Cost Analysis

Cost Analysis in Wockhardt Hospital
CHAPTER-
1
The Oxford College of Business Management. 1

1.1.1 COST –IT’S RELEVENCE IN DECISION MAKING
Cost is a measurement in monetary terms, of the amount of resources used for
the purpose of production of goods or for rendering service. Cost is measured by the
sacrifice made in terms of resources or price paid to acquire goods and services. Here
two things can be stated:
(1) Resources are in short supply, and
(2) Nothing in the world is free.
Most of the tasks performed by a hospital management are concerned with decision
making to make the best use of limited resources and exercise managerial control so
that resources are not wrongly or wastefully used. Relevant and reliable cost data will
enable managers to discharge their responsibilities more effectively, efficiently and
rationally.
1.1.2 COST ANALYSIS
Cost analysis is defined as re-arranging and reclassifying cost and income data in such
a manner and detail as to reveal significant relationship to management.
Cost analysis is the process of identifying and expressing the financial impact of a
particular service or commodity. It is the process of apportioning or allocating the cost

of department on the basis of statistical data that measures the amount of services
rendered by that department.
It is an effective management tool for controlling cost because each cost component
can be carefully analyzed and compared with the revenue to give an accurate financial
picture of the department so that management can take corrective actions.
1.1.3 MARGINAL COSTING
Marginal costing is the ascertainment of marginal cost by differentiating between
fixed and variable cost. It is used to ascertain the effect of changes in volume or type
of output on profit.
1.2 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND
1.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO COST ACCOUNTING
Modern business needs frequent information about business activities to plan
accurately for the future, to control business results, and to make a proper appraisal of
the performance of persons working in an organization. The fulfillment of these goals
requires details about costs incurred and benefits obtained which are provided by what
is known as “cost accounting”.
Cost accounting is the recent development in the accounting world. Due to the failure
of financial accounting in providing cost information to the managers, the
industrialists became more and more conscious about cost. Due to the growing
competition and partly because of the increased government control over pricing has

encouraged growth and development of cost accounting at the beginning of the 20 th
century.
Cost accounting is the art or process of recording, analyzing and classifying of
expenditure for the purpose of product costing or service costing, ascertainment of
profitability, operational planning and cost control. Cost accounting is a forward
looking approach which is related to the recording, analyzing and classifying of
expenditure with the object of ascertaining the total and per unit cost of a product or
service.
Cost accounting is the classifying, recording and appropriate allocation of expenditure
for the determination of the costs of products or services, and for the presentation of
suitably arranged data for purposes of control and guidance of management. Thus,
cost accounting relates to the collection, classification, ascertainment of cost and its
accounting and control relating to the various elements of cost.
1.2.2 NEED FOR COST ACCOUNTING
Cost accounting is required because it provides the following:
It ascertains the true cost of production.
It classifies the cost into direct and indirect.

It provides a system of standard that is compares the actual with
predetermined
standards.
Assists in fixation of selling price and calculation of tender price.
It provides assistance in cost control
It gives assistance in planning and decision-making.
1.2.3 DEFINITION OF COST ACCOUNTANCY
The institute of cost and management accountants, London, has defined the term ‘cost
accountancy’ as “the application of costing and cost accounting principles, methods
and techniques to the science, arts and practice of cost control and the ascertainment
of profitability. It includes the presentation of information derived there from for the
purpose of managerial decision making.”
According to Gordon shillinglaw, cost accounting is defined as “the body of concepts,
methods and procedures used to measure, analyze, or estimate the costs, profitability
and performance of individual products, departments, and other segments of a
company’s operations, for either internal or external use or both, and to report on
these questions to the interested parties.”
According to Wheldon, “cost accounting is the application of accounting and costing
principles, methods and techniques in the ascertainment of cost and the analysis of

saving or excess cost incurred as compared with previous experience or with
standards”
1.2.4. FEATURES OF COST ACCOUNTANCY
The main features of cost accountancy may be given as follows:
1. Cost accountancy is a special branch of accountancy dealing with the
ascertainment of cost of product or services.
2. Cost accountancy is both a science and an art.
3. It follows the same double entry system as in financial accounting.
4. It involves the process of accumulation, classification, analysis, recording and
ascertainment of costs.
5. It determines the total and per unit cost of products and services.
6. It provides data for fixing the selling price of products and services.
7. It provides data to the management for exercising effective control over costs.
8. It provides data to the management for the use in forward planning and
decision-making process.
1.2.5. SCOPE OF COST ACCOUNTANCY
Cost accountancy includes the following subjects:
1. Costing:
Costing refers to the techniques and processes of ascertaining costs. Costing
consists of the principles, rules, methods and techniques (accumulation,

classification, analysis and allocation) used to determine the costs of products and
services.
2. Cost accounting:
Cost accounting is the science which records and determines scientifically the
accurate cost of manufacturing or service per unit and controls and guides the
person involved in the organization of production.
3. Cost control:
Cost control guides the organization by setting up targets, measurement of the
actuals, comparison of the actuals with targets to ascertain the variances, analysis
of variances and taking corrective actions to eliminate the variances.
4. Budgetary control:
Budgetary control is a system whereby the budgets are used as a means of
planning and controlling costs.
5. Cost audit:
Cost audit is the verification of the correctness of cost accounts and a check on the
adherence to the cost accounting plan.
1.2.6. OBJECTIVES OF COST ACCOUNTING
The primary object of cost accounting is to find out the cost of unit of
production of a commodity or service. According to J.R. Batliboi – “the main
objects of cost accounts, irrespective of the branch of industry to which they

are applied should always be to express faithfully and accurately the true
costs.”
The objectives of cost accounting may be summarized as follows:
1. To ascertain the total and per unit cost of the commodity produced,
work performed and service rendered.
2. To ascertain the profitability of different products, jobs or work-
orders.
3. To exercise effective control over wastage and loss of materials
during production
4. To provide means to measure the efficiency of labour.
5. To exercise effective control on the total cost of labour engaged in
each department of the business.
6. To exercise effective control on the idle time of workers and
machines.
7. To enable the manufactures to study comparative costs of different
periods and to throw light on the extent and causes of variation.
8. To provide statistical data for the purpose of submitting quotations or
tenders.
9. To provide reliable information and statistical data for framing the
future policy of the manufacturing concern.
10. To collect data for the preparation of cost accounts.

