/06

1.5.2 Batch mode - Loads
There are two methods for defining STRAP loads via external files:
Using the Clipboard
Creating a STATnnn.DAT file
An ASCII file containing all of the load commands for a model may be created and updated external to STRAP.
The file name must be: STATnnn.DAT
where "nnn" can be verified by selecting the Display all model files option in the Files pull-down menu on the
main menu bar.
1st line: ASCII
for each load case - 1st line: load case title
All loads must be in the command format as explained in detail in this manual. Before the first line of each load
type, a header must be entered on a separate line. The headers are:
/ BEAM LOADS
/ JOINT LOADS
/ DISPLACEMENTS
/ ELEMENT PRESSURE
/ LOAD COMBINATIONS
/ GLOBAL LOADS
end of load case: / END

end of file: / END STATIC
Notes:
In all command lines, there must be a space after the "/".
No blank lines are allowed.
The order is not important; the commands of any type may appear in scattered groups as long as each group
begins with the header.
The last loading case should not have a "/ END" command prior to the "/ END STATIC" command.
Example:
For the following space frame example, the STATnnn.DAT file is:
ASCII
SELF-WEIGHT AND ROOF LOADS
/ BEAM LOADS
SELF X3 B 2 TO 16
U GLOB FX3 -2.0 B 2 TO 6
/ END
WIND LOADS
/ JOINT LOADS
FX1 1.0 N 2
FX1 2.0 N 3
FX1 3.0 N 4
FX1 4.0 N 5
FX1 5.0 N 6
/ END STATIC
Version 12.5 2-6 12/06

1.5.3 Batch mode - Combinations
An ASCII file containing all of the load combination commands for a model may be created external to STRAP.
The file name must be: COMBnnn.DAT
where "nnn" can be verified by selecting the Display all model files option in the Files pull-down menu on the
main menu bar.
1st line: ASCII
For each load combination:

1st line (optional): TITLE combtitle
2nd line l1 f1 l2 f2 .... ln fn
where:
combtitle = combination title (optional)
l1 = no. of the first load case included in the combination.

f1 = factor to multiply l1
ln = no. of the nth load case included in the combination.

fn = factor to multiply ln
Note:
The user-defined ASCII file for combinations will be erased by STRAP and will be replaced by a direct-access
file which cannot be edited.
Version 12.5 2-7 12/06

2 Nodes
Header: / JOINT COORDINATES
Define uniquely the location of each joint in space by entering its coordinates in the global coordinate system.
Nodes that have no beams or elements attached to them are ignored by the program.
There are several formats available. Data for your model can be input using any or all of the formats. Refer to:
2.1 - Space model coordinates
2.2 - Single Node
2.3 - Line of Nodes
2.4 - Grid of Nodes
2.5 - Move
2.6 - Delete
2.7 - Renumber
2.8 - Cylindrical Coordinates
2.9 - Unify
2.10 - Duplicate
2.11 - Symmetry
2.12 - Warning and Error Messages
2.1 Space Model Coordinates

If the model is specified as a Space frame or a Truss, the program will demand 3 coordinates per node in each
node definition command.
For plane models or sub-models defined on the X3 = 0 plane (e.g. plane trusses), the program may be instructed
to suppress the requirement to define the X3 coordinate (the program will assume X3=0.)
format: COORD | 2 |
|3|
where:
2 : the program will accept only 2 coordinates per node (X3 = 0.)
3 : the program will require 3 coordinates per node
2.2 Single Node

format: n1 x1 x2 (x3)
where:
n1 = number of the node
x1 = X1 coordinate
x2 = X2 coordinate
x3 = X3 coordinate (for space model only)
examples:
31 5.0 10.0 (plane model)
47 1.5 16.2 -1.0 (space model)
Version 12.5 2-1 12/06

2.3 Line of Nodes

format: n1 x1 x2 (x3) TO n2 x1 x2 (x3) (BY i1) d1
where:
n1 = number of the first node along the line
n2 = number of the last node along the line
x1,x2,x3 = node coordinates (x3 for space structures only)
i1 = increment between adjacent node numbers along the line (default = 1)
d1 = distances between adjacent nodes along n1-n2; may be specified as equally spaced, a series of
distances, fractions of the beam length or as a projection on another line. Refer to 2.3.1.
Example:
Enter: 1 0. 0. TO 4 8.0 2.0 PROJ 8.0 3. 2.5
2.3.1 Nodes Distance
d1 = distance between adjacent nodes using the following format options:
where:
EQUALLY : denotes that the distances between nodes are equal, and no further information is required.
DISTANCE : The distance between adjacent nodes is specified by a1, a2, ... ,am, the actual lengths.
FRACTION : The distance between adjacent nodes is specified by f1,...,fm, fractions of the total line length
PROJ : denotes that distances between adjacent nodes are proportional to lengths a1, ...., am as
projected on length p1.
MUL : denotes that the length parameter defined above is repeated mi times.
Note:
Only N-1 spaces should be defined. If the final space is input (nodes 4 to 5 in the example below), an error
message will be displayed.
example:
The node coordinates for this example may be input by any one of the following methods:
1 0. 0. TO 9 6.0 0. BY 2 EQ
. . . . . . . . .DIS 1.5 1.5 1.5
. . . . . . . . .DIS 1.5 MUL 3
. . . . . . . . .FRAC 0.25 0.25 0.25
. . . . . . . . .FRAC 0.25 MUL 3
Note that only three distances have been specified.
Version 12.5 2-2 12/06

2.4 Grid of Nodes

The grid is defined by specifying three node points using the following format:
where:
n1 = node number of the first node on the line n1-n2
n2 = node number of the last node on the line n1-n2
n3 = node number of the last node on the line n3-n2
x1,x2,x3 = node coordinates
i1 = node number increment between adjacent nodes in direction n1-n2
i2 = node number increment between adjacent nodes in direction n2-n3
d1 = distances between adjacent nodes along n1-n2
d2 = distances between adjacent nodes along n2-n3
The distance format options for d1,d2 (EQUAL, DIST, FRAC, PROJ) are identical to those detailed in 2.3.1.
Example:
The grid is defined as follows:
1 0. 0. TO 5 16. 0. EQ TO 25 16. 12. BY 5

DIS 3. MUL 2 4.
Note that the last height interval is not specified.
2.5 Nodes - move

To move a node by a specified distance, enter the command:
format:
where:
d = distance to move the nodes (not the new coordinate).
list = list of nodes to be moved by "d".
Version 12.5 2-3 12/06

2.6 Nodes - delete

Only nodes without beams/elements attached to them may be deleted.

format: DEL list
list = list of nodes in the standard format.
2.7 Nodes - renumber

To revise the renumbering of existing nodes.
WARNING: do not renumber nodes in solved models or in models where joint loads have been defined.
format: RENUMBER n1o n1n n2o n2n .... nno nnn
where:
n1o = original number of the first node in the list
n1n = new number of the first node in the list
nno = original number of the last node in the list
nnn = new number of the last node in the list
If the program discovers that a number has already been assigned to another node, the program will assign the
original number of the selected node to the other node.
Example : renumber nodes 21, 22, 23 to 71, 72, 73

Enter: REN 21 71 22 72 23 73
2.8 Cylindrical Coordinates

Joints lying on the surface of a cylinder or an arc can be more easily defined by using an auxiliary cylindrical
coordinate system.
Each cylindrical system defined has a central

axis (passing through the centre of the circle or
the cylinder) parallel to one of the global
coordinate axes (X1, X2, X3), and offset any
dimension from the origin.
The location of each joint in a cylindrical system

is defined by the distance from this origin in the
plane of the circle - i.e. radius, the angle offset
from one of the global coordinate axes and the
distance from the cylindrical system origin along
the system's central axis.
The cylindrical system must be defined prior to the joint coordinate commands by a CYL command. All joint
coordinate commands entered between this CYL command and a CYL END command will be referenced to this
cylindrical system..
Version 12.5 2-4 12/06

format:
where:
X1,X2 or X3 = cylindrical system height axis; not required for plane structures where X3 is by default the
cylindrical height axis.
x1,x2,x3 = coordinate at origin of the cylindrical system.
n = node number at origin of the cylindrical system.
If the origin of the cylindrical system is not defined by coordinates or an existing node, it is by default located at
the origin of the global system. (0., 0., 0.)
If the origin is specified by a node n, then the node n must be defined by a previous joint coordinate command.
The joint coordinate definitions are entered between the CYL and the CYL END statements in one of the
following formats (similar to the regular joint coordinate commands):
2.8.1 Cylindrical - Single node

format: n1 a1 r1 (h1)
where:
n1 = number of the node
a1 = angle measured from one of the global axes.
If X1 is the height axis, the angle is measured from X2.

A positive angle is measured counterclockwise.

r1 = radius to node n1.
h1 = height measured from the origin point (for space models) along the reference axis to node n1.
2.8.2 Cylindrical - Line of nodes

format: n1 a1 r1 (h1) TO n2 a2 r2 (h2) (BY i1) d
where:
n1 = number of the first node along the arc.
n2 = number of the last node along the arc.
i1 = increment between adjacent node numbers along the arc (default=1)
a1,a2 = angles measured from one of the global axes.
A positive angle is measured counterclockwise.
1st angle < 2nd angle: counterclockwise joint numbering.
1st angle > 2nd angle: clockwise joint numbering
Version 12.5 2-5 12/06


h1 = height measured from the origin point (for space structures) along the reference axis to node n1.
h2 = height measured from the origin point (for space structures) along the reference axis to node n2.
d = distance between adjacent nodes specified using the standard distance options (2.3.1), where:
EQUAL denotes that the distances between nodes are equal.
DIST command specifies the angle between the nodes along the arc.
PROJ defines the angle between nodes as projected onto an arc with a different angle between end
points.
FRAC is the ratio of the arc angle between nodes to the total arc angle.
Note that only N-1 arc intervals may be entered.
Examples:
Enter:
CYL X3 N 32 CYL
15 -60 1. 0.25 TO 18 35 1.8 0.75 EQ 1 180 5. TO 9 0 5. DIST 30 20 MUL 6
CYL END (or: FRAC 0.1667 0.111 MUL 6 )
CYL END
2.8.3 Cylindrical - Grid of nodes
A grid of parallel arcs may be defined using a command similar to that in Grid of Nodes.
The arcs may all lie in the same plane or may be in parallel planes. (Space models)
format:
where: (referring to nodes along an arc) -

n1 = the first node on the first arc
a1 = angle to node n1
r1 = radius to node n1
h1 = distance along reference axis to node n1 (space structures)
n2 = the last node on the first arc
i1 = node numbering increment between n1 and n2. If not entered, i1=1
d1 = angles between nodes along arc n1,n2 (EQ,DIST,PROJ,FRAC)
n3 = the last node on the last arc
n3 = last node on the last arc.
Version 12.5 2-6 12/06

i2 = node numbering increment along line n2-n3. If not entered, i2=1

d2 = distances between adjacent nodes along line n2-n3. Note that distances here are entered as lengths and
not as angles.
The following examples illustrate the use of the "grid".
- (b)
Example (a):
CYL
1 180 4. TO 10 0 4. EQ TO 40 0 1.0 BY 10 DIS 1. 1.5 0.5
CYL END
Example (b)
CYL X3
1 180 3.2 5. TO 5 0 3.2 5. EQ TO 20 0 3.2 0. BY 5 EQ
CYL END
2.9 Nodes - Unify

Header: / MEMBER INCIDENCES
In certain cases, it may be convenient to define two different nodes at the same location. This usually occurs
in models which have separate planes connected along a common line. Each plane is defined with independent
numbering to take advantage of the NODE and INCIDENCES grid commands. As a result, the elements
adjacent to the common line are not connected to the same nodes and so the two planes are physically not
connected.
The UNIFY command searches for nodes with identical coordinates. If it locates such nodes, it connects all
elements attached to them to the node with the lowest number (i.e. revises the JA, JB, JC or JD node of the
element). The higher numbered nodes will be ignored by the program as no
elements are attached to them.
format: UNIFY (tol) (LIST list)
where:
tol = maximum distance between nodes that will be considered as having
identical coordinates. If not defined, tol = 0.01 (current length units).
list = list of nodes that are to be checked. If not entered, the program will
check the entire model.
Example: The two grids were defined as follows:
Version 12.5 2-7 12/06

Joint Coordinates:
42 0 0 0 TO 44 10 0 0 EQ TO 74 10 12 0 BY 10 EQ
77 10 0 0 TO 79 10 0 -7.6 EQ TO 109 10 12 -7.6 BY 10 EQ
Member Incidences:
GRID 2 3 B 48 N 42 BY 1 BY 10
GRID 2 3 B 80 N 77 BY 1 BY 10 DEL 88 89 90
The end nodes for four beams in the model are as follows:
Before the UNIFY option After the UNIFY option

Beam JA JB Beam JA JB
53 63 64 53 63 64
55 73 74 55 73 74
84 97 98 84 64 98
86 107 108 86 74 108
Beams 53 - 84 are not connected The beams are connected
Beams 55 - 86 are not connected Nodes 77, 87, 97, 107 are deleted
2.10 Duplicate
For structures with repetitive groups of elements (for example, identical parallel frames in space models), it is
possible to duplicate a series of nodes, each series defined by translating the original group to a different
location.
Note: To duplicate a block of nodes and elements together, use the more powerful Copy command (10.0).
To duplicate a group of existing nodes:

format: MULT n N nj | (DX1 d1) (DX2 d2) (DX3 d3) | L list
where:
n = no. of times original group to be duplicated. (Each node definition will generate n+1 nodes).
nj = joint number increment from group to group.
d1 = denotes translation of all the joints in the group by a distance d1 in the global X1 direction. If not
defined, d1 is assumed equal zero. Note that the distance d1 is constant between all joint groups.
d2 = translation in global X2 direction (similar to above).
d3 = translation in global X3 direction (similar to above).
list = list of existing nodes to be duplicated.
To define a group of nodes and duplicate it at the same time:

format:
Example:
If nodes 1,2,3,4 were defined previously, enter:
MUL 1 N 4 DX3 -5.00 L 1 TO 4
Version 12.5 2-8 12/06

