USS West Bridge

USS West Bridge (ID-2888) was a cargo ship in the United States
Navy during World War I. She was begun as SS War Topaz but was
completed as SS West Bridge, though she was referred to in some
publications under the spelling Westbridge. After the ship was
decommissioned from the Navy, the ship returned to civilian service as
SS West Bridge, but was renamed SS Barbara Cates, and SS Pan Gulf
over the course of her civilian career under American registry. Near
the end of World War II, the ship was renamed SS Lermontov
(Russian: Лермонтов) when she sailed under theSoviet flag.

West Bridge was one of the West ships, a series of steel-hulled cargo
ships built for the United States Shipping Board (USSB) on the West
Coast of the United States. The ship was launched in April 1918 and West Bridge shortly before completion in May
delivered to the U.S. Navy upon completion in May. After 1918
commissioning, USS West Bridge sailed from the Pacific Northwest to History
the East Coast of the United States and joined a convoy of cargo ships
headed to France in August. After West Bridge suffered an engine
United States
breakdown at sea, the convoy was attacked by twoGerman submarines Name: USS West Bridge (ID-2888)
and West Bridge was torpedoed and abandoned. A salvage crew from
Builder: J. F. Duthie & Company
American destroyer Smith boarded the ship the following day, and,
working with four tugs dispatched from France, successfully brought
Seattle, Washington
the ship into port. Four men received the Navy Cross for their efforts Yard number: 11[1]
in saving West Bridge. Launched: 24 April 1918[2]

After seven months of repair, West Bridge resumed Navy service until Completed: 26 May 1918[2]
her December 1919 decommissioning and return to the USSB. West Acquired: 26 May 1918[3]
Bridge was laid up for nearly seven years from 1922 to 1929, when Commissioned: 26 May 1918[3]
she was sold for service on an intercoastal cargo service under the
Decommissioned: 1 December 1919[3]
name SS Barbara Cates. By 1938, the ship had been renamed Pan
Gulf for service with a subsidiary of the Waterman Steamship Identification: US official number: 216348
Company. During World War II, Pan Gulf made nine round trips IMO number: 5520680[2]
between the United States and the United Kingdom without incident in
Fate: returned to United States
wartime convoys. She also sailed between New York and ports on the
Shipping Board
Gulf Coast and in the Caribbean. In May 1945, the ship was
History
transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease. Renamed SS
Lermontov, the ship sailed in support of the war and continued in Name: 1919–1929: West Bridge
civilian service for the Soviets until 1966, when she was scrapped at 1929–1939: Barbara Cates
Split.
1939–1945: Pan Gulf
1945–1966: Lermontov
(Russian: Лермонтов)[4]

Contents Namesake: 1945: Mikhail Lermontov

Design and construction Owner: 1919: U.S. Shipping Board

Military career 1929: Sudden and
Torpedo attack Christenson[2]
 Interwar years 1938: Waterman[5]
World War II and later career 1939: Pan Atlantic[6]
Notes
1943: War Shipping
References Administration[7]
Bibliography
1945: Soviet Union[8]
External links
Operator: 1945: FESCO[4]
1950: Black Sea Shipping
Co.[4]
Design and construction
Port of registry: 1919: Seattle
To replace shipping tonnage lost to German submarines during World
War I, the British Shipping Controller sought newly built ships from 1929: San Francisco[9]
American shipyards.[13] As part of 700,000 long tons (710,000 t) of 1938: Mobile,
[5]
shipping which had been ordered by March 1917,[13] an order for nine Alabama
vessels of 8,800 long tons deadweight (DWT) was placed with J. F. 1940: Wilmington,
Duthie & Company of Seattle.[14] Because the United States had not Delaware[10]