11. To provide for cost control through budgetary control and standard
costing systems.
12. To present and interpret data for management planning, decision
making and control.
1.2.7. ADVANTAGES OF COST ACCOUNTING
Cost accounting system renders invaluable services to the manufactures, management,
employees, investors, consumers and government. These services or advantages may
be summarized as follows:
• ADVANTAGES TO MANUFACTURERS AND MANAGEMENT:
The main advantages of a sound costing system to the manufacturers and management
are as follows:
1. Ascertainment of cost:
The principle object of cost accounting system is to ascertain scientifically the cost of
production and this is also the main advantage of cost accounting system. The cost
accounting system enables the manufacturer to ascertain exact cost per unit, per job or
per contract not only at the final stage of completion but also at various stages of
production or execution.
2. Disclosure of profitable and unprofitable activities:

Cost accounting system discloses the profitable and unprofitable activities of
a business and thus affords valuable suggestion or elimination of those, which are
less profitable or completely unprofitable, and for an expansion or adoption of
those, which are profitable.
3. Provision of basis for determination of selling price:
By disclosing actual cost of production, cost accounting system provides the
businessman with a reliable basis for fixing selling price of his products. Thus it
saves the manufacturer from losses, which may arise due to injudicious fixation of
prices without actually looking to the cost of production.
4. Comparison of cost:
Cost accounting system furnishes reliable data for comparing costs in
different periods, for different volume of output, in different departments and in
different establishments.
5. Check on the accuracy of financial accounts:
Cost accounting system provides an independent and most reliable check
on the accuracy of financial accounts by means of the reconciliation of profits as
shown by cost accounts and final accounts.
6. Calculation of tender price or quotation price:

Cost accounting system provides a reliable basis for preparing tenders or
quotations at which the manufacturer agrees to supply goods to a prospective
customer at some future date.
• ADVANTAGES TO THE CREDITORS AND INVESTORS
A sound business concern with a good system of costing attracts more investors as it
becomes easier to judge the financial strength and creditworthiness of the business.
• ADVANTAGE TO THE GOVERNMENT
It provides ready figures for use by the government for applications to the problems
like price fixation, price control, tariff protection, wage level fixation, payment of
dividends or settlement of disputes.
• ADVANTAGES TO THE CONSUMERS
The ultimate aim of costing is to reduce cost of production to the minimum and
maximizes the profits of the business. A part of the benefit resulting from the
reduction of the cost is usually passed on to the consumers in the form of lower
prices.
1.2.8 LIMITATIONS OF COST ACCOUNTING
The following are the main limitations of cost accounting:
Installation of costing system is expensive:

Many formalities are to be observed by a small and medium size concern due to
which the establishment and running costs are so much that it becomes difficult for
these concerns to afford its cost.
• Cost accounting lacks a uniform procedure:
It is possible that two equally competent cost accountants may arrive at different
results from the same information
• It increases the workload:
All business organizations are required to prepare financial accounts to determine
the profit and financial position. Installation of cost accounting system along with
financial accounting increases the workload.
• Handling futuristic situation:
The contribution of cost accounting for handling futuristic situation has not been
much. For example, it has not evolved any tool for handling inflationary situation.
1.2.9 COST SHEET OR STATEMENT OF COST
Cost sheet is a statement designed to show the output of a particular accounting period
along with break up of costs. The data incorporated in cost sheet are collected from
various statements of accounts, which have been written in cost accounts.
There is no fixed form for preparation of cost sheet but in order to make the cost sheet
more useful it is generally presented in columnar form. The information to be

incorporated in cost sheet would depend upon the requirement of the management for
the purpose of control.
1.2.10 ADVANTAGES OF COST SHEET
The advantages of cost sheet are as follows:
1. It discloses the total cost and the cost per unit of the units produced during
the given period.
2. It enables the management to have a close watch and control over the cost
of production.
3. It acts as a guide to management and helps in formulating useful policies.
4. It helps in fixing up the prices more accurately.
5. It helps to minimize the cost of production.
6. It helps to submit quotations with reasonable degree of accuracy against the
tenders.
7. By preparing cost sheet it is possible to find out the variations in costs and
to eliminate the adverse factors and conditions, which go to increase the
total cost.
1.2.11 METHODS OF COSTING
Basically there are two methods of costing as per CIMA terminology viz:
i) Specific order costing:
It is the category of basic costing methods applicable where the work consists of
separate jobs, batches or contracts each of which is authorized by a specific order

or contract. Job costing, batch costing, and contract costing are included in this
category.
ii) Operation costing:
It is the category of basic costing methods applicable where standardized goods or
services result form a sequence of repetitive and more or less continuous
operations or process to whish costs are charged before being averaged over units
produced during the period.
1.2.12 TYPES OR TECHNIQUES OF COSTING
Following are the main types of costing for ascertaining costs:
1. Uniform costing:
It is the use of same costing principles and /or practices by several undertakings
for common control or comparison of costs.
2. Marginal costing:
It is the ascertainment of marginal cost by differentiating between fixed and
variable cost. It is used to ascertain the effect of changes in volume or output on
profit.
3. Standard costing:

A comparison is made of the actual cost with a pre-arranged standard and the cost
of any deviation (variance) is analyzed by causes. This permits the management to
investigate the reasons for these variances and to take corrective action.
4. Historical costing:
It is ascertainment of costs after they have been incurred. It aims at ascertaining
costs actually incurred on work done in the past. It has a limited utility, though
comparison of costs over different periods may yield good results.
5. Direct costing:
It is the practice of charging all direct costs, variable and some fixed costs relating
to operations, processes or product leaving all the other costs to be written off
against profits in which they arise.
6. Absorption costing:
It is the practice of charging all costs, both variable and fixed to operations,
processes or products. This differs from marginal costing where fixed costs are
excluded.
1.2.13 MEANING OF MARGINAL COSTING
The Chartered institute of management accountants, England, defines the term
“marginal cost” as follows:

Marginal cost is the amount at any given volume of output by which aggregate
costs are changed if the volume of output is increased or decreased by one unit. In
this context a unit may be a single, a batch of articles, an order, a stage of
production capacity or a department. It relates to the change in output in the
particular circumstances under consideration.
According to CIMA terminology marginal costing is the ascertainment of
marginal cost and of the effect of changes in the volume or type of output by
differentiating between fixed costs and variable costs. In this technique of costing
only variable costs are charged to operations, processes or products, leaving all
indirect costs to be written off against profits in the period in which they arise.
It is clear from the above that only variable costs form part of product cost in the
technique of marginal costing because only variable costs are charged if output is
increased or decreased and fixed costs remain the same.
1.2.14 FEATURES OF MARGINAL COSTING
The following are the main features of marginal costing:
 It is a technique of costing which is used to ascertain the marginal cost
and to know the impact of variable cost on the volume of output.
 All costs are classified into fixed and variable cost on the basis of
variability.
 Variable costs alone are charged to production. Fixed costs are
recovered from contribution.

 Selling price is based on marginal cost plus the contribution.
 Profit is calculated by deducting marginal cost and fixed cost from
sales.
 The profitability of product/department is based on contribution made
available by each product/department.
1.2.15 ADVANTAGES OF MARGINAL COSTING
The following are the main advantages of marginal costing:
• It is simple to understand and easy to operate.
• In marginal costing, it is established that profit is a function of sale and
not of production as profit depends on sales volume and not on
production volume.
• There is no problem of computing fixed overhead recovery rates and
there under or over recovery as fixed overheads are charges against the
contribution.
• It facilitates control over variable cost by avoiding arbitrary
apportionment or allocation of fixed cost.

• It is very useful tool of planning. It guides the management about the
profitability of earning profit at various levels of production and sales.
• It is a very valuable technique in decision-making. It provides
information to the management in making decisions like make or buy,
selling price fixation etc.
• It helps in cost control by concentrating on variable cost, as the fixed
cost is non -controllable in the short period.
• It helps in evaluation of performance of different departments,
divisions and sales man.
• It is a valuable adjunct to standard costing and budgetary costing.
1.2.16 LIMITATIONS OF COST ACCOUNTING
Marginal costing technique has certain limitations, which must be kept in
mind while making use of this technique
1. The separation of expenses into fixed and variable presents certain
technical difficulties where as marginal costing technique assumes that all
expenses can be divided into fixed and variable. In fact, no variable cost is
completely variable and no fixed cost is completely fixed. Actually, most
of the expenses are semi variable and it is difficult to segregate them into
fixed and variable.

2. With the development of technology, fixed expenses have increased and
their impact on production is much more than that of variable expenses.
Therefore, a system of costing which ignores fixed expenses is less
effective because a significant proportion of the cost representing fixed
expenses is not taken care of.
3. Marginal costing technique is difficult to be applied in contract or ship
building industry where the value of work-in-progress is high in relation to
turnover.
4. Marginal costing technique cannot be successfully applied in cost plus
contracts unless a high percentage over the marginal cost is charged from
the contractee to cover the fixed costs and profits.
5. Some times an order from a new customer is accepted at a very low price
on the argument that if marginal cost is little less than the price of the
order it will give some contribution. This may some times lead to general
reduction in selling price and thus to losses.

CHAPTER-
2

2.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
Emory defines research as “An organized inquiry designed and carried out to provide
information for solving a problem”
Research methodology is always a comparison between options and choices that are
frequently determined by the availability of resources. There is no one best approach,
rather, the most effective approach for understanding and resolution of a chosen
problem depends on a large number of variables, not least the nature of the problem
itself.

Bechhofer says, “The research process is a clear cut sequence of procedures following
a neat patron and a messy interaction between the conceptual and empirical world,
deduction and induction accruing at the same time.”
Types of research:
1. Descriptive research:
Descriptive study is a fact-finding investigation with adequate
information. It is designed to gather descriptive information and provides information
for formulating more sophisticated studies. Using one or more appropriate methods
the data is collected.
2. Analytical study:
Analytical study is a system of procedures and techniques of analysis
applied to quantitative data.
2.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design is considered to be the blue print for action, which is made before
the respective action to be undertaken. How ever it needs to be flexible.
A research design is a logical and systematic plan prepared for directing a research
study.
It specifies
• The Objectives of the study.
• The methodology and techniques adopted for achieving the objectives.
• Statement of the problem identified in the organization.
• The sources and type of information collected.

A research design is the program that guides the investigator in the process of
collecting, analyzing and interpreting observations.
2.3 SOURCES OF COLLECTING DATA
The search for an answer to research questions calls for collection of data. Data are
facts, figures and other relevant materials, past and present, serving as basis for study
and analysis.
2.3.1 Primary data:
Primary data are first hand information directly collected from the original
source. The various methods of collecting these data were through observation, oral
interview, discussions and personal visiting to the concerned department with prior
appointments.
2.3.2 Secondary data:
Secondary data are the readily available data that do not require the trouble
of constructing tools and administering them. The sources of collection of these data
were accounting records like purchase record, stock book, handouts, magazines, web
sites etc
2.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
“Analysis of costs of tests to assist the price revision of a laboratory.”