If all of the nodes are defined simultaneously, enter:

MUL 1 N 4 DX3 -5.00
1 0. 0. 0.
2 0. 3.5 0.
3 2.2 3.5 0.
4 2.2 0. 0.
MUL END
Note:
A SYMMETRY command cannot be located between MULT and MULT END.
2.11 Symmetry
Symmetrical models may be created by defining the nodes for only half of the model, and by then creating a
mirror image using the SYMMETRY command. Note that all nodes are duplicated about a plane of symmetry.
Note:
To create a mirror image of a block of nodes and elements together, use the Copy command (10.0).
A MULT command cannot be located between SYM and SYM END.
To create a mirror image of a group of existing nodes:

format:
where:
X1,X2,X3= axis normal to the plane of symmetry.
c = coordinate of the plane of symmetry on the above axis.
nj = joint number increment.
list = list of nodes previously defined
To define a group of nodes and their mirror image at the same time:
format:
Example:
SYM X2 N 5
1 2.3 4.7
:
:
SYM END
Version 12.5 2-9 12/06

2.12 Nodes - Warnings and Error Messages

** WARNING - THE FOLLOWING NODES HAVE BEEN ALREADY DEFINED:
The listed nodes were defined in a previous command; the new coordinates override the old ones. If you
entered the wrong node number, correct the coordinates.
** ERROR -THE FOLLOWING NODE NUMBERS EXCEED n

The node number defined exceeds the program limits.
** ERROR -NO. OF NODES ON A NODE LINE SHOULD NOT EXCEED 79

Too many nodes were defined in one command; use two commands.
** ERROR -SUM OF DISTANCES EXCEEDS THE WHOLE DISTANCE

The sum of the distances is greater than the distance between the start node and the end node as calculated
from their coordinates.
** ERROR -THE ORIGIN WAS DEFINED BY AN UNDEFINED NODE

The origin node of a cylindrical coordinate system was not defined prior to the CYL command.
** THE FOLLOWING NODES ARE UNDEFINED:

In a MULT command, the node in the "list" must be existing nodes. Note: The defined nodes in the list will
be duplicated.
** "MUL/SYM" COMMAND CAN'T BE USED WHILE "SYM/MUL" COMMAND IS ACTIVE

Enter SYM/MUL END before beginning a MUL/SYM command.
Version 12.5 2-10 12/06

3 Restraints
Header: / RESTRAINTS
The input in this section defines:

structure support nodes or nodes along an axis of symmetry, i.e. restrained degrees-of-freedom. Structures
with no restraints are unstable.
rigid links between nodes (master-slave nodes) specify identical deflections/rotations at selected nodes for
specified degrees-of-freedom.
The following can be defined:

3.1 - Supports
3.2 - Local supports (rotated)
3.4 - Rigid links
3.1 Supports
The program initially assumes that the joints are free to translate and rotate in all directions. The input in this
section defines structure support nodes or nodes along an axis of symmetry, i.e. restrained degrees-of-freedom.
Structures with no restraints are unstable.
format: X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 list
where:
X1, X2, X3 indicate translational restraints along the global axes X1, X2 and X3 respectively.
X4, X5, X6 indicate rotational restraints about the global axes X1 X2 and X3, respectively.
list = list of nodes with identical restraints.
Note:
Only X1, X2, X6 restraints are relevant for plane frames. (Figure a) - All other
restraints are irrelevant and ignored.
Only X3, X4, X5 restraints are relevant for grids. (Figure b)-All other restraints are
irrelevant and ignored.
Only X1, X2, X3 restraints are relevant for trusses. (X3 must be restrained for
every node of a plane truss).
Examples:
Example (a) Example (b) Example (c)
X1 X2 X6 1 X3 X4 1 X3 1
X1 X2 2 X3 3 X4 7 8
X2 3 X3 X4 X5 6 X5 3 6
X4 X5 9
Version 12.5 3-1 12/06

Restraints for a node may be entered on more than one line. However, the program will retain only the last entry.
For example:
X1 X3 7
X1 5 TO 9
Node 7 will be restrained in the X1 direction only.
Two-dimensional Elements:
It is recommended that nodes which have only plane-stress elements (and no beams) joined to them be
restrained for rotation about the axis perpendicular to the elements (X6 for plane frames). This reduces the
stiffness matrix bandwidth and speeds up solution time.
3.2 Local Supports (rotated)

Restraints may also be defined about any arbitrary non-global coordinate system, referred to as the "local
support system". Up to 63 different local support systems may be defined.
The adjacent figure shows a structure which requires a local support

system in order to accurately define the supports.
To define a local support system:
format: SYS n DEF ja jb jc

where:
n = number of the local supports system (1 to 63)
ja,jb,jc = three nodes which define system n, as follows:
x1 lies along ja,jb and points towards jb.
x2 is perpendicular to x1 and points towards jc.
x3 is determined by the right-hand rule.
To assign nodes to a local support system:
format: SYS n NODE list

where:
n = number of the local support system (0 = global)
list = list of support nodes referenced to this system
Example:To define the support at node 4 in the figure above, enter:
SYS 1 DEF 1 4 2
SYS 1 NOD 4
X2 4
Note:
The commands may be entered in any order; an undefined local system is assumed equivalent to the global
system.
Version 12.5 3-2 12/06

3.3 Cylindrical support system

Restraints may also be defined relative to a cylindrical coordinate system.
A system relative to a global axis:
Format: SYS n DEF CYL | X1 X2 X3 | nc
where:
n = number of the local support system (1 to 63)
X1,X2,X3 = global axis that defines the cylindrical system direction
nc = a node at the center of the system
A system relative to any axis:
Format: SYS n DEF CYL A nc1 nc2
where:
n = number of the local support system (1 to 63)
nc1, nc2 = two nodes that define the central axis of the system
3.4 Rigid links

There are three types of rigid link available:
Rigid in all directions:

format: RIGID X1 X2 X3 N list
The specified nodes will be rigidly linked in all degrees-of-freedom - deflections and rotations.
Rigid in a plane:
format:
The specified nodes will have the same deflection in both global planar directions as well as the same
rotation about the axis perpendicular to the plane.
Rigid in a single direction:

format:
The specified nodes will have the same deflection in the specified global direction.
where:
list = list of nodes connected by the rigid link
Version 12.5 3-3 12/06

3.5 Restraints - Revisions and Deletions

Restraints are revised by entering the data again for the particular node; the new definition overrides the current
one. A warning to that effect is displayed on the screen.
To delete a node from the list of restraints, enter the node number only and press [Enter].
Example:To delete restraints at nodes 5 to 9, enter: 5 TO 9
To revise a non-global support so that it will be relative to the global support system, enter:
SYS 0 NODE list
3.6 Restraints - Warnings and Error Messages

** WARNING - ANOTHER RESTRAINT WAS DEFINED FOR THE FOLLOWING NODES:
A restraint was entered for a node that was restrained by a previous command. The new definition overrides
the previous one.
** ERROR - THE FOLLOWING NODES HAVE NOT BEEN DEFINED

Restraints were defined for undefined nodes. The program accepts the restraint definition for the defined
nodes only.
Version 12.5 3-4 12/06

4 Property Groups
This section defines groups of elements with identical section properties and material type.
For beams, section properties are cross-section area, moment of inertia, shear factors and material type.
In addition, rigid offsets may be defined at the ends of beam elements.
For quadrilateral and triangular elements, the section properties are the element thickness and material type.
All element types may be designated as "DUMMY" elements. These elements may be loaded but do not affect
the stiffness of the model and will not appear in the output tables. For example, use a DUMMY beam element
if you have to define a linear load in a model which consists entirely of finite elements.
Each group is assigned a property group number and a list of the beams or elements in that group is entered.
The actual numerical values of the properties are defined in section
4.1 Define
format:
where:
n = PROPERTY group number of a set of elements with identical properties.
ng = OFFSET group number.
list = list of elements assigned to that group.
Note:
Each element included in an offset group must also be assigned to a PROPERTY group.
Different elements in a PROPERTY group may have different OFFSETs or no OFFSET at all.
The same number may be assigned to a PROPERTY group and an OFFSET group.
examples:
5 10 TO 20 BY 2
Elements 10, 12,..20 will be assigned to property group 5.
DUMMY 44 TO 47
Elements 44 to 47 are DUMMY elements
1 15 TO 21 BY 2
2 16 TO 22 BY 2
OFFSET 1 15 TO 22
Elements 15, 17, 19 and 21 are assigned to PROPERTY group 1.
Elements 16, 18, 20 and 22 are assigned to PROPERTY group 2.
All of these elements are assigned to OFFSET group 1.
Note: The member list for a group can be entered on more than one line and in any order. For example:
6 17 TO 21
7 56 57 59
6 40 41 42
Property group 6 contains elements 17 18 19 20 21 40 41 42.
Version 12.5 4-1 12/06

4.2 Property Groups - Revisions and Deletions

To assign an element to a new property group, enter the element again referenced to a new group. The new
definition overrides the previous one.
An element's group number is automatically deleted when that element is deleted from the structure.
4.3 Property groups - Warnings and Error Messages

** ERROR - THE FOLLOWING BEAM/ELEMENT NOS. EXCEED n:
The beam/element number entered exceeds the limits of the program.
** ERROR - PROPERTY NUMBER SHOULD NOT EXCEED n

The property number entered exceeds the limits of the program.
Version 12.5 4-2 12/06

5 Member Incidences (Beams and Elements)

This section defines the end nodes and the local coordinate system for each element. Only elements which were
entered into a property group may be defined here. If the element was not assigned to a property group, a
warning will appear and the member will be assigned to Property Group No. 1.
Each element type is defined separately: to begin the definition of group of elements, enter the appropriate
header (on a separate line) followed by the incidence definitions.
*** The same element number cannot be assigned to two elements of different types ***
The headers are:

QUAD (Quadrilateral Element)
TRIANGLE (Triangular Element)
BEAM (Beam Element)
SOLID (Solid Element)
BEAM is the default header: no header is required for a model with beam members only.
Note that when defining a group of elements, INCREMENT = 0 can be specified in the node list.
The following commands are available. Refer to:
Beams: Triangular elements:

5.1 - Single beams 5.5 - Single triangle
5.2 - Line/group of beams 5.7 - Line/group of triangles
5.3 - Grid of beams 5.9 - Grid of triangles
Quadrilateral elements: 5.10.4 - Solid elements

5.4 - Single quad
5.6 - Line/group of quads
5.8 - Grid of quads
5.10 - Mesh
5.1 Single beam

format: m n1 n2| (JC n3) |

| (ANGLE a) |
where:
m = beam number
n1 = start node of the beam (JA)
n2 = end node of the beam (JB)
For space structures only:

n3 = JC node defining the local coordinate system of the beam. Refer to 5.1.1.
a = BETA angle defining the local coordinate system.. Refer to 5.1.1.
Version 12.5 5-1 12/06

5.1.1 JC Node and Beta Angle
The specification of joint coordinates and member incidences uniquely describes the position of a beam in
space, but not the complete orientation of the section.
Coordinates and incidences define only the direction of the local x1 axis, but not the direction of the cross section
axes x2 and x3.
For example, a beam can be oriented in an infinite number of angles about the x1 beam axis.
The properties of all beams in STRAP are defined relative to the local coordinate system. The properties are
known about the major and minor axes of the beam section. Therefore, it is necessary to align the major/minor
axes of the beam with the local x2/x3 axes. This prevents the situation illustrated above from occurring.
If JC and BETA are not defined, the programs will define the local coordinate system as follows:
Default Convention:
Plane models:
Axis Direction
x1 Always coincides with the centroidal axis of the beam; the positive direction is from the start node
(JA in the geometry tables) to the end node (JB), as specified during the definition of the beam.
x2 As x1 and x3 are known, x2 is determined from the right-hand rule
x3 Always parallel to the global X3 axis
Examples:
Space models:
Version 12.5 5-2 12/06

Direction
Axis General case: x1 not parallel to X3 Special case: x1 parallel to X3
x1 Always coincides with the centroidal axis of the As in general case
beam; the positive direction is from the start node
(JA in the geometry tables) to the end node (JB)
x2 As x1 and x3 are known, x2 is determined from Always parallel to the global X2 axis
the right-hand rule
x3 Always parallel to the global X3 axis As x1 and x2 are known, x3is determined
from the right-hand rule
If the angle between the local x1 and the global X3 axes is greater than 0.006°, the axes are assumed NOT
parallel. As angle of this magnitude can result from computer inaccuracy, the local x3 axis direction of all beams
parallel to X3 should be specifically defined.
Examples:
Two methods are available for defining the direction of the local x2,x3 axes: JC node and BETA angle.
The JC node method is usually used to define the local coordinate systems of a group of beams lying on a
plane that is not parallel to one of the global coordinate planes (X1-X2, X2-X3, X1-X3).
BETA angle is usually used to define the local coordinate systems of a group of beams that are not coplanar,
but whose local x2,x3 axes are aligned in the same direction. For example, a spiral staircase modeled as a
space frame.
Recommendations:
Use the JC node command to define the local axis orientation for all but very special cases. The BETA angle
method is much more complicated and often leads to errors in the input.
JC and BETA are normally added to the beam definition command, however JC nodes can be defined as
a separate command.
The use of JC and BETA are demonstrated in the following sections.
JC node
format: JC njc list
where:
njc = JC node (existing)
list = list of beams
The JC node defines the local coordinate system of a beam as follows:
The local x1 axis lies along the axis of the beam; its positive direction is in the direction of JB. The local x2
axis is perpendicular to x1 and lies in the direction of a third node, called the JC node (which need not have
any members attached to it). The local x3 axis is perpendicular to the plane formed by x1 and x2 and its
direction is determined by the right-hand rule.
Note that the JC node of a beam should never be located along the extension of its x1 axis.
Version 12.5 5-3 12/06

Example:
Recommendations for JC node selection:
Node 29 - for all beams in the sloped planes: 3,4,5, etc.