yet entered World War I, the Shipping Controller, to skirt neutrality

1944: New York[11]
laws, placed orders through various British shipping companies.
1945: Soviet Union[8]
Although the specific company that placed the order with Duthie is not
reported in secondary sources, the company most often used for these Fate: scrapped at Split, 29 June
orders was the Cunard Steamship Company.[13] As one of the nine 1966[2]
ships ordered,[14][Note 1] J. F. Duthie & Company laid down the keel
General characteristics
of War Topaz as the eleventh ship begun at their shipyard.[2]
Type: cargo ship
On 6 August 1917, the Emergency Fleet Corporation—an entity
Tonnage: 5,799 GRT[2]
created by the United States Shipping Board (USSB) shortly after the
8,594 LT DWT[12]
United States entered the war on 6 April and tasked with overseeing
U.S. shipbuilding—requisitioned most ships under construction in the Displacement: 12,200 long tons
United States;[15] included among those wasWar Topaz.[1] By the time (12,400 t)[3]
of her 24 April 1918 launch, the ship had been renamed West Length: 409 ft 5 in (124.79 m) (pp)[2]
Bridge,[2] becoming one of the West ships, cargo ships of similar size
423 ft 9 in (129.16 m) (oa)[3]
and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United
States.[16] Just a bit over one month later, on 26 May, the finished West Beam: 54 ft 0 in (16.46 m)[3]
Bridge was delivered to the United States Navy.[3] Draft: 24 ft 1 in (7.34 m) (mean)[3]
Depth of hold: 29 ft 9 in (9.07 m)[3]
As completed, the steel-hulled ship was 409 feet 5 inches (124.79 m)
long (between perpendiculars), 54 feet (16.5 m) abeam, and drew Propulsion: 1 × triple-expansion steam
24 feet 1 inch (7.34 m).West Bridge had a displacement of 12,200 long engine,[5] 2,500 hp
tons (12,400 t), and her 29-foot-9-inch (9.07 m)-deep hold allowed the (1,900 kW)[4]
ship to be rated at 5,799 gross register tons (GRT).[2][3] The ship was Speed: 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h)[3]
powered by a single triple-expansion steam engine built by the
Complement: 88 (as USS West Bridge)[3]
Hooven, Owens, & Rentschler Company of Hamilton, Ohio.[5] The
Armament: World War I:
engine, with cylinders of 241⁄2, 411⁄2, and 72 inches (62, 105, and
180 cm) diameter with a 48-inch (120 cm) stroke,[5] was capable of 1 × 4-inch (102 mm) gun
generating up to 2,500 horsepower (1,900 kW),[4] allowing the single 1 × 3-inch (76 mm) gun[3]
screw propeller to move the ship at up 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h).[2][3] For
[3]
her U.S. Navy service in World War I, West Bridge was equipped with one 4-inch (102 mm) and one 3-inch (76 mm) gun.

Military career
USS West Bridge (ID-2888) was commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS) at the Puget Sound Navy
Yard on 26 May with Lieutenant Commander Mortimer Hawkins, USNRF, in command. West Bridge took on an initial load of flour
and departed 10 June for the East Coast.[Note 2] Along the way, the ship developed troubles with her engine, which required her to
put in at Balboa in the Panama Canal Zone for repairs. Getting underway again on 4 July, West Bridge sailed for New York, arriving
on 16 July.[3]

After refueling at New York, West Bridge joined Convoy HB-8 bound for France, sailing on 1 August in company with Navy cargo
ship West Alsek, United States Army transport Montanan, and 13 others.[17] Escorted by armed yacht Noma, destroyers Burrows and
Smith, and French cruiser Marseillaise,[3][18] the convoy was 500 nautical miles (900 km) west of its destination of Le Verdon-sur-
Mer by the end of the day on 15 August.[17][19]

Torpedo attack
At 17:40, West Bridge's engine broke down once again and her crew was unable to repair it. West Bridge, falling off the back of the
convoy and adrift, signaled Marseillaise to request a tow. At sundown, shortly before 18:00, Montanan—still in the convoy, which
was by now 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) ahead ofWest Bridge—was hit by one of three torpedoes launched by German submarineU-90.
Montanan began to settle and was quickly abandoned. On West Bridge, Lieutenant Commander Hawkins realized the potential for
another submarine attack and ordered his crew to general quarters and reduced the number of men in the mechanical spaces below
decks. Noma sailed back to West Bridge, ordered the freighter to extinguish her lights, and stood by. At nearly the same time, U-107
approached and launched two torpedoes at the stationary cargo ship, scoring hits with both. The first struck near the No. 3 cargo hold
in the front of the ship, while the second hit amidships near the engine room. West Bridge immediately began listing to starboard, and
Hawkins ordered the crew to abandon the vessel. He and two crewmen remained behind until they felt sure that everyone else had
departed. By the time they left the stricken ship, water was up to thegunwales and lapping at the well deck.[3]