2.6 NEED OF THE STUDY
Costing is the backbone of any organization to review its existing cost and to
formulate new products.
Costing for this department (pathology) was not carried out for the last 2 years, as per
the company policy the prices of this department is revised once in 2 years.
Thus the need of the study is strongly recommended by the organization.
2.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• This study helps in identifying, classifying and ascertaining cost for each test,
which in turn helps the management in fixing the selling prices effectively and
efficiently.
• The scope of this study is confined only to the pathological department
(laboratory) of Wockhardt Hospital & Heart Institute (WHHI).
• The scope of this study does not include the areas of design and development,
planning and control of materials, stock maintenance, inventory, marketing,
human resource department etc.
2.8 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are as under:

1. To identify and ascertain the cost associated with the corresponding tests.
2. To analyze the profit based on the cost identified.
3. To review the selling price.
4. To provide a basis for setting standard cost.
2.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPTS
• Pathology department (laboratory)
It is a department, which provides the information to doctors in order to assist
them in arriving at correct diagnosis for the treatment and prevention of diseases.
• Reagents
Reagents are chemical solutions used to get the appropriate results of the
corresponding test.
• Control /Calliberation
They are chemical solutions that are required to be run through the machine
regularly to check whether it performs with in the normal range and provides the
results accurately.
In other words they are used to cross check or verify if the machine is in its proper
condition and whether the results of the tests are being provided accurately.
2.10 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1) Cost Accounting: Principle and Practice

S.P Jain and K.L Narang.
2) Cost Accounting:
Jawahar lal
3) Fundamental of Cost Accounting:
Sikka T.R
4) Advanced cost Accounting and cost analysis & control:
B.M Lal Nigam and G.L.Sharma.
5) Methodology of Research in social sciences:
Dr.O.R Krishnaswamy
6) Managerial Accounting for hospital:
G.R.Kulkarni.
7) Websites:
www.wochardthospitals.com
www.whhi.com
www.msn.com
www.msn encarta.com
2.11 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1. This unit study is confined to the pathology department of a hospital.
2. The study does not take into consideration the extra cost that might be
incurred in case of spillage of reagents by the technicians.

3. The study does not consider the retesting cost incurred in some circumstances
where the test requires to be repeated if it gives abnormal results.
2.12 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER-1 AN OVERVIEW OF COST ACCOUNTING
This chapter throws light on the theoretical background of the topic selected,
introduction, features, scope, advantages and limitations of cost accounting. Basically
this chapter summarizes the theory or conceptual framework with in which the
problem has been investigated.
CHAPTER-2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Second chapter deals with the design of the study i.e. research methodology
used statement of the problem, need, scope, objectives, sources of collecting data,
review of literature and limitations of the study.
CHAPTER-3 COMPANY PROFILE
This chapter provides the information regarding the company in which the
study is conducted. It provides with the theoretical background, origin, objectives,
international alliance, milestone achieved by the company.
CHAPTER-4 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
In this chapter all calculations pertaining to the study are calculated, analyzed and
interpreted.
CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

This is the final chapter of the study with the findings, conclusion of the over all study
along with the suggestions pertaining to the areas of improvement.

CHAPTER-
3
3.1 INDUSTRIAL BACKGROUND
HISTORY OF HOSPITALS

The term hospital derives from the Latin word Hospitals, which relates to guests and
their treatment. The word reflects the early use of these institutions not merely as
places of healing but as havens for the poor or for weary travelers. Hospitals first
appeared in Greece as Aesculapius, named after the Greek God of medicine,
Aesculapius. For many centuries they developed in association with religious
institutions, such as the Hindu Hospitals opened in Sri.Lanka in the 5 th century BC
and the monastery-based European Hospitals of the middle ages (5 th century to 15th
century). The hotel Dieu in Paris, a monastic Hospital founded in 660 AD, is still in
operation today, most people were treated for their illnesses by neighbors and friends
in their homes well into the 1800s. Hospitals changed radically after the civil war in
the early years of the war no Hospitals were available to treat the thousands of
soldiers who were wounded or became ill, but by the war’s end in 1865, 200 hospitals
with more than 137,000 beds had opened in the northern states. In addition to the
military hospitals that emerged during the civil war, many voluntary and public
hospitals appeared in the 1850’s.
Through out the 1850’s and 1860’s it was for more dangerous to receive care in a
Hospital than at home because of poor sanitation. As many as 25% of patients died
after surgery because hospitals of that area were over crowded, poorly ventilated, and
inadequately cleaned. The introduction of antiseptic techniques by British Surgeon
Joseph Lister in 1865 marked a turning point in the safety of Hospitalization.
Patients care also improved as a result of the formal training of nurses at the first
U.S.nursing schools, which were founded independently in a 1873 by Bellevue
Hospitals in New York, New Haven Hospital in connect cut, and Boston’s

Massachusetts general Hospitals. The development of X-rays and the clinical
laboratory in the 2890’s further improved the quality of care available to patients and
prompted the opening of many new hospitals, including religious hospitals and
hospitals that specialized in the treatment of women or children. The number for-
profit hospitals owned by Doctors also increased between 1890 and 1020.
INTRODUCTION
Hospital, institution that provides a broad range of medical services to sick,
injured, or pregnant patients. Hospitals employ medical, nursing, and support staff to
provide in-patient care to pupil who required close medical monitoring and out-
patient care to people who need treatment but not constant medical attention.
Hospitals provide diagnosis and medical treatment of physical and mental health
problems, surgery, rehabilitation, health education programs, and nursing and
physician training. Many hospitals also serve as centers of innovative research and
medical technology.
Hospitals being one of the health care providers are institutions providing medical
treatment and care to the ill and injured people. The state, charities, individuals, and
now corporate bodies are funding and managing them.
Other health care providers being:
-Individual medical practioners.
-Nursing homes.
-Homes for aged.
-Drug/alcohol rehabilitation centers, etc

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
• Vast range of services
• Use of sophisticated equipment
• Critical role of employees
• High cost
• Changing profile of hospitals that is they are generally super-speciality and
have foreign tie ups with international healthcare institutions
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• Lack of profit motive (other than corporate hospitals)
• Emphasis on service
• Absence of competition
• Intangible output
TYPES OF HOSPITALS
Hospitals in the United States are classified into the following:
On the basis of the services provided they are classified as:
1. General Hospital
2. Specialized Hospitals
On the basis of the length of the stay by the patients they are classified as:
1. Short stay