Enter: JC 29 3 TO 5
BETA angle
BETA is an angle measured in the plane of the beam cross-section.
- General Case:
Generate an axis +Y which is perpendicular to the plane formed by the beam x1 axis and the global X3
axis. BETA is measured counterclockwise from +Y to the local x2 axis (when looking along the axis of the
beam from JB to JA).
- Local x1 Axis Parallel to Global X3 Axis:

BETA is the angle measured from the global X2 axis to the desired beam local x2 axis. Rotation is
considered positive when counter-clockwise about the beam +x1 axis.
Note: If the angle between the local x1 and the global X3 is greater than 0.006°, the axes are assumed
to be not parallel.
Version 12.5 5-4 12/06

5.2 Line / group of beams

format:
where:
m1= first beam of the group
m2= last beam of the group
i1 = increment between beam numbers. If not entered, i1=1.
n1 = start node of m1
i2 = increment of start node between two adjacent beams. If not entered, i2=1.
n2 = end node of m1
i3 = increment of end node between two adjacent beams (default=1)
n3 = JC node. Refer to 5.1.1.
a = BETA angle. Refer to 5.1.1.
list = list of beams generated by the command which are to be deleted from the model.
Examples:
Enter: 51 TO 53 10 38
Enter: 51 TO 53 10 BY 2 40 BY 3
5.3 Grid of beams

Two series of parallel lines forming a grid may be generated by using a single command. The external lines of
beams are defined in each of the two directions; the program then generates a grid of parallel lines.
format:
where:
k1 = number of bays in one direction of the grid.
k2 = number of bays in the other direction of the grid.
m1= number of the first beam of the grid (in the direction of k1)
n = start node of the first beam
i1 = increment of nodes between adjacent beams in the k1 direction of the grid.
i2 = increment of nodes between adjacent beams in the k2 direction of the grid.
n2 = JC node. Refer to 5.1.1.
a = BETA angle . Refer to 5.1.1.
list = list of beams generated by the command to be excluded from the structure.
Version 12.5 5-5 12/06

Example:
Enter: GRID 3 3 BEAM 1 NODE 1 BY 1 BY 4 DEL 8
Explanation:
A 3 x 3 grid always has 12 beams in 4 rows in the direction of the first '3', and 12 beams in 4 rows in the direction
of the second '3'. The program starts the beam numbering at the lower-left joint (NODE 1) of the grid. The first
beam defined is BEAM 1. From 'BY 1' the program knows that the incidences for BEAM 1 are 1,2 and that for
BEAM 2 they are 2,3 etc. After the third beam, the program moves to the next row. After completing four rows,
the program returns to the start NODE 1, and similarly numbers the beams in the other direction. Note that to
use the GRID command, the numbering of both the joints and the beams must be completely orderly. DEL 8
removes beam 8 from the grid.
Note:
Incidences for a beam may be input more than once; however only the last definition entered will be retained.
5.4 Single quad

*** All internal angles in quad elements must be concave ***
format: ne n1 n2 n3 n4
where:
ne = element number
n1,n2,n3,n4 = nodes at element corners.
note:
n1 may be any of the four nodes of the element.
nodes must be defined in the order shown above: (n1 to n4) where:
n1 , n4 are at diagonally opposite corners.
n2 , n3 are at diagonally opposite corners.
Version 12.5 5-6 12/06

Example:
QUAD QUAD
5 1 2 7 8 10 36 22 37 23
or 5 2 8 1 7 or 10 37 36 23 22
etc. etc.
Local element coordinate axes are defined as follows:

x1 : along edge n1-n2 in direction of n2.
x2 : perpendicular to x1, in the direction of n3.
x3 : defined by right-hand rule.
It is recommended that the x3 axis of all elements lying in a plane point in the same direction in order to avoid
errors in load data and confusion in interpreting results.
5.5 Single triangle

format: ne1 n1 n2 n3
where :
ne1 = element number
n1,n2,n3 = node numbers
local coordinate axes:

x1 : along edge n1,n2 in the direction of n2.
x2 : perpendicular to x1 in the direction of n3.
x3 : defined by the right-hand rule.
It is recommended that all triangular elements lying in a plane be defined so that their x3 axes point in the same
direction.
5.6 Line / group of quads

format: ne1 TO ne2 (BY i1) n1 (BY i2) n2 (BY i3) n3 n4 (DEL list)
where:
ne1 = number of the first element in the group.
ne2 = number of the last element in the group.
i1 = element numbering increment (default=1)
n1 = node n1 of element ne1.
i2 = node numbering increment of nodes n1,n2.
Version 12.5 5-7 12/06


i3 = node numbering increment of nodes n3,n4. (default=1)
n3 = node n3 of element ne1
n4 = node n4 of element ne1
list = list of elements generated by the command that are to be excluded from the model.
example:
Enter:
QUAD
1 TO 4 1 BY 2 3 BY 2 12 14
5.7 Line / Group of triangles

format:
where:
ne1 = number of the first element in the group.
ne2 = number of the last element in the group.
i1 = increment in element numbers (default=1)
n1,n2,n3 = node numbers of element ne1.
i2 = node numbering increment of node n1 between adjacent elements.
list = list of elements generated by the command that are not to be included in the structure.
example:
enter:
TRI
2 TO 10 BY 2 12 BY 3 15 BY 3 40
Note that the i3 increment of node 40 is not entered because it equals the default value 1.
5.8 Grid of quads

format: GRID k1 k2 ELEM ne1 NODE n1 BY i1 BY i2 (DEL list)
where:
k1 = number of elements in one direction of the grid.
k2 = number of elements in the other direction of the grid.
ne1 = number of the first element in the grid.
i1 = node numbering increment between adjacent elements in the k1 direction of the grid.
i2 = node numbering increment between adjacent elements in the k2 direction of the grid.
list = list of elements generated by the grid command to be excluded from the structure.
Version 12.5 5-8 12/06

Example:
QUAD
GRID 4 3 EL 5 N 1 BY 2 BY 10 DEL 10 11
5.9 Grid of Triangles

Identical to the specification of a grid of quadrilateral elements, except that the program defines two triangular
elements in the place of every quadrilateral element.
format:
example:
enter:
TRI
GRID 4 3 EL 5 N 1 BY 2 BY 10 DEL 14 15 18 19
5.10 Elements - mesh

The Mesh option is a more powerful and extended version of the Grid option. The Mesh option generates both
the elements and the nodes within a user-defined area.
The mesh area is specified by defining a 'perimeter' which joins existing nodes. The perimeter consists of
straight lines connecting nodes. It may be of any shape and 'holes' may be defined inside it.
There are three options for generating a mesh:

Mesh - Contour (planar) - Automatic Node Generation
The program automatically generates elements of a specified size within a user-defined perimeter and
generates new nodes if required. Refer to 5.10.1.
Mesh - Contour (planar) - Use Existing Nodes Only
Define a 'perimeter' which joins existing nodes; the program generates elements by connecting the existing
nodes only and does not generate any new nodes. Refer to 5.10.2.
Mesh - 3D Projected Contour - Use existing nodes only
This option is available for space models, and is similar to "Contour (planar) - use existing nodes only".
Define a 'perimeter' which joins existing nodes; the program generates elements by connecting the existing
nodes only and does not generate any new nodes. All existing nodes are used. The program projects all
of the nodes displayed onto one of the global planes and connects the adjacent nodes. Refer to 5.10.3.
Version 12.5 5-9 12/06

5.10.1 Mesh - generate
The program automatically generates elements of a specified size within a user-defined perimeter and generates
new nodes if required.
the perimeter circumference may consist of straight lines or arc joining nodes
the element shape may be specified as orthogonal or skew, or a circular pattern may be generated.
holes may be defined in the perimeter area.
the generated elements will be properly connected to existing elements bordering the perimeter area.
the grid will be adjusted to include existing nodes within the perimeter area.
existing nodes in the perimeter area will be automatically erased.
format: MESH GEN |RECT DX dx DY dy MIN dm (ANG a) (EXC) (IGN) | NODE list
|SKEW tng DX dx DY dy MIN dm (ANG a) (EXC) (IGN) |
|CIRC n1 n2 n3 DR dr MIN dm (EXC) (IGN) |
where:
RECT : the program will generate as many rectangular elements as possible.
SKEW the program will generate parallelogram elements whose sides are parallel to user-defined directions.
CIRC : the program generates parallel arcs of elements and tries to maintain a uniform element size.
tng = the tangent of the element skew angle
n1,n2,n3 = three existing nodes lying on the circumference of the circle
dx = grid step in X direction
dy = grid step in Y direction
dr = for arc mesh: grid step in both directions
dm= minimum element size
a = grid angle, where the angle is measured from a base line as follows:
plane models - parallel to X1
space models - parallel to the projection of X1 on the plane. If the plane is parallel to X1, the base
line is parallel to X2.
The grid angle is measured counterclockwise from the base line.
EXC : grid lines will not pass through the existing nodes. The existing nodes will be used as element corner
nodes, but irregular shaped elements will be created.
IGN : ignore existing nodes within the contour area, i.e only the generated mesh nodes will be used. Note
that all existing nodes on the contour boundary will always be used
list = list of existing nodes forming the contour. To indicate openings, repeat
the first node number, then continue with the nodes defining the opening.
For example:
5.10.2 Mesh - existing
Define a 'perimeter' which joins existing nodes. The program generates elements by connecting the existing
nodes only and does not generate any new nodes.
All nodes (selected and used) must lie on the same plane.
All internal nodes are used.
format: MESH EXIST NODE list
where:
list = list of existing nodes forming the contour
Version 12.5 5-10 12/06

5.10.3 Mesh - 3D contour
This option is available for space models, and is similar to Mesh - existing.
Define a 'perimeter' which joins existing nodes The program generates elements by connecting the existing
nodes only and does not generate any new nodes. All existing nodes are used.
The program projects all of the nodes displayed onto one of the global planes and connects the adjacent nodes;
use the "Remove" option to temporarily delete nodes from the display.
format: MESH 3D | X1 | NODE list

| X2 |
| X3 |
where:
X1 = nodes will be projected onto the global X2-X3 plane
list = list of existing nodes forming the contour
5.10.4 Solid elements
Header: / SOLIDS
Solid elements are three or four sided elements bounded by two planes of nodes. The planes do not have to
be parallel and may intersect at one of the element nodes or boundaries. Therefore the elements may have 4,
5, 6, 7 or 8 nodes:
Format:
Solid element on quadrilateral base: QUAD q1 n1 n2 .... n8
Solid element on triangle base: TRI q1 n1 n2 .... n6
Line of solid elements on quad base: QUAD q1 TO q2 (BY i1) n1 n2 .... n8 (BY i2)
Line of solid elements on triangle base: TRI q1 TO q2 (BY i1) n1 n2 .... n6 (BY i2)
where:
q1 = element number (at start of line)
q2 = element number at end of line
i1 = element number increment; if not defined, i1=1
n1, .., n8 = node numbers at element corners (see following rules)
i2 = node number increment; if not defined, i1=1
Version 12.5 5-11 12/06

Node numbering rules:

first list all node numbers in the first plane, then all node numbers in the second plane
numbering sequence must be clockwise OR counterclockwise (not diagonal)
quads: the node pairs n1-n5, n2-n6, n3-n7, n4-n8 must be joined by element boundaries (see Figure above).
For triangles: n1-n4, n2-n5, n3-n6
Quads: 8 node numbers must be written in the command
Triangles: 6 node numbers must be written in the command
For elements with intersecting nodes or planes, list the common nodes twice.
Examples:
(a) QUAD 11 TO 15 BY 2 22 23 36 35 54 55 67 66 BY 31
(b) TRI 146 22 54 23 22 128 23
5.11 Beams/elements - renumber

To revise the numbering of existing beam and/or elements
WARNING: do not renumber beams/elements in solved models or in models where beam loads have been
defined.
format: RENUMBER e1o e1n e2o e2n .... eno enn
where:
e1o = original number of the first beam in the list
e1n = new number of the first beam in the list
eno = original number of the last beam in the list
enn = new number of the last beam in the list
If the program discovers that a number has already been assigned to another beam, the program will assign the
original number of the selected beam to the other beam.
Example: renumber beams 21, 22, 23 to 71, 72, 73
Enter: REN 21 71 22 72 23 73
5.12 Duplicate
Groups of elements may be duplicated in a manner similar to groups of nodes. Existing elements may be
duplicated using the following command:
Note: To duplicate a block of nodes and elements together, use the more powerful Copy command.
Version 12.5 5-12 12/06

format: MULT n |B | i NODE j (JC jc) L list

|E |
where:
n = no. of times to duplicate original group
i = element number increment between groups.
j = joint number increment between groups.
jc = JC node increment between groups.
list = list of existing elements.
To define a group of elements and duplicate it at the same time:
format:
Example:
MULT 2 BEAM 5 NODE 4

1 1 3
2 3 4
3 4 2
MULT END
Note:
If the program discovers two nodes at the same coordinates, it will connect the element generated by MULT
to the nde that already has an element connected to it, overriding the j node increment . This is useful when
the nodes were defined by a SYMMETRY command - it prevents the two halves of the structure from
remaining unconnected.
5.13 Flange orientation

format: FLANGE X2 | POSITIVE | X3 | POSITIVE | list

| NEGATIVE| | NEGATIVE|
where:
POS, NEG = flange location, relative to the positive direction of the local axes.
list = list of beams
Version 12.5 5-13 12/06

5.14 Revisions and Deletions

To revise the member incidences of an element, simply enter the definition again. The new definition overrides
the previous one.
All element types may be deleted by a separate command.
format: DELETE list
example: DEL 5 TO 9
5.15 Warnings and Error Messages