Immediately after the attack, Noma sped off to depth charge the submarine while sending an SOS for West Bridge, since the initial
explosion destroyed the cargo ship's wireless. Destroyer Burrows arrived to take on West Bridge's survivors, who had situated
themselves about a mile (2 km) from the still-floating West Bridge. After boarding the destroyer, a head count revealed that four men
were missing, but it also turned up two femalestowaways.[3]

By the morning of 16 August, both Montanan and West Bridge were still afloat, albeit with
decks awash. Despite attempts to getMontanan under tow, she foundered later in the morning.
Meanwhile, Hawkins and hisexecutive officer were taken by boat toWest Bridge to assess her
situation. After boarding the ship and finding three cargo holds and her engineering spaces
completely flooded, Hawkins advised Burrows' captain that the situation was hopeless and he
would only be endangering his ship, crew, and the West Bridge survivors by remaining
alongside. Consequently, Burrows departed for Brest, France, leaving destroyer Smith to stand
by West Bridge.[3]

Torpedo damage to USS
West Bridge seen in a
French drydock c. 1918.
One of the ship's boilers is
visible in the left rear.
A volunteer work and salvage party from Smith, led by Lieutenant Richard L. Conolly,[3] and
which included Chief Boatswain's Mate John Henry Caudell,[20] and Construction Mechanic,
3rd class Walter Homer Todd,[21] boarded West Bridge and awaited four tugs which had been
dispatched from Brest: the U.S. Navy tug Favorite,[22] two French tugs, and one British tug.
Over the course of the next five days, the tugs, joined by patrol yacht Isabel, slowly made
their way to the French coast, eventually arriving at Brest. West Bridge was towed over 400
nautical miles (740 km) with only 1% buoyancy remaining.[3] Conolly, Caudell, and Todd
were each awarded the Navy Cross for their efforts in saving West Bridge; W. W.
Wotherspoon, the fleet salvage officer on Favorite was also honored with a Navy Cross, in
part for his salvage efforts for West Bridge.[22][Note 3]
The extent of the damage and the condition of West Bridge led to some erroneous reports of her loss. News articles on 24 August in
both The New York Times and the Chicago Daily Tribune reported the loss of West Bridge,[23] and the mistaken information also
made it into book form. Authors Benedict Crowell and Robert Forrest Wilson, in their work The Road to France: The Transportation
of Troops and Military Supplies, 1917–1918, repeat the misinformation about the loss ofWest Bridge.[24]

After West Bridge underwent seven months of repairs, the ship resumed service with the NOTS through 1 December 1919, at which
time she was decommissioned and handed over to theUSSB.[3]

Interwar years
Little is known about West Bridge's activities after her return to the USSB in 1919, but in June 1922 she was laid up in Philadelphia,
where she would remain for almost seven years. In March 1929, the USSB approved the sale of West Bridge for $57,000 to the
Sudden and Christenson Steamship Company of San Francisco.[12] By May, the ship had been renamed Barbara Cates and was
slated for service on the intercoastal freight service of their Arrow Line, which sailed to the Pacific coast from Baltimore; Norfolk,
Virginia; Savannah, Georgia; and Jacksonville, Florida. The addition of Barbara Cates and other ships purchased around the same
time allowed the Arrow Line to increase its sailings from fortnightly to once every ten days.[25] Barbara Cates' nine years with the
Arrow Line were uneventful.

By October 1938,[26] the ship had been renamed Pan Gulf to reflect the naming style of her new owners, the Pan-Atlantic Steamship
Company, a subsidiary of Waterman Steamship Company.[2][27] The Pan-Atlantic Line sailed in coastal service along the Atlantic
and Gulf coasts, and it is likely that Pan Gulf called at typical Pan-Atlantic ports such as Baltimore, Miami, Tampa, New Orleans,
Philadelphia, New York, and Boston during this time.[28]

In October 1941, The Christian Science Monitor reported that Pan Gulf had become
stuck in the mud off Governors Island after her crew misjudged how far to back out
of her berth at the Army base there. The first, unsuccessful attempt to free Pan Gulf
from her predicament involved eight tugs, but the ship did not budge. The
newspaper, which had also reported that there was no apparent damage to Pan Gulf
[29]
in the grounding, carried no further reports on the ship.