2. Long-term care
On the basis of the ownership they are classified as:
1. Not for profit
2. Proprietary/Private/Corporate
3. Government owned
HOSPITAL DEPARTMENTS
Hospitals are typically organized into medical departments, or units, such as an
emergency room surgical suites, intensive care unit, pediatric and maternity wards,
and departments of radiology, anesthesiology, pathology, and rehabilitative medicine.
A hospital emergency department is staffed 24 hours a day by Doctors and nurses
who have been trained to diagnose health problems quickly, these doctors and nurses
perform medical or surgical treatments that stabilize a patient condition so that the
patient can be moved to anther part of Hospital for additional case. When the
emergency room is crowded with patients, emergency department staff identifies and
respond immediately to the most seriously ill or injured patients, a medical approach
called triage.
The surgical suits include the actual operating rooms, where surgical procedures are
performed, and postoperative recovery rooms. All operating rooms have an operating
table that can be adjusted to accommodate the surgical procedure and facilitate the use
of sophisticated monitoring equipment. Instruments and equipment, such as lasers or

television screens, are brought into the operating room as needed. After surgery
patients are taken to the post operative recovery room, adjacent to the operating room,
so they can be monitored as they awaken from anesthesia.
Many hospitals offer two types of ICUs- one for patients who have had surgery and
one for patients with dangerous medical conditions, usually involving the heart.
Some hospitals also have ICUs for new borns or burn patients. Intensive Care Units
use monitoring equipment that transmits data on a patient’s condition directly to the
nurses station. ICUs also have on hand technology and medication that are specific to
the medical needs of the patients they serve. For example, new born ICUs have
equipment that is specifically designed to deliver Oxygen to tiny babies, while burn
units have special ventilation system to reduce the chance that patient will be expose
to infection.
The pediatric unit admits only children and is equipped with instruments and
machines that are suitable for the small size of its patients. Hospitals often prepare
children for a hospital stay by allowing them to visit before being admitted so that the
surroundings will seem less frightening during their stay. Some hospitals allow a
parent to stay in the Childs room during a hospital stay. Pediatric wards often have
play room for their young patients and organized special activities such as parties to
cheer children who are hospitalized during the holidays.
Hospitals also have departments that assists in the treatment of patients but that
are not involved in there day-to-day care. The department of radiology provides
internal images of the body to diagnose and treat diseases, the anesthesiology
department works with physicians to provide the safest type of anesthesia for a patient
during surgery and pain relief after surgery, and the pathology department examines

body tissues in a laboratory t diagnose disease. Some hospitals help patients in their
recovery by providing the services of a department of rehabilitative medicine, which
is often headed by a Doctor and staffed by physical and occupational therapists.
These professionals help patients regain normal physical functions following surgery
and relearn muscular controle and co-ordination in resuming every day tasks.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY HOSPITALS
General Hospitals, regardless of their size, provide patients with a vide range of
services, including emergency treatment, surgery, and medical and nursing care.
Specialized Hospitals, in contrast, may concentrate on a particular group of patients,
such as children, or a disease, such as Cancer, Heart etc., and some specialized
hospitals combined treatment and research.
For instance, Roswell park Cancer Institute in Buffalo,
New York, offers 37 specialized Cancer treatment centers, including centers for
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids) related Cancers, Brain tumors, and
ovarian cancer, and provides state-of-the-Art treatments for these Cancers that are not
generally available in other Hospitals. The institutes also conducts research on new
Cancer drugs and procedures, such as Photo dynomic therapy, which uses a laser to
activate Cancer-killing chemicals inside tumors. Some General and specialized
Hospitals are also function as tertiary care centers, treating the most difficult and
complex cases or the most seriously ill patients. These may include patients who need
heart, lung, or liver transplants. Many Hospitals that serve as teaching institutions

train residents (Medical school graduates who are doing post graduate training) in
general medicines are specialty areas. Teaching Hospitals also train others interested
in a Health case career, including nurses and laboratory specialists. Although some of
these hospitals are relatively small and train only a few Doctors in teaching
programmes that are affiliated with medical schools approximately 300 Hospitals are
University-based academic medical centers that offer both medical training and
opportunities for medical research. Academic medical centers are usually massive
urban Hospitals linked closely with major medical schools. Although academic
medical centers represent only 6% of all U.S.Hospitals, they care for about 20% of all
patients nation wide because they serve as referral Centers for specialized
consultation or for advanced diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for patients in
wide Regional areas. The medical center of the University of California at San
Francisco annually admits almost 27000 patients and treats about 340,000 out patients
in its clinics and 53,000 patients in its emergency room and trauma center.
INTRODUCTIO TO WOCKHARDT LIMITED
Wockhardt Limited, established nearly four decades ago, is a research and technology
oriented Pharmaceutical Company. It is the number one Pharmaceutical Company in
the United Kingdom and 4th largest in India, operating in 13 countries. It is also
credited
as the only super-specialty healthcare provider in India from the past 15 years.

Wockhardt has emerged as a leading player in domestic as well as international
markets, with widely accepted and effective drugs and formulations.
Research and Development
As a front-runner in multi-disciplinary R&D programs, Wockhardt comprises a team
of 350 eminent scientists largely focused on developing innovative technologies and
New Drug Discovery. The company has a dedicated team of over 90 scientists
engaged in new drug discovery research and has several new chemical entities in the
field of sepsis and anti-infective.
Innovation rather than Invention is the short-term focus of Wockhardt's R&D
program. As a hospital, their efforts are dedicated and committed to the creation of
patient value. At Wockhardt, we are convinced that a judicious blend of technology,
clinical expertise and personalized care applied in the context of achieving patient
satisfaction can make their pursuit of excellence in health care highly rewarding.
Wockhardt Hospitals, India, currently operates the Wockhardt Hospital & Heart
Institute, Bangalore (http://www.whhi.com/), Wockhardt Hospital & Kidney Institute,
Kolkata (http://www.whki.com/) and Wockhardt Hospitals, Mumbai
(http://www.wockhardthospitals.com/) Wockhardt hospitals, Nagpur and Hyderabad.
Since then, these hospitals have become centers of excellence in their respective
fields, and draw patients not only from their cities, but also from surrounding states