** WARNING - THE FOLLOWING ELEM. WERE ALREADY DEFINED:
The elements in the list were defined in a previous command. The new definition overrides the previous one.
** ERROR - THE FOLLOWING BEAMS HAVE ZERO LENGTH:

The start and end nodes of the beams have the same coordinate.
** ERROR - JC NODE IS ALONG BEAM x1 AXIS FOR THE FOLLOWING BEAMS:
The JC node lies on the extension of the beam x1 axis .
** ERROR - THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS HAVE UNDEFINED NODES:
One of the nodes in the command was not defined in JOINT COORD.
** ERROR - PROPERTY NO. WAS NOT DEFINED FOR THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS:
The element property group is undefined. Return to PROPERTY GROUPS before redefining the element.
** WARNING - THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS ARE NOT COPLANAR:
The four nodes of a quad. element do not lie on one plane. (The angle between the plane formed by JA-JB-
JC and the line JA-JD is between 0.5° and 7.0 °).
** ERROR - THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS ARE NOT CONVEX/COPLANAR:
One of the internal angles of a quad element exceeds 180° or the angle as defined in the previous warning
exceeds 7 . Check that you defined the nodes of the element in the correct order.
** NOT ENOUGH PLACE ON DISK FOR MORE ELEMENTS. ** MAX. ALLOWED IS:
Delete files from disk to create enough free space to continue.
Version 12.5 5-14 12/06

6 Releases
Header: /MEMBER RELEASES
6.1 Beam releases

This section defines beam members which are pinned to their end nodes.
format:
where:
MA = moment release at end JA.
MB = moment release at end JB.
MA2,MA3 = moment releases about local axes x2,x3 respectively at end JA.
MB2,MB3 = moment releases about local axes x2,x3 respectively at end JB.
VA = shear release at end JA.
VB = shear release at end JB.
VA2,VA3 = shear releases about local axes x2,x3 respectively at end JA.
VB2,VB3 = shear releases about local axes x2,x3 respectively at end JB.
J = torsional moment release at ends JA,JB (not relevant for plane frames).
AXIAL = axial force release at JA and JB (not relevant for plane grids).
TENSION ONLY =
COMPR ONLY =
list = list of beams with identical member releases.
Note: If MA only is entered for a space structure, both MA2 and MA3 will be released.
If VA only is entered for a space structure, both VA2 and VA3 will be released.
Examples:
Enter:
MA MB 7 8 J 1 TO 10 MB2 MB3 10
MA 5 MA MB J 4 8
Note:
The RELEASES command is not relevant for the TRUSS programs; all members are assumed to be pinned
at both ends.
Every unrestrained node must have at least one unreleased beam connected to it for every degree-of
freedom of the node. A "ZERO STIFFNESS" warning message (see Section 4.0) will be generated for every
node having only released beams connected to it.
Version 12.5 6-1 12/06

For example, the restraint for X6 at a node may be supplied by not releasing the M2 (M3) moments of a beam
lying on the X1-X2 plane or not releasing the torsional moment of a beam parallel to the X3 axis.
Note that the single fixed beam will behave as if pinned because the other beams connected to the node
have no end moment to transfer to it.
Tension/compression only
Define beams that can take either axial compression forces or tension forces, but not both.
these beams are non-linear elements and require several iterations of the solution.
the stiffness matrix will be calculated separately for each load case.
6.2 Element releases

Header: / MEMBER RELEASES
Define "pinned" edges for bending elements. This option is similar to the moment release option for beams.
For example, define pinned edges at the connection of two precast slabs; the joint is designed to transfer the
vertical shear but not moments.
Note:
moments about a selected edge are released.
elements with releases are less accurate than regular bending elements; the element density should be
relatively greater along the released lines to compensate for the loss of accuracy.
format: ELEM (A) (B) (C) (D) list
where:
A = release on edge JA-JB
B = release on edge JB-JC
C = release on edge JC-JD (JC-JA for tri elements)
D = release on edge JD-JA (not relevant for tri elements)
Note: the program remembers only the last command defined for a particular element.
Example: release moments along edges JA-JB and JC-JD for elements 12 to 44:
Enter: ELEM JA JC 12 TO 44
6.3 Releases - Revisions and Deletions

Revise RELEASES at a specific joint by entering the new data. The new definition overrides the previous
definition.
Releases are deleted by entering a list of the beams only.
example: 22 TO 28
deletes all releases previously defined for beams 22 to 28.
6.4 Releases - Warnings and Error Messages

** ERROR - THE FOLLOWING ARE NOT BEAM NOS:
The element number entered belongs to a two-dimensional element. Only beam elements can be released.
Version 12.5 6-2 12/06

7 Materials
Header: / MATERIALS
This section defines the material properties of elements. The properties of standard materials are already stored
in the program. You may also define the properties of any different material.
If more than one material is present in the model, enter a table of materials; the first line entered is referred to
as "Material No. 1", the second line - "Material No. 2", etc.
Refer to:
7.1 - Program materials (permanent)
7.2 - User defined materials (temporary)
7.3 - Revisions and deletions
7.1 Program material

Refer to Setup (1.12 - Main manual) for property values of all materials stored in the program.
Format:
Where U1, U2, U3, U4 are permanent user-defined materials. Refer to Setup (1.12 - Main manual) for
instructions for defining and modifying these materials.
Enter a name from the list above and press [Enter]. The material properties will correspond to the current units.
7.2 User-defined Materials

Header: / MATERIAL
format: VALUE name E a1 (D a2) (PR a3) (TEMP a4)
where:
name = name of material
a1 = value of the modulus of elasticity
a2 = value of the density
a3 = value of Poisson's ratio
a4 = coefficient of thermal expansion.
example:
CONC (material no. 1)
VALUE LWCONC E 20000000 (material no. 2)
STEEL (material no. 3)
Enter / to end material properties input.
Version 12.5 7-1 12/06

Note:
Materials are entered in the current units. To temporarily change the units (for the material definition only),
enter:
UNITS (l) (f)
where:
l = temporary length unit from the list in Setup.
f = temporary force unit " " " "
The units may be changed before every command.
When revising a model, the program will assume that the units used to define material no. 1 are the current
temporary units.
the shear modulus of elasticity, G, is calculated from the equation:

To revise the material table, enter the table again up to and including the material that is to be revised.
Version 12.5 7-2 12/06

8 Properties Table
Header: / PROPERTY TABLE
Beam section properties - area, moment-of-inertia, etc. - may be entered directly, recalled from a property table
file, or alternatively the program may calculate the properties of standard geometric shapes from the section
dimensions.
Note:
Quadrilateral and triangular element properties are defined by entering the element thickness.
Rigid offsets at the ends of beam elements are also defined in this section.
Properties, by default, are entered in the current units.
To temporarily change the units (for the property definition only), enter:
UNITS l
where: l = temporary length unit from the list in Setup.
The units may be changed before every property command.
When revising a model, the program will assume that the units used to define properties of group no. 1 are
the current temporary units.
Use one of the following commands:
8.2 - Beam properties entered directly

8.3 - Beam properties selected from a table
8.4 - Beam properties computed from dimensions
8.5 - Tapered beam sections
8.6 - Cables
8.7 - Quadrilateral and triangular elements
8.8 - Beam offset
8.9- Revisions and deletions

8.10 - Warnings and error messages
8.1 General Options

8.1.1 Shape factor
The beam shear shape factor is defined for the x2 and x3 axes of the beam. This factor multiplied by the beam
area equals the effective shear area. If the shear area is zero, the shear distortion effects are ignored in the
stiffness matrix.
The recommended shear shape factors are:

Solid rectangular cross-section = 0.85
Solid circular cross-section = 0.89
Circular tube cross-section = 0.53
Rectangular tube cross-section = 0.44
8.1.2 Composite
Define a topping for the current section. The following topping types may be defined:
rectangular: for steel I and [ sections only
general: for all section types, except for hollow pipes and RHS sections
fill/encase: for hollow pipes and RHS sections (steel sections or properties) and may be of any material.
Version 12.5 8-1 12/06

The general format is:
where all dimensions are shown above.
Note:
I2 is associated with D3; I3 is associated with D2
The area and moment-of-inertia displayed in the Output property tables are the composite properties.
The program automatically modifies the topping area and moment-of-inertia (in both directions) by the
modular ratio n = Et/Eb when calculating the properties of the composite section.
8.2 Beam properties entered directly

Plane frames: n AREA p1 INERT p3 (SF p5) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
Plane grids: n (A p1) INERT p2 (J p4) (SF p6) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
Space frames: n (A p1) I2 p2 I3 p3 (J p4) (SF2 p6) (SF3 p5) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
Trusses: n AREA p1 (I2 p2) (I3 p3) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
where:
n = property group number
p1 = cross-section area of beam.
p2 = cross-section moment of inertia about the local x2 axis.
p3 = cross-section moment of inertia about the local x3 axis.
p4 = torsional moment of inertia of the section. If omitted, p4 = 0 and torsional effects will be ignored.
p5 = shear shape factor about the local x2 axis. If not entered, p5 = 0. Refer to 8.1.1.
p6 = shear shape factor about the local x3 axis.
TOP : refers to topping properties required to define composite section. Refer to 8.1.2
mi = material number as entered in Materials. If not entered, mi=1.
note:
For trusses, the moments of inertia p2 and p3 must be included if linear buckling effects are to be calculated.
(see Results). If only axial forces are to be calculated, p2 and p3 may be omitted.
Examples:
Truss: 4 A 5.65 I2 565. I3 120.1 MAT 3
Space frame: 5 A 606E-4 I2 3645E-8 I3 7203E-8 J 3532E-8 SF2 0.53 SF3 0.53 MAT 2
Version 12.5 8-2 12/06

8.3 Properties Entered from a Table

Properties of rolled steel sections may be assigned to a property group. The sections may be selected from any
of the steel tables.
To specify a steel table - American, British, European or User:
To assign a section to a property group:
where:
n = property group number.
name1 = section group name as listed in the file
name2 = section name as listed in the file
I2,I3 = the local axis about which the larger of I2 or I3 is referred to. I3 is the default value.
mi = material number as entered in Materials. If not entered, mi = 1.
Example: TABLE EURO

3 TAB HEA 300 MAT 2
For more details on the table file and how to build and modify a user table, refer to User defined table (1.13.2 -
Main manual).
8.4 Computed Member Properties

All of the member properties may be calculated by the program for typical cross-section shapes by entering the
cross-section dimensions. The overall dimensions are parallel to the x2 and x3 local axes of the beam.
Note that in plane frames the height dimension is H2, while in plane grids the height dimension is H3.
Version 12.5 8-3 12/06

8.4.1 General
Torsional moment-of-inertia equations
Version 12.5 8-4 12/06

8.4.2 Rectangular section
format:
plane frame: n COMPUTE RECT H2 d1 (H3 d2) (SF p5) (TOP ...) (MAT m1)
plane grid: n COMP RECT H2 d1 (H3 d2) (J p4) (SF p6) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
space frame: n COMPUTE RECT H2 d1 (H3 d2) (J p4) (SF2 p6) (SF3 p5)
(TOP ...) (MAT mi)
where:
n = section number
d1 = dimension H2 parallel to local x2 axis.
d2 = dimension H3 parallel to local x3 axis. (default = d1)
p4 = torsional moment-of-inertia. If not entered, the program will calculate the value. Refer to the equations.
p5 = shear shape factor about the local x2 axis. If not entered, p5 = 0. Refer to 8.1.1.
p6 = shear shape factor about the local x3 axis.
TOP : refers to topping properties required to define composite section. Refer to 8.1.2
8.4.3 Rectangular tube section
plane frame:
n COMP TUBE H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (SF p5) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
plane grid:
n COMP TUBE H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (J p4) (SF p6) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
space frame:
n COMP TUBE H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (J p4) (SF2 p6) (SF3 p5) (TOP ..) (MAT mi)
where:
d1 = dimension H2 parallel to local x2 axis.
d2 = dimension H3 parallel to local x3 axis. (default = d1)
d3 = tube wall thickness T1
p4 = torsional moment of inertia. If not entered, J will be calculated by the program. Refer to the equations.
p5 = shear shape factor about x3.
p6 = shear shape factor about x2. If not entered, p5 = p6 = 0.44.
TOP : refers to topping properties required to define composite section.
8.4.4 Hollow pipe

format:
plane frame: n COMP PIPE H2 d1 T1 d2 (SF p5) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
plane grid: n COMP PIPE H2 d1 T1 d2 (J p4) (SF p6) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
space frame: n COMP PIPE H2 d1 T1 d2 (J p4) (SF2 p6) (SF3 p5) (TOP ...)
(MAT mi)
Version 12.5 8-5 12/06

where:
d1 = pipe diameter
d23 = pipe wall thickness T1
8.4.5 Round section
format:
plane frame: n COMP CIRC H2 d1 (SF p5) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
plane grid: n COMP CIRC H2 d1 (J p4) (SF p6) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
space frame: n COMP CIRC H2 d1 (J p4) (SF2 p6) (SF3 p5) (TOP ...)
(MAT mi)
where:
d1 = pipe diameter
8.4.6 L - shaped section

format:
plane frame: n COMP L H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (T2 d4) (SF p5) (TOP ..) (MAT mi)
plane grid: n COMP L H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (T2 d4) (J p4) (SF p6) (TOP ...)
(MAT mi)
space frame: n COMP L H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (T2 d4) (J p4) (SF2 p6) (SF3 p5)
(TOP ...) (MAT mi)
where:
d1 = dimension parallel to local x2 axis.
d2 = dimension parallel to local x3 axis. (default = d1)
d3 = thickness of leg H3
d4 = thickness of leg H2. (default = d3)
p6 = shear shape factor about x2. If not entered, p5 = p6 = 0.85
Version 12.5 8-6 12/06