World War II and later career

After the United States entered World War II, Pan Gulf frequently sailed in convoys SS Pan Gulf sailed in 18 transatlantic
on the North Atlantic, as well as some in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. convoys, like this typical one, seen in
1942.
Between April and September 1942, Pan Gulf made two roundtrips from the U.S. to
Liverpool.[30] In September, the cargo ship sailed from New York to the Caribbean
to take on a load of bauxite in early November,[31] and then sailed on to Galveston, Texas, before returning to New York in mid-
February 1943.[30]

In late February, Pan Gulf began the first of a further seven roundtrips to the United Kingdom over the next 21 months, when she
sailed from New York in Convoy HX 228 for Halifax. In July, the United States Maritime Commission (USMC) purchased Pan Gulf
George Aiken (R-VT).[32]
from the Pan-Atlantic Line, overpaying her value by 16 times, according to Senator

On 5 May 1945, the USMC turned over Pan Gulf to the Far East Shipping Company (FESCO) of the Soviet Union under Lend-
Lease;[33] FESCO renamed the ship SS Lermontov (Russian: Лермонтов, Russian pronunciation: [ˈlʲɛrməntəf]) after the poet Mikhail
Lermontov. The Soviets armed the ship with a 4-inch (100 mm) gun and other weapons and employed the ship in cargo duties in
support of the war.[33]

At war's end, Lermontov remained with FESCO through 1950. At that time she was transferred to the Black Sea Shipping Company,
[4] Lermontov was delivered to shipbreakers in Split on 26 June 1966.[2]
with which she remained into the 1960s, IMO 5520680.
Notes
1. In addition to War Topaz—West Bridge's original name—the other eight ships wereWar Leopard, War General, War
Emerald, War Sun, War Moon, War Fort, War Disk, and War Ruby. See: McKellar, pp. 283–84.
2. The West ships, to avoid sailing empty to theEast Coast, loaded grain products intended for the United Kingdom,
France, and Italy and sailed to Europe without unloading or transferring their cargo. This avoided extra handling of
the cargo and the United States Shipping Board, by prior arrangement, then received an equivalent amount of cargo
space in foreign ships for other American cargoes. See: Crowell and Wilson, pp. 358–59.
3. In addition to his salvage work onWest Bridge, Wotherspoon was honored for his efforts for Westward Ho, Mount
Vernon, Conner, and Murray. See: Stringer, p. 147.