and even neighboring countries. Wockhardt Hospital is planning to set up additional
five super-specialty hospitals in the next three years, of which three will be at
Mumbai and one at Bangalore. All these will have modern and world-class facilities.
Wockhardt Hospitals Limited is a chain of specialty hospitals in India under the
Wockhardt Group. With over a decade of experience since inception, Wockhardt
Hospitals is committed to provide us with the best medical services in the country and
is known for offering a comprehensive and world-class care. It has all the assets that
make it the best, in-fact one of the foremost hospitals in the country.
BRANCHES OF WOCKHARDT HOSPITALS LIMITED
1. Wockhardt Hospital & Kidney Institute, Kolkata
The Kolkata center has expanded in a big way with the creation of the
Wockhardt Hospital & Kidney Institute – a 70 bedded dedicated urology super-
specialty hospital specialized in handling personalized “day care” service in urology,
gastroenterology and ophthalmology.
Being one of its kinds in eastern India, the center offers several comprehensive health
check-up packages meeting various needs of individuals and corporates.
2. Wockhardt Hospitals, Mumbai
Wockhardt has associated with Harvard Medical International, USA, to bring you
Wockhardt Hospitals, Mumbai. Wockhardt joined hands with the Government of

Maharashtra to set up a 250 - bedded super-specialty hospital in Mumbai, with state-
of-the-art surgical and Medicare facilities. Wockhardt will hold 51 percent of the joint
venture equity and the Government of Maharashtra with the funding assistance of the
World Bank will hold 49 percent.
Wockhardt Hospitals, Mumbai, is equipped with five different super-specialty
focused hospitals, to offer you a comprehensive and world-class care, all under one
roof.
>Wockhardt Heart Hospital
This hospital vows to offer you the best of cardiac care, with an excellent clinical
record of highly qualified and expert cardiac surgeons. It also has interventional
cardiologists with an international collective experience of more than 10,000
cardiothoracic surgeries, 25,000 Angiograms and 8,000 Angioplasties. The hospital is
equipped with Cardiothoracic OT, Cardiac Catheterization Lab, well-equipped ICCU
facility, all designed to meet the international standards.
>Wockhardt Brain & Spine Hospital
This hospital provides extensive medical and surgical care for patients with disorders of the brain,
spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. The neurologists and neurosurgeons are backed by the
most extensive neuro-diagnostic and imaging facilities including MRI and CT technology. Along with
providing general diagnostic x-ray imaging, Wockhardt Brain and Spine Hospital offers you a magnitude
of imaging services like EEG, EMG, Sensation 10 CT Scanner, Functional MRI with Spectroscopy,
OPMI Multivision etc.
>Wockhardt Bone & Joint Hospital

This hospital specializes in all types of musculoskeletal problems
ranging from trauma to minimal invasive arthroscopy. The clinical team is also specialized
in joint replacement surgery, ligament repair, knee & spine surgery, minimum access joint surgery,
pediatric bone and joint surgeries and sports medicine
> Wockhardt Eye Hospital
This hospital is poised to be the leading center for ophthalmology in Mumbai. It
has specialty clinics in cornea, glaucoma, vitreo-retina and retinovascular,
uveitis, squint, orbital diseases and oculoplasty, cataract & intra-ocular surgery,
diabetic retinopathy and neuro-ophthalmology. The latest treatments and
technology available in the hospital are OCTIII, IOL Master, FF 450 Fundus
Camera, Millennium Micro Surgical System, SP-2000P Non-Contact Specular Microscope,
Corneal Topography and Y.A.G. Laser.
> Wockhardt Minimal Access Surgery Hospital
To minimize surgical trauma, pain and blood loss to the patients, the hospital is
focusing more on the Minimal Access Surgery. Also known as keyhole or band-aid
surgery, it has been used for several years as an alternative to traditional open-
surgery. The hospital will provide excellent services in the areas of neuro-surgery,
abdomen, thoracic, bone & joint, pulmonary and ENT.

WOCKHARDT HOSPITALS & HEART INSTITUTE (WHHI), BANGALORE
VISION:
 Maintaining the health of the world’s swelling population ranks amongst the
highest of social priorities and health care providers stand in the front line of
this all effort.
 At wockhardt hospital and heart institute, we seek to differentiate ourselves
by our international perspective to deliver exceptional cardiacare.
 We will always place our emphasis on consistently securing our patients
prosperity through investing in knowledge and expertise which creates better
lives and delivers superlative values to our patients in a uniquely personalized
way
MISSION:
“To save and enrich the quality life of patients suffering from cardiac disease, through
the efficient deployment of technology and human expertise, in a caring and nurturing
environment with the greatest respect for human dignity and life.”
INTRODUCTION TO WHHI
Wockhardt Hospital & Heart Institute, Bangalore
In 1989, Wockhardt Ltd. instituted a dedicated super-specialty cardiac hospital in
the south Indian city of Bangalore, with a focus to excel in the field of cardiology and

cardiovascular surgery. Since inception, they have grown to become a renowned
tertiary level heart center providing cardiac care to patients of all age group including
infants.
Wockhardt Hospital & Heart Institute is ranked amongst the very best heart
Institutes in India and over the years has performed several thousand successful
cardiac surgeries and over a thousand angioplasties. This center is also tied-up with
five major medical insurance companies and with some of the premier heart institutes
of the world.
A long standing reputation, for cardiovascular excellence along with premier
diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, enables them to treat the most complex and
high risk cardiac patients. This has resulted in the institution being recognized
amongst the best heart hospitals in India and a treatment destination for cardiac
patients from not only their cities, but also from surrounding states and even
neighboring countries.
The number of Cardiac surgeries, Angioplasties and Coronary Angiograms
performed each year and the commitment to provide highest quality of cardiac care
with compassion and concern for each patient's well being has earned them the
recognition of being a 'Center of Excellence' in cardiac care.

The services include both invasive and non-invasive procedures along with all
necessary diagnostic facilities.
OBJECTIVES
• Setting best practice standards in our services, continuously improving
performance and exceeding the expectations of patients and their families.
• Training and developing the best human resource as the key to deliver
Superior patient service.
• Consistently investing in technology and infrastructure to match International
Benchmarks.
• Building and maintaining long-term patient relationships, so as to become
an essential resource for their well being.
• Leading the development of professional standards in Healthcare
Management.
• Continuously educating the community in the prevention of cardiac disorders.
International Alliances
A trusted name in Healthcare, Wockhardt Hospitals treat patients from all over South
Asia, South East Asia, the Middle East and Africa. A significant endorsement for
Wockhardt Hospitals is its tie-up with many global health insurance giants.