8.4.7 Channel section
For Channels defined in plane frames, if the section is oriented in the plane of the frame as shown in the
following figures (i.e. bending about the major axis), "ROTATE" must be added to the COMPUTE command.
plane frame: n COMP U H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (T2 d4) (T3 d5) (L1 d6)
(SF p5) (TOP ...) (MAT mi) (ROTATE)
plane grid: n COMP U H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (T2 d4) (T3 d5)(L1 d6) ( J p 4 )
(SF p6) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)(ROTATE)
space frame: n COMP U H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (T2 d4) (T3 d5) (L1 d6) (J p4)
(SF2 p6)(SF3 p5) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)(ROTATE)
where:
d1 = dimension of section parallel to x2.
d2 = dimension of section parallel to x3. If not entered, d2 = d1.
d3 = flange thickness
d4 = upper web thickness. If not entered, d4 = d3.
d5 = lower web thickness. If not entered, d5 = d4.
d6 = projection of lower flange. If not entered, the program assumes that the flanges are of equal length.
p4 = torsional moment-of-inertia. If not entered, J will be calculated by the program. Refer to the equations.
ROTATE: entering this parameter will cause the section to be rotated by 90° (The flanges will be parallel to
x3 and the web will be parallel to x2).
8.4.8 T - shaped section
For Tee sections defined in plane frames, if the section is oriented in the plane of the frame as shown in the
format:
plane frame: n COMP T H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (T2 d4) (T3 d5) (L1 d6)
(SF p5) (TOP ...) (MAT mi) (ROTATE)
plane grid: n COMP T H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (T2 d4) (T3 d5) (L1 d6)
(J p4) (SF p6) (TOP ...) (MAT mi) (ROTATE)
space frame: n COMP T H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (T2 d4) (T3 d5) (L1 d6)
(J p4) (SF2 p6) (SF3 p5) (TOP ...)(MAT mi) (ROTATE)
where:
d1 = dimension parallel to local x2 axis.
d2 = dimension parallel to local x3 axis. (default = d1)
d3 = width of web
Version 12.5 8-7 12/06

d4 = width of flange (left). If not defined d4 = d3.

d5 = width of flange (right). If not defined d5 = d4.
d6 = location of the web. If not entered, the program assumes the web is located in the middle of the flange.
ROTATE : entering this parameter will cause the section to be rotated by 90° (The flange will be parallel to x3
and the web will be parallel to x2)
8.4.9 I - section
For I-sections defined in plane frames, if the section is oriented in the plane of the frame as shown in the
format:
plane frames:
n COMP I H2 d1 (H3 d2) T1 d3 (T2 d4) (T3 d5) (T4 d6) (T5 d7)
(L1 d8) (L2 d9) (L3 d10) (SF p5) (MAT mi) (TOP ...) (ROTATED)
plane grids:
(L1 d8) (L2 d9) (L3 d10) (J p4) (SF p6) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
(ROTATED)
space frames:
(L1 d8) (L2 d9) (L3 d10) (J p4) (SF2 p6) (SF3 p5) (TOP ...) (MAT mi)
(ROTATE)
where:
d1 = dimension of section parallel to x2.
d2 = dimension of section parallel to x3. If not entered, d2 = d1.
d3 = thickness of web
d4 = thickness of upper flange (left). If not entered, d4 = d3.
d5 = thickness of upper flange (right). If not entered, d5 = d4.
d6 = thickness of lower flange (left). If not entered, d6 = d5.
d7 = thickness of lower flange (right). If not entered, d7 = d6.
d8 = web length. If not entered, the program assumes that the web is located in the centre of the flange.
d9 = projection of short flange (left). If not entered, d9 = d8.
d10 = projection of short flange (right). If not entered, d10 = d9.
p4 = torsional moment-of-inertia. If not entered, J will be calculated by the program.
ROTATE: entering this parameter will cause the section to be rotated by 90° (The flanges will be parallel to
x3 and the web will be parallel to x2).
Version 12.5 8-8 12/06

Example:
Enter:
(a) 2 COMP I H2 0.6 H3 1.15 T1 0.12 T2 0.15 L1

0.28
(b) 2 COMP I H2 0.6 H3 1.15 T1 0.12 T2 0.15 L1
0.28 ROT
8.5 Tapered section

A tapered section is created by defining the section properties at both ends of the beam using any of the three
methods outlined above. The program assumes a linear variation of cross section along the beam.
the program assumes that the variation of A (area) and I (moment-of-inertia) are:
a b
hx hx
Ax AL Ix IL
hL hL
where a,b = the exponents which satisfy
a b
hR hL
AR AL IR IL
hL hL
To define a tapered section:

define the section properties at the beam start and beam end (if not already defined) using any of the
methods.
enter the command: np VALUE npa H ha npb H hb
where:
np = tapered section property group
npa = property group number at JA
ha = height of section at JA
npb = property group number at JB
hb = height of section at JB
Example: a section varying from 24" (property 2) to 12 " (property 4)

7 VAL 2 H 24 4 H 12
Note:
For the beam shown in the figure below, different property groups must be defined for the identical beams
1 and 3 because the "start" and "end" are interchanged.
Version 12.5 8-9 12/06

8.6 Cable element

This option models a cable as a linear element. The solution is approximate as a non-linear analysis is required
for a complete solution. There are several simplifying assumptions:
The stiffness of the element is provided by the initial tension force, i.e. the program does not recalculate the
stiffness due to the change in the axial tension resulting from the applied loads.
the straightening of the cable due to the axial force is linear
the effect of transverse beam loads is ignored for the straightening and deflection of the cable (moments,
shear, etc. resulting from these loads are calculated as for regular beams).
The program calculates the cable stiffness as:
where: w = self weight of the beam

E = modulus of elasticity
L = length of beam
A = section area
T = initial tension in the beam
The stiffness is always less than the axial stiffness of a regular beam element = EA/L. This reduced stiffness
implies that the applied tension force in the cable (from the frame action) serves two purposes:
straightening of the sag in the cable
elastic lengthening of the cable
If the initial tension in the cable is large, the initial sag is small and hence a smaller force is required to straighten
the cable. It is obvious that as the initial tension T increases, the stiffness approaches that of a regular beam
element, i.e. K=EA/L. The stiffness decreases as T decreases, resulting in larger deflections.
Define the cable element parameters:

format: n .CABLE AREA a TENSION f (MAT mi)
where:
a = cable area
f = initial tension force
Note:
in cases where the member may be in compression, cable elements should be defined as Tension only
members.
the material specified must have a value for density so that the program may calculate the self weight.
the tension force is not applied as a load; it is used only to calculate the effective stiffness.
for T = 0, the program assumes K = EA/L
8.7 Quad and Triangular element properties

format: n THICKNESS p7 (MAT mi)
where:
p7 = element thickness
example: 6 TH 0.12 MAT 2
Version 12.5 8-10 12/06

8.8 Offsets
In many cases, the assumption that the ends of a beam element are located at the end nodes is inaccurate. A
typical example is given in the examples below; in Figure (a) the span of the horizontal beam should be
measured from the face of the walls rather than from the wall centre where the end node is located.
This option allows for the definition of RIGID OFFSETS at the beam ends; the program assumes that the beam
element is infinitely rigid in the OFFSET length. The actual beam length is measured from the end of the
OFFSETS and program adds moments resulting from the eccentricity of the new beam end to the node.
Beams with offsets must be assigned to OFFSET groups with a Property group command; offset dimensions
defined here are for groups and not for individual elements.
format:
where:
ng = OFFSET group number as defined in the Property group command.
LOC = indicates that dimensions are relative to the beam local coordinate system.
GLOB = indicates that dimensions are relative to the global coordinate system.
Offset dimensions are measured from the JA and JB nodes of the beam:
ax1,ax2,ax3 = dimensions from JA to the end of the rigid offset at A.
bx1,bx2,bx3 = dimensions from JB to the end of the rigid offset at B.
If an offset is defined for a beam element, new JA, JB locations are assumed to be at the end of the offsets.
Referring to the example in Figure (b) below, this can lead to a modification in the directions of the local
coordinate system axes. These modified local axes will be used throughout the program:
local axes displayed graphically or in tables will be the modified axes.
load locations will be measured from the new JA.
total load applied to a beam will be the distributed load multiplied by the modified length.
All beam results will be relative to the modified axes.
Note:
If an OFFSET GROUP is assigned to a list of elements with a Property group command but is not defined here,
it will be ignored by the program.
examples:
Enter:
(a) OFFSET 1 GLOB AX1 0.35 BX1 -0.50
(b) OFFSET 3 GLOB BX2 -0.20
Note: Both examples are drawn on the X1 (horizontal) - X2 (vertical) plane.
Version 12.5 8-11 12/06


To revise a property for a certain property group, enter the command again. The new definition overrides the
previous one. No warning will appear on the screen.
8.10 Warnings and Errors

** ERROR -PROPERTY NUMBER SHOULD NOT EXCEED n
The property number entered exceeds the limit for the program.
** ERROR -THE FOLLOWING PROPERTY NOS. HAVE NOT BEEN DEFINED:

The property group was not created in with a Property Group command. The command is ignored.
** ERROR -UNDEFINED MATERIAL NO. WAS ASSIGNED TO THIS PROP.

The material number in the command is not found in the material table. The command is ignored
** ERROR -SUCH SECTION DOES NOT EXIST IN SECTION TABLE

The section name was not found in file PROPTAB.DAT
** ERROR -SECTION TABLE FILE (PROPTAB.DAT) IS MISSING

The program could not locate the file PROPTAB.DAT.
** THE DIMENSION OF "H2" OR "T1" WAS NOT DEFINED

These dimensions are mandatory for all computed sections.
** DIMENSION CAN BE DEFINED ONLY ONCE

You have already defined the current dimension.
Version 12.5 8-12 12/06

9 Springs
Header: /SPRINGS
Define spring supports - translational and rotational - at joints.
Translational springs may be defined to act in the positive or negative direction only of the specified axis. These
springs are referred to as unidirectional.
Note: When an elastic support is defined in a specific direction at a node, the joint must be unrestrained in that
direction.
format: (S1 a1) (S2 a2) (S3 a3) (S4 a4) (S5 a5) (S6 a6) list
where:
a1 = translational spring constant in the global X1 direction
(units = force/length)
a4 = rotational spring constant in the global X4 direction

(units = moment/radian)
list = list of nodes with identical spring constants.
To define an existing spring as unidirectional:
format:
where:
+/- = the direction of the force acting on the spring
list = list of nodes with springs in the standard format
Note: there is no space between the +/- and the global direction.
Example:
Enter: S2 1000. S6 520. 1 7
Define the springs as unidirectional, not acting for uplift.
Enter: UNI -X1 1 7
Version 12.5 9-1 12/06


The program will remember only the last information entered for each node. For example, if the following
information is entered:
S1 850. S2 110. 8 TO 10
S2 125. 9
S1 at node 9 equals zero.
To delete a spring, enter again with a spring constant equal zero.
9.2 Warnings and Errors

** ERROR - SPRING CONSTANT CANNOT BE NEGATIVE
Enter a positive number for the spring constant.
Version 12.5 9-2 12/06

10 Copy
Header: / DUPLICATE
Copy is a powerful and enhanced combination of the node DUPLICATE/SYMMETRY command and the member
incidences DUPLICATE command. This command enables the user to copy a block from the model, including
nodes, elements, properties and releases, to a new location by using only one command.
The features of the command are:

the location of the new block may be defined by rotating and translating the original.
the two blocks may have a common intersection line; the program automatically handles the renumbering
so that the two blocks are connected.
the command may stretch or shrink the dimensions of the block, but will always maintain the same
node/element layout.
The block to be copied is defined by a list of nodes included in the block. The location of the copied block is
defined by entering the new location of reference nodes; if the distance between the reference nodes is changed
in the copied block, then the element dimensions will be revised proportionally.
Two different copy options are available. Refer to:

10.1 - Copy - translate
10.1.1 - Copy - translate and rotate / mirror image
10.1 Copy - Translate Only

Header: / DUPLICATE
format:
where:
n1 = reference node number
x1,x2,x3 = new coordinates of reference node
n2 = number of existing node at the new location of the reference node
inc = element number increment from the original block to the copied block
ninc = node number increment from the original block to the copied block
list = list of nodes in the block to be copied
note:
Only elements with both JA and JB (JC,JD) included in the "list" will be copied.
the program will not generate a new node at the location of an existing node but will use the existing node
when creating the elements in the new block.
the program will not generate a new element at the identical location of an existing element.
If the copied element was not assigned to a PROPERTY GROUP, the program will assign the property group
number of the original element to it.
END RELEASES are automatically copied.
RESTRAINTS are not copied.
The local coordinate systems of the copied elements are selected so that the axes of the copied elements
point in the directions that are as near as possible to the directions of the axes of the original elements.
Version 12.5 10-1 12/06

Example: Copy the plane at x3=0. to x3= -5 using the COPY command.
Enter: COPY 1 TO 0. 0. -5.0 ELEM 5 NODE 4 LIST 1 TO 4
10.1.1 Copy - Translate and Rotate - Mirror Image
Header: / DUPLICATE
format:
where:
n1,n2,n3 = numbers of the three reference nodes
x11, ... ,x33 = coordinates of the new location of the reference nodes
n4,n5,n6 = numbers of existing nodes at the new locations of the reference nodes.
Note:
If the distance n1-n2 is different in the copied block, all dimensions in this direction in the copied block will
be revised proportionally (refer to the example in the figure below).
If the perpendicular distance from n3 to line n1-n2 is different in the copied block, all dimensions in this
direction will be revised proportionally.
Example:
Create the model displayed in Figure (c) from that displayed in Figure (a) using the COPY command.
Create the plane 2-12-18-8 from the plane 1-2-7-8:

Referring to Figure (b), enter -
COPY 1 TO N 2 2 TO 7. 0. -5. 7 TO N 8 ELEM 50 N 10 LIST 1 TO 8
Version 12.5 10-2 12/06