References
1. Colton, Tim. "J. F. Duthie & Company, Seattle WA" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111010150034/http://shipbuilding
history.com/history/shipyards/4emergencylarge/wwone/duthie.htm). Shipbuildinghistory.com. The Colton Company.
Archived from the original (http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/4emergencylarge/wwone/duthie.htm
)
on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
2. "West Bridge (5520680)" (https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/5520680). Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved
1 September 2008.
3. Naval Historical Center. "West Bridge" (https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/west-bri
dge.html). Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
4. "Реестр флота ДВМП: Лермонтов (Pan Gulf)" (http://www.fesco.ru/fleetr/second/f419.html)(in Russian). FESCO
Transport Group. Retrieved 4 September 2008. Google translation into English(https://translate.google.com/translat
e?u=http://ntic.msun.ru/ntic/exhibition/fesco/second/f419.html&sl=ru&tl=en&hl=en&ie=UTF-8) .
5. Register of Ships (1938–39 ed.). "Scan of page 'Pam–Pan' " (http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=38b0
681.pdf) (PDF). Hosted at plimsollshipdata.org. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
6. Register of Ships (1939–40 ed.). "Scan of page 'Pam–Pan' " (http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=38b0
681.pdf) (PDF). Hosted at plimsollshipdata.org. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
7. Register of Ships (1943–44 ed.). "Scan of page 'Pan' " (http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=43b0747.p
df) (PDF). Hosted at plimsollshipdata.org. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
8. Register of Ships (1945–46, supplementary ed.)."Scan of page 'L' " (http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?nam
e=45a1245.pdf) (PDF). Hosted at plimsollshipdata.org. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
9. Register of Ships (1937–38 ed.). "Scan of page 'Ban–Bar' " (http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=37b0
093.pdf) (pdf). Hosted at plimsollshipdata.org. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
10. Register of Ships (1940–41 ed.). "Scan of page 'Pan' " (http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=40a0720.p
df) (pdf). Hosted at plimsollshipdata.org. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
11. Register of Ships (1944–45 ed.). "Scan of page 'Pan' " (http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=44b0815.p
df) (pdf). Hosted at plimsollshipdata.org. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
12. "Shipping Board approves sale".Los Angeles Times. 27 March 1929. p. 13.
13. McKellar, p. 270.
14. McKellar, pp. 283-84.
15. McKellar, p. 271.
16. Crowell and Wilson, pp. 358–59.
17. Naval Historical Center. "West Alsek" (http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w5/west_alsek.htm). DANFS.
18. Mann. "Burrows" (http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/b11/burrows-ii.htm). DANFS.
19. "Montanan (2211088)" (https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/2211088). Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved
4 September 2008.
20. Stringer, p. 54.
21. Stringer, p. 137.
22. Stringer, p. 147.
23. "Three of our ships torpedoed; 19 missing from the crews"(http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res
=9906E4DF1439E13ABC4C51DFBE668383609EDE)(PDF). The New York Times. 24 August 1918. p. 1. Retrieved
27 May 2009. "3 U. S. ships in foreign waters sunk by U-boats".Chicago Daily Tribune. 24 August 1918. p. 2.
24. Crowell and Wilson, p. 530.
25. Drake, Waldo (13 May 1929). "Shipping newsand activities at los angeles harbor".Los Angeles Times. p. 14.
26. Lafourche, J. B. (8 October 1938). "Longshoreman injured".The Pittsburgh Courier. p. 23.
27. Finch, Ted; Gilbert Provost. "WWI Standard Ships: T"(http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/WWIStandardShipsWarT.htm).
WWI Standard Built Ships. Mariners. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
28. de la Pedraja Tomán, p. 564.
29. "Stuck in mud craft awaits high tide aid".The Christian Science Monitor. 13 October 1941. p. 2.
30. "Port Arrivals/Departures: Pan Gulf"(http://convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=P
AN+GULF~arm
ain). Arnold Hague's Ports Database. Convoy Web. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
31. "Convoy TAG.18" (http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/tag/tag.php?convoy=18!). Arnold Hague Convoy Database.
ConvoyWeb. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
32. "Aiken scores ship deal".The New York Times. Associated Press. 24 October 1943. p. 38.
33. Radigan, Joseph M. (2006)."West Bridge (ID 2888)" (http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/172888.htm). Section
Patrol Craft Photo Archive. NavSource Online. Retrieved 4 September 2008.

Bibliography
Crowell, Benedict; Robert Forrest Wilson (1921).The Road to France: The Transportation of Troops and Military
Supplies, 1917–1918. How America Went to War: An Account From Official Sources of the Nation's War Activities,
1917–1920. New Haven: Yale University Press. OCLC 18696066.
de la Pedraja Tomán, René (1994). "Waterman Steamship Corporation".A Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Merchant
Marine and Shipping Industry: Since the Introduction of Steam
. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-
0-313-27225-7. OCLC 29311518.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping. Register of Ships (various editions). London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping.
Mann, Raymond A. (21 November 2005)."Burrows". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department,
Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
McKellar, Norman L. (May–June 1962). "Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921".The
Belgian Shiplover. Brussels: Belgian Nautical Research Association (87): 270–285.OCLC 5887022.
Naval History & Heritage Command."West Alsek". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department,
Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
Naval History & Heritage Command."West Bridge". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department,
Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
Stringer, Harry R. (1921). The Navy Book of Distinguished Service. Washington, D.C.: Fassett Pub. Co.
OCLC 2654351.

External links
Photo gallery of West Bridge at NavSource Naval History

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