Wockhardt Hospitals is the first recognized hospital in South Asia on the worldwide
panel of BlueCross BlueShield, the largest provider of health insurance in USA.
The lists of global tie-ups are:
* Blue Cross & Blue Shield Association, USA
* SOS International Inc. Singapore
* Global Emergency Services Inc. USA
* BUPA, UK
* MEDEX Inc. USA
* Global Medicine Management Inc. USA
* Assist America Inc. USA
* GESA Assistance, Singapore
HARVARD MEDICAL INTERNATIONAL (HMI) ALLIANCE
In pursuance of its vision to establish state-of-the-art medical facilities in India with
high degree of clinical excellence, Wockhardt Hospitals has entered into two strategic
alliances with Harvard Medical International (HMI).
A long-term exclusive agreement with Harvard Medical International, Boston,USA,
whereby Wockhardt has access to Harvard's expertise and experience in the field of
surgical and medicare services, as well as in setting up and developing hospitals of excellence
throughout the world.

Wockhardt surgeons and paramedical staff will also benefit from Harvard Medical training and induction
in critical surgical and medicare services at Harvard's institutes at Boston, USA, as well as at Wockhardt
Hospitals.
As an associate hospital of Harvard Medical International, in India, Wockhardt
Hospitals derives knowledge from various Harvard associated hospitals in the world to bring you
the global standards in technology and expertise.
Wockhardt will also benefit from the extensive learning and experience of Harvard Medical School. This
association will always help Wockhardt Hospitals to stay at the forefront of medical technology and
techniques, ahead of others.
Harvard Medical International
Harvard Medical International (HMI) "a non-profit organization" was established to
extend Harvard Medical School's tradition of improving the quality of health care
through excellence in clinical medicine, medical education and biomedical research.
Adhering to the standards that have made Harvard one of the most respected
academic medical institutions in the world, HMI utilizes the talents of the Faculty of
Medicine, it's affiliated institutions and selected strategic partners. It has an extensive
knowledge base in clinical and biomedical research.
www.hms.harvard.edu/hmi/newindex.html
Partnership Principles

Drawing upon the resources of Harvard Medical School and its affiliated institutions,
HMI is creating unique programs for Wockhardt hospitals committed to high quality
healthcare. The guiding principles used by HMI in this relationship are to maintain
medical integrity, objectivity and academic independence.
A Partnership of Medical Excellence
Harvard Medical International will associate with Wockhardt Hospitals in improving
patient-centered quality care particularly in the areas of:
# Facility development and Leadership programs
# Nursing excellence
# Quality management
# Organizational strategic planning and development
# IT strategies and provider network development
# Clinical education and clinical investigator training
# Research program development
# Adapting to managed care environment
Nursing Care
Wockhardt follows global standards in nursing care. We believe that good nursing
practices create sensitive healthcare institutions.
Constant interaction and training from Harvard Medical faculty has inculcated not just
high levels of academic orientation but also a feeling of "Service from the Heart".

Continuous nursing education programs and a specialized one-year course in
Cardiovascular and Thoracic nursing make Wockhardt nurses excel in
the art of patient care.
Milestones
• The 1st Hospital in India to perform Minimally Invasive Coronary
Artery Bypass surgery.
• The 1st Single specialty dedicated Heart Center in South India.
• The 1st Corporate Hospitals to cross 1000 Open Heart surgeries in
Karnataka and now having performed over 7800 Cardiac surgeries.
• The 1st Hospital to perform Intra-Coronary Stent Implantation, Mitral
Valvuloplasty, Rotablator, Coil Closure for Ductus & Internal Carotid
Angioplasty in Karnataka.
• The 1st Corporate Hospital to introduce Primary Angioplasty & Intra
Coronary Ultrasound facilities in Karnataka.

• The 1st Hospital in India to perform Vertebral Artery Angioplasty.
• The 1st Hospital in India to launch an Emergency Cardiacare services
through "The Wockhardt Cardiac Line."
• The 1st Hospital in South Asia to be recognized by the American
BlueCross BlueShield.
• Association on their worldwide network of participating hospitals.
• The 1st heart hospital to achieve ISO 9002 certification.
• Pioneered Stone Management and Key Hole surgery in Eastern India
and Bangladesh.
CHAPTER-
4
ANALYSIS
The term “Analysis” is used to mean the simplification of financial data by
methodological classification of the given data.

The data once collected need to be processed, as they cannot straight away provide
answers to research questions. They are like raw materials, which needs processing.
Data processing involves classifications & summarization of data.
Data processing is an intermediary stage of work between data collection and data
analysis.
To analyze the data it was first classified according to different sections in the
pathology department i.e. Biochemistry, Haematology, serology, microbiology, &
clinical pathology. Than other information like the tests done under each of these
sections, the equipment/ instrument used, reagents, controls & calibrations and other
consumables required were classified & coded.
After classification and coding the mass data was tabulated in a concise logical order
in rows and columns along with its statistical figures to analyze the cost.
In order to extract meaningful information from the collected data, data analysis is
carried out. The data was first classified, coded and tabulated for the purpose of
analyzing & interpreting the same.
INTERPRETATION
Interpretation means explaining the meaning and significance of the data so
simplified/Analyzed. However, both analysis and interpretation are inter linked and

complementary to each other. Analysis is useless without interpretation and
interpretation with out analysis is difficult or even impossible. The objective of
analysis is to study the relationship between the various elements of a financial
statement by interpretation.
Under the technique of marginal costing the total cost is divided into variable cost and
fixed cost.
Table showing the total variable cost per unit
WOCKHARDT HOSPITALS LIMITED

: LABORATORY (PATHOLOGY) COSTING
TOTAL Control
V.C / Consu
JAN-07 NAME OF REAGENTS No/of/ Reagen Caliber me-
THE TEST USED COST Test t ator ables