Note that the distance from the first to the second reference node is changed from 7. in the original block to
5 in the copied block; all of the dimensions in this direction are revised proportionally.
As the perpendicular distance from the third reference node to the line joining the first two nodes remains
unchanged in the copied block, all vertical dimensions will remain constant.
The program will create a node 13 at the location of node 4. However it also checks whether two nodes are
defined at the same location. Upon discovering this to be true, it connects all elements to the lower-numbered
node. Therefore, for element 52, JA = 4 (not 13) and JB = 14.
Create the remaining two planes: Referring to Figure (c), enter -

COPY 1 TO N 12 12 TO N 1 7 TO N 18 ELEM 100 N 20 LIST 1 TO 18
Refer to the notes for step i.
Version 12.5 10-3 12/06

11 Walls
Header: / WALLS
11.1 Define a section

format:
SECTION n | N NR | x1 y1 ....... | N NR | xn yn
W n1 n2 (T th) (H height) (M mat) (CON ns) ..... W na nb (T th) (H height) (M mat) (CON ns)
where:
n = wall number
for each corner in the section:
N indicates a regular corner; NR indicates the reference corner
x1 y1 .... xn yn = coordinates of section corners
the program automatically numbers the corners in the order they are defined (1, 2, ....)
for each segment in the section:
n1 n2 = start/end section corner numbers (1, 2, ....)
th = thickness (the thickness of previous segment is used if a value is not entered)
height = height of coupling beam (entering a value identifies the segment as a coupling beam)
mat = material number (the material of previous segment is used if a value is not entered)
ns = indicates that this segment is colinear with segment ns
11.2 Add section to model

format:
add wall:
nw n1 n2 N ns
where:
nw = wall number
n1 = node number at start of wall
n2 = node number at end of wall
ns = wall section number
add line
nw1 TO nw2 (BY inc) n1 (BY inc1) n2 (BY inc2) N ns
where:
nw1 = wall number at start of line
nw2 = wall number at end of line
inc = wall number increment
n1 = node number at start of first segment
inc1 = start node number increment
n2 = node number at end of first segment
inc2 = end node number increment
ns = wall section number
Version 12.5 11-1 12/06

11.3 Rotate walls

format:
ANGLE ang list
where:
ang = rotation angle (degrees)
list = list of walls
11.4 Delete walls

format:
DEL list
where:
list = list of walls
11.5 Renumber walls

To revise the numbering of existing walls:
format: REN e1o e1n e2o e2n .... eno enn
where:
e1o = original number of the first wall in the list
e1n = new number of the first wall in the list
eno = original number of the last wall in the list
enn = new number of the last wall in the list
If the program discovers that a number has already been assigned to another wall, the program assigns the
original number of the selected wall to the other wall.
Example: renumber walls 21, 22, 23 to 71, 72, 73
Enter: REN 21 71 22 72 23 73
Version 12.5 11-2 12/06

12 Stages
12.1 Define a stage

format: STAGE NAME (BASED ido) ID id name
where:
ido = existing stage id that the new stage is based on; if not specified the program assumes ido = 0, the
full model.
id = stage number
name = stage name
12.2 Activate a stage

format: STAGE SET id
where:
id = existing stage number; enter 0' to return to the full model.
Note:
Only certain commands may be defined between the STAGE SET n and the STAGE SET 0' commands:
support definition, property assignment, beam releases, delete beams and elements, and a command to
restore elements that are in the full model to the current stage:
format: RESTORE list
where list = list of beams/elements.
12.3 Delete a stage

format: STAGE DEL id
where:
id = stage number
Version 12.5 12-1 12/06

13 Loads - General
The following types can be defined. Refer to:
13.1 - Joint loads
13.2 - Beam loads
13.3 - Element loads
13.5 - Support displacement
13.4 - Combine loads
13.5 - Support displacement
13.6 - Global loads
13.7 - Solids loads
13.1 Joint Loads

Header: / JOINT LOADS
Joint loads are concentrated forces and moments applied at the model's nodes. There are two command
formats available:
Regular format:
where:
FX1,FX2,FX3 = forces in the direction of the X1,X2,X3 global axes.
MX1,MX2,MX3 = moments about the X1,X2,X3 global axes.
f1,f2,f3 = magnitude of force applied at node.
a1,a2,a3 = magnitude of moment applied at node.
list = list of nodes where the joint loads in the command are applied in the standard list format.
Note:
Joint loads are defined relative to the global coordinate system.
Loads are additive. If loads are input for the same node in two different commands, the program will solve
for the sum of two loads.
Example:
Enter:
FX1 3.0 MX3 0.5 NOD 1 TO 5
FX1 2.0 N 10
Version 12.5 12-2 12/06

Alternate format:
Enter first a header showing the load type and then the command lines listing only the load magnitude and
the nodes. The load type remains in effect until a new header is entered.
Example:
Enter:
FX1
3.0 N 4
2.0 N 3
1.0 N 2
13.1.1 Joint loads - Self weight
Header: / JOINT LOADS
If self-weight is entered as a Joint load, the program will compute the reaction of the uniform self-weight load
of each element and apply it as a concentrated load at the end nodes of the element.
Note that self-weight can also be applied as a beam load or an element load.
format:
where:
X1,X2,X3= direction self-weight is applied - parallel to global axis.
k = coefficient to multiply self weight load by. If not entered, k = -1.
Note:
The program computes the load by multiplying the element area by its length and by the material density:
If the material has been defined using the VALUE command, be sure that the density of the material was
included in the command.
If fictitious beams were defined with an arbitrarily large area, remember that these beams will be included
in the self-weight calculation. The density of the material in these beams should be defined as zero.
Examples:
Typical concrete plane frame (vertical axis = X2 global) -Self-weight multiplied by load factor = 1.4
Enter: S X2 -1.4
Similar structural steel frame - no load factor.
Enter: S X2
Structural steel frame - earthquake design; 10% of the self-weight is to be applied as a horizontal load.
Enter: S X1 0.10
Version 12.5 12-3 12/06

13.2 Beam loads

Header: / BEAM LOADS
Beam loads are linearly distributed or concentrated loads applied anywhere along the length of the beam
between the end nodes, or self-weight, temperature loads or the P-Delta effect.
Beam loads are additive; if loads for a particular beam are entered in two or more commands, the program will
solve the model using the sum of the loads.
The following options can be defined; refer to:

13.2.1 - Uniform/linear loads
13.2.2 - Concentrated loads
13.2.3 - Self-weight
13.2.4 - Temperature loads
13.2.5 - Prestress loads
13.2.6 - P-Delta effect
13.2.1 Beam loads uniform/linear
Uniformly distributed, linear or trapezoidal loading over all or part of the beam may be defined.
Beam loads may be defined either in the direction of one of the global coordinate axes of the model or in the
direction of one of the local coordinate axes of the beam.
Uniform load on entire length of beam:

format:
Linear or trapezoidal loading on all or part of the beam.

format:
where:
GLOBAL = if entered, indicates that the load is in the direction of the global coordinate axis specified. If not
entered, the program assumes the load is in the direction of the local coordinate axis specified.
PROJ = indicates that the load is applied onto the beam length as projected onto the global axis and not on
the actual beam length.
The adjacent figure illustrates the

GLOBAL, GLOBAL PROJECTED and
LOCAL beam loads commands.
Version 12.5 12-4 12/06

FX1,FX2,FX3 = direction of the loads.

plane frames : FX1 and FX2 are relevant
plane grids : FX3 is relevant
space frames : FX1, FX2 and FX3 are relevant
trusses :
f1,f2,f3 = uniformly distributed load in direction FX1, FX2, FX3 respectively.

a1,a2,...,an = magnitude of load at points 1, ...., n (maximum = 5 points)
XP = indicates that distances between points are entered as absolute lengths.
FR = indicates that distances between points are entered as fractions of the total beam length.
d1,d2,..,dn = d1 is the distance from JA to the first load point. d2,... dn are the absolute or relative lengths
between points 1,2 .... n-1,n. Note that the distances are always entered in the direction from
JA to JB.
list = list of elements on which identical loads act in the standard list format.
Examples:
Example 1:
D GLOB FX2 -1.7 -1.7 FR 0. 0.5 B 12 13
Example 2:
D GLOB FX2 -2.3 -2.3 -1.4 -1.4 XP 1.0 1.5 0.0 1.0 B 5
Example 3: more than 5 points - use two commands:
DIS GLOB FX2 0 -0.9 -0.9 XP 0. 1. 2.2 B 6
DIS GLOB FX2 -0.3 -0.3 0 XP 3.2 0.75 0.75 B 6
The following example demonstrates the importance of verifying the direction of loads entered in the direction
of local axes.
Alternate format:
An alternate format similar to the alternate format for joint loads is available. First, enter a header command
which lists only the load type and direction as well as the number of load points along the beams. Enter the load
data and the beam list on the following lines. The header remains in effect until a new one is defined.
Version 12.5 12-5 12/06

Uniform load on entire length of beam:
Example: For a plane frame, enter a series of uniform loads.
Enter:
U GLOB FX2
-1.22 B 12 14 16 TO 23
-3.44 B 19
U GLOB FX1
0.22 B 44 TO 49
Linear or trapezoidal loading on all or part of the beam:

Header command format:
where:
p = number of load points entered on following data lines. The default value for p is 1 (uniform load).
Data command format: a1, ... ,ap d1, ... ,dp BEAM list
where:
a1,..,ap are the p load values.
d1,..,dp are the p distance values.
Example:
Referring to Example (2) above, assume the same load pattern of 4 load points occurs on beams 22 and 23,
but that the loads have different values.
Enter: D GLOB FX2 XP P 4

-2.3 -2.3 -1.4 -1.4 1.0 1.5 0.0 1.0 B 5
2.8 -2.8 -1.9 -1.9 2.2 1.5 0.0 1.0 B 22 23
The first 4 values on the load data lines refer to FX2 and the next 4 values refer to XP.
13.2.2 Beam loads - concentrated
Enter point loads or moments at any location along the length of the beam.
format:
where all terms are defined as in Beam loads - distributed
MX1,MX2,MX3 are moments applied about the local x1,x2,x3 axes (or global axes if GLOBAL is added to the
command).
Version 12.5 12-6 12/06

Example (a):
P GLOB FX2 -3.0 -1.6 XP 1.5 2.5 B 7
Example (b):
MX1 -2.5 0.95 XP 1.8 3.2 B 12
Alternate format:
An alternate format (similar to the alternate format for distributed loads) is available. First, enter a header
command which lists only the load type and direction as well as the number of load points along the beams.
Enter the load data and the beam list on the following lines. The header remains in effect until a new one is
defined.
Header command format:
where:
p = number of load points entered on following data lines.
Data command format: a1, ... ,ap d1, ... ,dp BEAM list
where :
a1,...,ap = the p load values.
d1,...,dp = the p distance values.
Example:
Referring to Example (a), assume the same load pattern of 2 load points occurs on beams 22 and 23, but that
the loads have different values and location.
Enter: P GLOB FX2 XP P 2

-3.0 -1.6 1.5 2.5 B 7
-2.8 -1.9 2.2 1.5 B 22 23
The first 2 values on the load data lines refer to FX2 and the next 2 values refer to XP.
13.2.3 Beam/element loads - Self-weight

/ ELEMENT PRESSURE
Self-weight applied as a beam load will be taken as a uniformly distributed load on the beam or as a uniform
pressure on the surface of a quadrilateral or triangular element. The load is applied in the direction of one of the
global axes.
Self-weight may be applied to all or part of the model.
format:
where:
X1,X2,X3= direction self-weight is applied - parallel to one of the global axes.
k = coefficient to multiply self weight load by. If not entered, k = -1.
list = list of elements on which self-weight is applied in the standard list format.
Version 12.5 12-7 12/06

Note:
The program computes the load by multiplying the beam area by the length and by the material density:
If the material has been defined using the VALUE command, be sure that the density of the material was
included in the command.
If fictitious beams were defined with an arbitrarily large area, the self-weight of these beams will be included
in the self-weight. Define the material density in these beams equal to zero, or exclude them from the list.
Examples:
Typical concrete plane frame (vertical axis = X2 global) -Self-weight multiplied by load factor = 1.4
Enter: S X2 -1.4 B 1 TO 87
Similar structural steel frame - no load factor.
Enter: S X2 B 1 TO 87
Structural steel frame - earthquake design; 10% of the self-weight is to be applied as a horizontal load.
Enter: S X1 0.10 E 11 TO 242
13.2.4 Beam loads - Temperature
Temperature loads are defined relative to the local coordinate axes.
A temperature change in the local x1 direction expands/contracts the beam - in effect, applying a joint force to
the model at the beam end.
A temperature change in the x2 or x3 directions creates a temperature gradient across the height/width of the
beam, resulting in a curvature of the beam, similar to bending.
format:
where:
T1,T2,T3 = local axis in which temperature change is applied (x1, x2, x3 directions respectively).
t = temperature difference in degrees Celsius.
T1: - a positive value indicates heating.
T2,T3: - a positive temperature value indicates that the temperature at the +x2/+x3 face of the
section is lower than the temperature at the -x2/-x3 face.
h = height of beam in the gradient direction.
list = list of beams with same temperature loads in the standard list format.
Note: For temperature loads on quadrilateral or triangular elements, refer to 13.3.2 - Element loads.
Example (a):
Axial expansion due to temperature rise of 30°:

Enter: T1 30 B 1 5 9
Example (b):
Temperature gradient of 25° on height = 0.50 m.

Enter: T3 25. H 0.5 B 8 9
Version 12.5 12-8 12/06

13.2.5 Beam loads - prestress
Define a prestress force for a beam by specifying a prestress force and eccentricity. Different eccentricities may
be defined at start and end points (not necessarily the beam ends) and at the mid-point between the strart/end
to simulate a parabolic cable. The prestress load applies a force and moments (due to the eccentricity of the
load) to the end nodes of the beam.
format:
where:
t = prestress force (must be positive)
EC2,EC3 = local axis direction on which the eccentricity is measured (x2 or x3)
eca,ecm,ecb = eccentricities at the JA node, beam centre and JB node respectively, defined in the default
length unit. If a value for middle is not entered, the program assumes a straight cable.
da, db = distance from start, end of beams, respectively
Note:
a positive eccentricity is measured in the positive direction of the local axis; in the figure above start =
positive, middle = negative, end = negative.
eccentricity is measured from the centre-of-gravity of the section.
the program assumes a parabolic eccentricity if a value for middle is defined.
13.2.6 P-Delta effect
Secondary moments and forces resulting from the action of the loads on the deflected model (the P-DELTA
effect), may be calculated.
For details on the algorithm used by the program refer to P-Delta - Method of Calculation (3.14.1 - Main manual).
To request / cancel the P-Delta effect, enter: PDELTA (NO)
Note:
P-Delta calculation applies only to beam elements. The command must be entered separately in each load
case where the effect is required.
The P-Delta effect is non-linear, i.e. the rules of superposition do not apply. Therefore, load combinations
for models with P-Delta must be defined here in Load definition, rather than in Results.
Version 12.5 12-9 12/06

13.3 Element Loads

Header: / ELEMENT PRESSURE
Element pressures are applied to the entire surface area of the element.
The pressure is not necessarily applied normal to the element surface; the load can be applied in any of the local
or global axis directions. In all cases the total load applied is the pressure multiplied by the element area.
The following loads can be defined; refer to:

13.3.1 - Uniform pressure
13.3.3 - Linear pressure on a group of elements
13.3.2 - Temperature loads
13.2.3 - Self-weight
13.3.1 Uniform element pressure
format:
where:
FX1, FX2, FX3 = the direction the load applied.
FX3 is the default direction, and need not be specified.
GLOBAL = indicates the pressure is applied in the direction of a global axis.
LOCAL is the default coordinate system and need not be specified.
pr = pressure applied to the element.
list = list of elements with identical pressure load in the standard list format.
Example:for a group of elements with load 0.25 t/m² normal to the element -
Enter: -0.25 E 12 TO 26 BY 2
13.3.2 Element loads - temperature
Two types of temperature loads may be applied:

a uniform temperature change expands/contracts the element in the plane of the element.
a temperature gradient across the thickness of the element produces a curvature in the element.
format:
where:
TA = indicates a uniform temperature change.
a positive value indicates heating (expansion); a negative value indicates cooling (contraction).
TB = temperature gradient.
temperature at the +z face of the element minus the temperature at the -z face.
t = temperature difference in degrees Celsius.
list = list of elements with same temperature loads in the standard list format.
Examples:
A plate model is heated uniformly by 27°C.
Enter: TA 27 E 1 TO 47
In a dome shell structure, the interior (-z) temperature is 18°C and the exterior (+z) temperature is -15°C.
Enter: TB -33 E 20 TO 132
Version 12.5 12-10 12/06

13.3.3 Linear pressure on a group of elements
This option allows a linear pressure (hydrostatic, soil pressure, etc.) to be applied to a group of elements using
a single command.
format:
where:
PX1,PX2,PX3 identifies the global axis along which the pressure varies linearly.
p1,p2 = start and end pressure values defining the linear pressure diagram.
l1,l2 = global coordinates at which pressure p1,p2 are applied.
list = list of elements on which pressure is applied in the standard list format.
Note:
the pressure is always applied in the direction of the element local x3 axis.
the program calculates the total load on the element and distributes it to the corner nodes.
elements completely outside the limits l1-l2 are ignored.
Examples:
Enter:
(a) PX3 3.0 0.0 L 0.0 3.0 E 51 TO 160

(b) PX2 4.7 0.0 L 0.0 4.7 E 25 TO 80
13.4 Combine Loading Cases

Header: / LOAD COMBINATIONS
Note that the program Result module has an option for combining load cases. In general, it is more convenient
to define combinations after the solution rather than at this stage.
A loading case may be defined as a combination of previously defined loading cases.
format: (l1 f1) (l2 f2) ... (ln fn)
where:
l1,l2,...,ln = load case number.
f1,f2,...,fn= multiplication factor.
Example:
If you entered dead and live load in load cases 1 and 2 respectively and you now want to create a new loading
case 1.4*dead + 1.6*live, enter:
1 1.4 2 1.6
Version 12.5 12-11 12/06

Note that you may add joint loads, beam loads, etc. to the current load case in addition to the combination just
defined. Thus, this option may also be used to insert an entire existing loading case into a new loading case.
format: l1 f1
where l1 is the load case number and f1 is the factor.
Example: Define self-weight as a separate load case (load case 1). Insert it into the current loading case by
entering: 1 1.0
Note that a combination command cannot include a load case which itself includes a combination command.
13.5 Support Displacements

Header: / DISPLACEMENTS
Support displacements may be entered in the direction of any degree-of-freedom, including rotation.
These displacements should only be defined at nodes which have been restrained in the same degrees-of-
freedom in geometry.
format:
where:
DX1,DX2,DX3 = Direction of initial translation in the direction of the global X1, X2 and X3 axes respectively.
DX4,DX5,DX6 = Direction of initial rotation about the global X1, X2 and X3 axes, respectively.
x1,..x6 = initial displacements. Rotation is measured in radians where counter-clockwise is positive.
list = list of nodes with identical initial displacements in the standard list format.
Note:
Support displacements cannot be defined at a joint which has a quad or triangular element attached to it. In
such a case, create a fictitious joint near the support and connect it to the model with a fictitious beam; apply
the support displacement at the new joint.
Example:
Joint 3: Initial settlement = 2 mm.
Initial rotation = 0.04 radian
Enter: DX2 -0.002 DX6 0.04 N 3
Note that the degrees-of-freedom X2 and X6 must be restrained at this node.
Version 12.5 12-12 12/06

13.6 Global Loads

Header: / GLOBAL LOADS
Load locations may be defined relative to the global coordinate system. The program locates the nodes and
elements surrounding the "global loads" and converts the loads to equivalent joint loads or element loads, as
requested by the user. Loads outside the model limits are ignored in certain cases. Refer to Method of
Application (Appendix A3 - Main manual).
This option is useful in models characterized by load patterns which do not coincide exactly with the nodes or
elements, such as bridges.
In space models, the global plane on which the global loads are applied must be specified.
format:
where:
X1,X2,X3= the global axis direction in which the loads are applied.
h = the coordinate of the specific plane of elements to which the following global load will be applied.
If there are parallel planes of elements in the relevant direction, then LEVEL must be defined. (if not defined, the
program will apply the loads to elements in all of the planes).
Global loads can be entered directly or may be stored and recalled from a file.
The following loads can be defined; refer to:

13.6.1 - Rectangular area loads
13.6.2 - Parallelogram area loads
13.6.3 - Concentrated loads
13.6.4 - Global loads applied to a plane

13.6.5 - Global loads recalled from a file
13.6.1 Rectangular area global load
If the load is specified as a beam load, the load is apportioned to the adjacent beam elements as explained in
Method of Application. If not, the program apportions a uniformly distributed load to small quads and then
calculates an equivalent point load acting at the centre of each quad. This grid of point loads is then applied to
the model.
format:
where:
load = magnitude of load over the area
xi = global XI coordinate of lower-left corner of the load rectangle.
xj = global XJ coordinate of lower-left corner.
plane models: xi = X1 , xj = X2
space models:
- loads applied on X1,X2 plane: xi = X1 , xj = X2
l1 = length of rectangle parallel to the global X1 axis.
l2 = length of rectangle parallel to the global X2 axis.
Version 12.5 12-13 12/06

for global loads applied as beam/element loads:

BEAM = indicates that the load will be applied as beam loads to the surrounding beams; part of the loads
outside the model boundary may be applied as joint loads (refer to Method of application
(Appendix A3 - Main manual)).
ELEM = indicates that the load will be applied as an element pressure load on the adjacent elements;
loads outside the model boundary will be ignored (refer to Method of application).
list = list of elements on which the load may act. Use this option to specify that the load must act on
specific elements. If LIST is specified but none of the elements in the list are in the area of the
load, then the load will be ignored. For an example, refer to Method of application.
for global loads applied as joint loads:

f = density of the small quads in the load area: By default each side of the rectangle is divided into ten
parts to form the quads. This default gives sufficient accuracy in the load distribution to the nodes
as well as reasonable command processing times. A significant increase in the density may
increase the processing time to several minutes.
In special cases where the default distribution is inadequate, enter the dimension f in length units:
f is the dimension of the sides of the small quads into which the load area is divided.
13.6.2 Parallelogram area global load

format:
where:
load = magnitude of load over the area
xi1 = global XI coordinate of lower-left corner of the load rectangle.
xj1 = global XJ coordinate of lower-left corner.
plane models: xi1 = X1 , xj1 = X2
space models:
loads applied on X1,X2 plane: xi1 = X1 , xj1 = X2
xi2 = global XI coordinate of the end point of the base line of the parallelogram
xj2 = global XJ coordinate of the end point of the base line of the parallelogram
xi3 = global XI coordinate of the end point of the height line of the parallelogram
xj3 = global XJ coordinate of the end point of the height line of the parallelogram
for global loads applied as beam/element loads:

outside the model boundary may be applied as joint loads.
ELEM = indicates that the load will be applied as an element pressure load on the adjacent elements;
loads outside the model boundary will be ignored (refer to Method of application).
for global loads to be applied as joint loads:

parts to form the quads. This default gives sufficient accuracy in the load distribution to the nodes
as well as reasonable command processing times. A significant increase in the density may
increase the processing time to several minutes.
In special cases where the default distribution is inadequate, enter the dimension f in length units:
f is the dimension of the sides of the small quads into which the load area is divided.
Version 12.5 12-14 12/06

Example of GLOBAL LOADS:
Enter:
DIST 0.88 C 5.5 3.2 RECT 2.75 1.7
P 10.7 C 9.75 3.2
P 10.7 C 9.75 4.9
13.6.3 Concentrated global loads

format:
where:
force = magnitude of the force
xi,xj = global coordinates at load point on the specified global plane:
plane models: xi = X1 , xj = X2
space models:
loads applied on X1,X2 plane: xi = X1 , xj = X2
BEAM = indicates that the load will be applied as beam loads to the surrounding beams. If not entered, the
load will be applied as Joint loads on the surrounding nodes. Refer to Method of application.
ELEM = the load will be applied as joint loads to the surrounding nodes, but without the additional applied
moments. The program will ignore the load if there are no elements in the area of the load. Refer
to Method of application.
list = list of elements on which the load may act. If not entered, the load will be applied to all elements
in the area of the load. Use this option to specify that the load must act on specific elements. Refer
to Method of application (Appendix A3 - Main manual).
Note:
If "BEAM" is not entered, the global loads will be converted to joint loads; therefore, the global loads will not
be represented in the bending moment diagrams of the adjacent beams.
Example: P -12.6 C 3.2 5.66
13.6.4 Global loads applied to a plane
If the load is specified as a beam load, the load is apportioned to the adjacent beam elements as explained in
Method of Application. If not, the program apportions a uniformly distributed load to small quads and then
calculates an equivalent point load acting at the centre of each quad. This grid of point loads is then applied to
the model.
format:
Version 12.5 12-15 12/06

where:
load = magnitude of load over the area defined by the contour
x11,x21,x31 = global coordinates of first three points on the contour. These 3 points define the contour
local coordinate system.
x12,x22,x32
x13,x23,x33
x1 y1 .... xn yn = coordinates of remaining points on the contour, relative to the contour local coordinate
system
JOINT = indicates that the load will be applied as joint loads to the surrounding nodes.
outside the model boundary may be applied as joint loads.
ELEM = indicates that the load will be applied as an element pressure load on the adjacent elements; loads
outside the model boundary will be ignored
Refer to Method of application (Appendix A3 - Main manual).
For loads applied as beam/element loads:

list = list of elements on which the load may act. Use this option to specify that the load must act on specific
elements. If LIST is specified but none of the elements in the list are in the area of the load, then the
load will be ignored. For an example, refer to Method of application.
For loads applied as joint loads:

parts to form the quads. This default gives sufficient accuracy in the load distribution to the nodes as
well as reasonable command processing times. A significant increase in the density may increase the
processing time to several minutes.
In special cases where the default distribution is inadequate, enter the dimension f in length units: f
is the dimension of the sides of the small quads into which the load area is divided.
Example:define a distributed load perpendicular to the sloped roof:
list the global coordinates of nodes 1,2 3 after the PLANE keyword. This creates a contour local coordinate
system as follows:
- X along the line 1-2 and pointing towards 2
- Y perpendicular to X and pointing in the general direction of 3
list the local contour coordinates of nodes 4,5,6 after the PT keyword:
if the roof dimensions are:
then type: .. PT 12.0 11.0 12.0 6.0 0.0 6.0
Version 12.5 12-16 12/06

13.6.5 Global loads recalled from a file
Global loads may be stored in a file and recalled directly into a load case. This option is useful for applying
vehicle loads to a bridge model.
The file must be called PATTERN.DAT. Loads are entered into the file using your computer's editor.
Various load patterns can be stored in the file and can be recalled separately. Each group begins with a "load
name" (no blanks allowed) and is terminated with "END". The load commands are identical to standard beam
and element load commands, except that BEAM or ELEM at the end of the command is not allowed (BEAM or
ELEM is specified in the following "APPLY" command).
Note that the "GLOBAL X1/X2/X3 LEVEL h " command cannot be entered in the file PATTERN.DAT.
Each file group is referenced to an arbitrary zero coordinate. When the load group is recalled into a load case,
the actual location of the zero coordinate on the model is defined.
Each group may be recalled several times to a single loading case.
The file format is:
A load group is entered into a load case by the following command:
format:
where:
ldname = name of load group in file PATTERN.DAT
x1,x2 = global coordinates of the origin of the load group; these coordinates are added to those in the file
loads commands.
a = angle of rotation of entire load group. The angle is positive counterclockwise from global X1 and
the rotation is about the (0,0) point of the load group.
f = factor by which all of the loads in the group are multiplied.
Version 12.5 12-17 12/06

outside the model boundary may be applied as joint loads (Refer to Method of application).
ELEM = indicates that the load will be applied as an element pressure load on the adjacent elements; loads
outside the model boundary will be ignored (Refer to Method of application).
Note:
To apply the load pattern onto a specific plane of a space model, enter the "GLOBAL X1/X2/X3 LEVEL h"
command prior to the APPLY command.
Example:apply H2 from the previous file example as shown in the following figure:
enter: APP H2 C 2.5 0.7 ANG 90 F 1.4
13.7 Solid loads

Header: / SOLID LOAD
Define temperature loads or self-weight for solid elements. All other loads (pressure, linear loads, concentrated
loads, etc) must be defined by applying them to beams or plate elements (dummy or regular) defined parallel
to the solid elements surfaces.
Refer to:
13.7.1 - Temperature
13.7.2 - Self weight
13.7.1 Temperature loads
The program multiplies the temperature by the thermal coefficient of the material(s); therefore, the temperature
and the coefficient must have the same units. Check the value of the thermal coefficients and enter the
difference in degrees Celsius (C) or Fahrenheit (F) accordingly.
Format: T t ELEM list
where:
t = temperature difference (C or F); a positive value represents heating (expansion) while a nnegative value
represents cooling (contraction).
l = list of elements with the same temperature load, in the standard list format.
Version 12.5 12-18 12/06

13.7.2 Self-weight
Apply the self-weight as joint loads. The weight of the element (volume * density of the property material) will
be divided equally to the end nodes, even if the element is not symmetric.
Note that an identical self-weight can also be applied using a Joint Load command.
Self-weight may be applied to all or part of the model.
Format: SELF | X1 | ( k ) | BEAM | list

| X2 | | ELEM |
| X3 |
where:
X1,X2,X3= direction self-weight is applied, parallel to one of the global axes.
k = coefficient to multiply self-weight. If not entered, k = -1
list = list of elements to which self-weight is applied, in the standard list format.
Version 12.5 12-19 12/06

14 Command mode - Examples

This section lists the main data input commands for several typical structure models. The examples are intended
as an aid to learning the proper use of the STRAP program commands, and are not intended as a guide to
proper engineering judgment in the construction of a model for analysis.
Note that only the main input commands are listed in the examples. Refer to:
14.1 - Plane frame (beam elements only)
14.2 - Plane grid (beam elements only)
14.3 - Plane truss (beam elements only)
14.4 - Space frame (beam elements only)
14.6 - Plane grid (beam and finite elements)
14.5 - Plane frame (beam and finite elements)
14.7 - Space frame (beam and finite elements)
14.1 Plane frame

Geometry:
/ JOINT COORDINATES
1 0. 0. TO 6 0. 15. EQ
7 10. 0. TO 12 10. 15. EQ
/ RESTRAINTS
X1 X2 X6 1 7
/ PROPERTIES GROUPS
1 1 TO 10
2 11 TO 15
/ MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 TO 5 1 2
6 TO 10 7 8
11 TO 15 2 8
/ MATERIALS TABLE
CONC
/ PROPERTIES TABLE
1 A 0.1 I 0.002
2 A 0.2 I 0.02
Loads:
VERTICAL LOADS
/ BEAM LOADS
UNIF GLOB FX2 -2. B 11 TO 15
HORIZONTAL LOADS
/ JOINT LOADS
FX1
1. N 2
2. N 3
3. N 4
4. N 5
5. N 6
COMBINED VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LOADS
/ COMBINATION
1 1. 2 1.
Version 12.5 14-1 12/06

14.2 Plane Grid

Geometry:
/ JOINT COORDINATES
1 0. 0. TO 5 10. 0. EQ TO 20 14.33 7.5 BY 5 DIS 2.6
3.46
/ RESTRAINTS
X3 1 16
X3 X5 5 TO 20 BY 5
/ PROPERTY GROUPS
1 1 TO 28
2 1 TO 4 13 TO 16
/ MEMBER INCIDENCES
GRID 4 3 BEAM 1 NODE 1 BY 1 BY 5 DEL 29 30 31
/ MATERIALS TABLE
CONC
/ PROPERTIES TABLE
1 COMP RECT H2 0.2 H3 0.8
Loads:
VERTICAL LOADS
/ BEAM LOADS
UNIF GLOBAL FX3 -3.0 B 5 TO 12
14.3 Plane Truss
Load Case 1: Vertical joint loads on

upper chord
Load Case 2: Vertical joint loads on
lower chord
Load Case 3: Horizontal loads on upper
chord
Geometry:
/ COORD2
/ JOINT COORDINATES
1 0. 0. TO 9 24.6 0. DIS 3.3 3.0 MUL 6
10 0 0.5 TO 14 12.3 3. PROJ 12.3 3.3 3. MUL 2
14 12.3 3. TO 18 24.6 0.5 PROJ 12.3 3 MUL 3
/ RESTRAINTS
X3 1 TO 18
X2 X3 9
X1 X2 X3 1
/ PROPERTY GROUPS
1 1 TO 16
2 17 TO 33
Version 12.5 14-2 12/06

/ MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 TO 8 1 2
9 TO 16 10 11
17 TO 25 1 10
26 TO 29 2 10
30 TO 33 5 15
/ MATERIALS TABLE
STEEL
/ PROPERTIES TABLE
1 COMP PIPE H2 0.11 T1 0.00325
2 COMP PIPE H2 0.06 T1 0.00325
Loads:
DEAD AND LIVE ROOF LOADS
/ JOINT LOADS
FX2 -0.8 N 10 TO 18
EQUIPMENT LOADS
/ JOINT LOADS
FX2 -1. N 4 6
WIND LOADS
/ JOINT LOADS
X1 0.3 N 10 TO 14
FX1 0.1 N 15 TO 18
14.4 Space Frame

Solve the space frame. This example features a cylindrical coordinate system as well as JC and BETA for defining the local
coordinate systems of the beams.
Load Case 1: -1.2 t/m distributed vertical load on roof beams Self-weight of entire structure
Load Case 2: 1 cm. vertical initial displacement of one support node.
Geometry:
/ JOINT COORDINATES
CYL X3
1 0 3.5 0 TO 6 300 3.5 0 EQ
CYL END
MULT 2 N 6 DX3 2.0 L 1 TO 6
19 0 0 6.
20 0 0 2.
/ RESTRAINTS
X1 X2 X3 1 TO 6
/ PROPERTY GROUPS
1 1 TO 12
2 13 TO 18
3 19 TO 30
/ MEMBER RELEASES
MA MB J 13 TO 18
/ MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 TO 11 BY 2 1 7 JC 20
2 TO 12 BY 2 7 13 JC 20
13 TO 17 7 8 JC 20
18 12 7 JC 20
19 TO 23 13 14 JC 19
24 18 13 JC 19
Version 12.5 14-3 12/06

25 13 19 ANGLE 0
26 14 19 A 0
27 15 19 A 0
28 16 19 A 0
29 17 19 A 0
30 18 19 A 0
/ MATERIALS TABLE
STEEL
B30
/ PROPERTIES TABLE
1 COMP RECT H2 0.3 H3 0.6 MAT 2
2 TAB IPE 180 I2
3 TAB IPE 240 I2
Loads:
SELF-WEIGHT + ROOF LOAD
/ BEAM LOADS
SELF X3 B 1 TO 30
U GLOB FX3 -1.2 B 25 TO 30
SUPPORT DISPLACEMENT
/ SUPPORT DISPLACEMENTS
DX3 -0.01 N 1
14.5 Plane frame (beam and finite elements)

Solve the combined frame-shear wall model using the plane frame program. This example features the use of dummy
elements to analyse the combined behavior of different parts of the structure.
Geometry:
/ JOINT COORDINATES
1 0. 0. TO 7 8.5 0. DIS 1.5 MUL 4 1.25 TO 70 8.5 11. BY 7 DIS 1.3 MUL 3 1.05 MUL 2 1.0 MUL 2 1.5
80 9.5 0 TO 82 17.5 0 EQ TO 91 17.5 11. BY 3 DIS 3.9 2.1
57 0. 8. TO 60 4.5 9.5 PROJ 4.5 1.5 1.5
67 4.5 9.5 TO 70 8.5 11.0 PROJ 4.0 1.5 1.25
/ RESTRAINTS
X6 1 TO 70
X1 X2 X6 1 TO 7
X1 X2 80 81 82
28 42 70
/ PROPERTY GROUPS
1 1 TO 54
2 68 TO 76
3 62 TO 67
4 80 TO 82
/ MEMBER RELEASES
MA MB 80 TO 82
/ MEMBER INCIDENCES
QUAD
GRID 6 9 E 1 N 1 BY 1 BY 7 DEL 3 4 9
10 15 16 21 22 27 28 49 50 51
TRI
43 50 51 58
52 60 61 68
BEAM
GRID 2 3 B 60 N 80 BY 1 BY 3 DEL 60 61
80 28 83
Version 12.5 14-4 12/06

81 42 86
82 70 89
/ MATERIALS TABLE
CONC
/ PROPERTIES TABLE
1 TH 0.20
2 A 0.60 I 0.58
3 A 0.52 I 0.32
4 A 10.0 I 0.0001
Loads:
/ JOINT LOADS
FX1
-50 N 91
-20 N 88
-20 N 85
14.6 Plane grid (beam and finite elements)

This raft foundation demonstrates the use of elastic supports and the solution of a symmetric structure where only one-quarter
of the structure is defined.
Element pressure = -3.0 t/m2 Uniform load on edge beam = -20.0 t/m
Concentrated load at nodes 15,17,27 = -200.0 t
Geometry:
/ JOINT COORDINATES
1 0. 0. TO 6 6. 0. EQ TO 36 6. 5. BY 6 EQ
/ RESTRAINTS
X4 31 TO 35
X5 6 TO 30 BY 6
X4 X5 36
/ PROPERTY GROUPS
1 1 TO 25
2 26 TO 35
/ MEMBER INCIDENCES
QUAD
GRID 5 5 EL 1 NODE 1 BY 1 BY 6
BEAM
26 TO 30 1 2
31 TO 35 1 BY 6 7 BY 6
/ MATERIALS TABLE
CONC
/ PROPERTIES TABLE
1 THICK 0.8
2 COMP RECT H2 .3 H3 1.4
/ SPRINGS
S3 3000. 1 TO 36
Loads:
/ PRESSURE
3.00 EL 1 TO 25
/ BEAM LOADS
U GLOB FX3 -20. B 26 TO 35
/ JOINT LOADS
FX3 -200. N 15 17 27
Version 12.5 14-5 12/06

14.7 Space frame (beam and finite elements)
This example generates a mesh for a cylindrical model and solves one-half of a symmetric model.
Geometry:
/ JOINT COORDINATES
100 0. 0.
CYL X3 N 100
1 90 8. 0 TO 9 18 8. 0 DIS 10. MUL 4 8. MUL 3 TO 90 18 8. 10. BY 9 DIS 1.3 1.2 1.0 MUL 5 1.2
CYL END
/ RESTRAINTS
X1 X2 X3 9 TO 90 BY 9
X1 X6 1 TO 82 BY 9
/ PROPERTY GROUPS
1 1 TO 72
2 100 TO 115
/ MEMBER INCIDENCES
100 TO 107 1 2
108 TO 115 82 83
QUAD
GRID 8 9 EL 1 NOD 1 BY 1 BY 9 DEL 30 31 32 38 39 40 46 47 48
/ MATERIALS TABLE
CONC
/ PROPERTIES TABLE
1 TH 0.2
Loads:
/ PRESSURE
FX2 GLOB -0.8 EL 1 TO 72
/ MEMBER LOADS
SELF X2 EL 1 TO 72 100 TO 115
Version 12.5 14-6 12/06

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***ATIR***

Version 12.5 i 12/06

The user must verify his own results

Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.

AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk Inc.

Version 12.5 ii 12/06

4 Property Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

5 Member Incidences (Beams and Elements) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Version 12.5 iii 12/06

5.10 Elements - mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

8 Properties Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

Version 12.5 iv 12/06

13 Loads - General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2

14 Command mode - Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

Version 12.5 v 12/06

*** This page is blank ***

Version 12.5 vi 12/06

1 Command mode - general

It is important to note the following:

1.1 Enter a Command

1.2 Revise a Command

Example: revise the definition for beam 116.

1.3 Retrieve a command (from the Clipboard )

To write the commands to the clipboard:

Version 12.5 1-1 12/06

Select the Edit option from the top menu bar.

To retrieve the commands from the Clipboard into STRAP :

Version 12.5 1-2 12/06

1.4 Command Format - General

Decimal values may also be entered exponentially. For example:

"list" indicates a list of nodes or elements in the List Format.

The last example is equivalent to entering:

A list can consist of up to 50 items, where " 1 TO 6 " is one item.

Typical input for the self-weight example are:

Version 12.5 2-3 12/06

1.5 Batch mode

1.5.1 Batch mode - Geometry

The file format is as follows:

Version 12.5 2-4 12/06

Refer also to GEOINnnn.DAT. (after the following example)

For the following example, the ASCII file would be:

The file name is: GEOINnnn.DAT

Version 12.5 2-5 12/06

1.5.2 Batch mode - Loads

The file name must be: STATnnn.DAT

The file format is as follows:

1st line: ASCII

for each load case - 1st line: load case title

end of load case: / END

Version 12.5 2-6 12/06

1.5.3 Batch mode - Combinations

The file name must be: COMBnnn.DAT

The file format is as follows:

1st line: ASCII

For each load combination:

l1 = no. of the first load case included in the combination.

ln = no. of the nth load case included in the combination.

Version 12.5 2-7 12/06

2.1 Space Model Coordinates

2.2 Single Node

Version 12.5 2-1 12/06

2.3 Line of Nodes

Enter: 1 0. 0. TO 4 8.0 2.0 PROJ 8.0 3. 2.5

ATIR

* This page is blank *