BIOCHEMI
1(A) STRY
(HITACHI)
21.44 Glucose
(FBS, PPBS, Glucose (FBS, 2
PLBS, RBS) PPBS, PLBS, RBS) 8,938 800 11.17 .74 1.89 15.80
29.80 2
Urea Urea 11,332 500 22.66 .74 1.89 27.29

25.20 13.3 2
Creatine Creatine 5,991 450 1 .74 1.89 17.94

41.68 20.3 2
Total bilirubin Total bilirubin 9,166 450 7 .74 1.89 25.00

23.89 Alkaline Alkaline 10,479 450 23.2 2 1.89 27.92

phosphateser phosphateser 9 .74

43.08 21.2 2
SGOT AST 9,549 450 2 .74 1.89 25.85

43.08 21.2 2
SGPT ALT 9,549 450 2 .74 1.89 25.85

2.8 2
Total protein Total protein 800 280 6 .74 1.89 7.49

19.22 14.1 2
Albumin Albumin 6,352 450 2 .74 1.89 18.75

34.98 60.0 2
GGT GGT 24,010 400 3 .74 1.89 64.66

42.37 18.7 2
Cholesterol Cholesterol 14,096 750 9 .74 1.89 23.42

38.59 41.2 2
Triglycerides Triglycerides 28,861 700 3 .74 1.89 45.86

66.20 HDL- 133. 2
cholesterol HDL-cholesterol 16,002 120 35 .45 1.89 137.69

LDL- 98.5
cholesterol LDL-cholesterol 39,414 400 4 1.89 100.43

18.1 2
23.31 Uric acid Uric acid 9,094 500 9 .74 1.89 22.82
GTT (5 times of
GTT glucose) 78.95 78.95

Random urine Random urine
creatine creatine (creatine) 18 17.93
CALCULATI
ONS:
No of
CONTROL: Cost test

Precinorm U 3,523 3900 0.90

Preipath U 3,970 3900 1.02
CALIBRATO
R:
C.F.A.S 9,555 11700 0.82
2.74
Calibrator kit
for HDL 10,279 4200 2.45

CONSUMABL
ES:
Hitergent wash 4,443 11700 0.38
Lamp Cost 17715 11700 1.51
1.89
INTERPRETATION – 1(A)
In the pathology department under biochemistry section on the equipment named
Hitachi 17 different tests are being done. To do these tests the required reagent cost is
divided by the number of tests done using that reagent, to get the reagent cost per test
along with this the other costs like the control/caliberator and consumables costs are
added to get the total variable cost per test.
The current cost when compared to the cost in jan-06 there is an increase as well as
decrease in the cost of the tests. The costs for some tests have decreased because the
suppliers have offered discounts, i.e.glucose-44% discount is given, creatine-50%,
cholesterol-54%, bilirubin, SGOT &SGPT-49%, and urea & albumin-20%.
Hence the variable costs for these tests have gone down, but the costs of remaining
tests have gone up for e.g. HDL cholesterol in the year 07 was costing 66.62/- but for
the year –08 it is 137.69/- therefore there is an increase of 71.07/-.

Note: - The tests for which the cost in jan-07 has not been mentioned are the newly
introduced tests.
TOTA Contr
L No/of ol/ Cons
V.C NAME OF REAGENT / Calibe ume-
JAN-07 THE TEST S USED COST Test Reagent rator ables

BICHEMISTR
1(B) Y
ERBA/TECNO
168:
47.90 LDH LDH 1,401 25 56.04 56.04
188.24 CPK CPK 6810 35 194.57 194.57
162.57 Amylase Amylase 5,818 35 166.23 166.23
15.24 Calcium Calcium 1,115 40 27.88 27.88

Phosphorou
19.5 Phosphorous s 441 20 22.05 22.05

45.36
Magnesium Magnesium 1,489 30 49.63 49.63
INTERPRETATION- 1(B)
In the biochemistry section on the equipment named ERBA/TECNO 168, six
different types of tests are being done. When compared to the year 2007 the cost has
increased in the year 2008 i.e. the cost for CPK in the year-07 was 188.24/- but in the
year-08 it is increased to 194.57/- hence there is an increase in variable cost up to
6.33/- per unit.
Table showing the variable cost per unit
TOTA
L NO/O CONTR
V.C F/ OL/ CONS
JAN- NAME OF REAGEN COS TES REAGE CALIBE UM-
07 THE TEST TS USED T T NT RATOR ABLES

1(C) ELECYS
1010
36.7
97.74 T3 T3 8,531 175 48.75 3 81.14 166.62

36.7
149.24 T4 T4 17,847 175 101.98 3 81.14 219.85

36.7
104.32 TSH TSH 9,721 175 55.55 3 81.14 173.42

203.
160.56 FSH FSH 11,865 70 169.50 28 81.14 453.92

LH 11,866 70 169.51 203. 81.14 453.93

202.85 LH 28
210.
281.74 Prolactin Prolactin 17,477 70 249.67 78 81.14 541.59

394.
246.91 PSA PSA 12,247 70 174.96 73 81.14 650.83

21.8
125.93 CKMB CKMB 6,273 75 83.64 0 81.14 186.58

25.8
67.98 TNT TNT 17,753 75 236.71 1 81.14 343.66

435.
347.64 Beta HCG Beta HCG 18,392 70 262.74 55 81.14 779.43
INTERPRETATION - 1(C)
On the equipment named ELECYS 1010- under biochemistry section as shown above
the variable cost per unit of all the tests have increased. For example T3 the cost for
the year-07 was 97.74/- there is been an increase up to 166.62/- in the year-08
therefore there is an increase of 66.88/- per unit.
TOTA
L NO/ CONTR
V.C OF/ OL/ CONS
JAN- NAME OF REAGENT COS TE REAGE CALIBE UM-
07 THE TEST S USED T ST NT RATOR ABLES

1(D) NYCARD
Glycosylaye Nycard 3960 22 180.00 180.00
d reagent

Hemoglobi
172 n
24 hr urine
15.67 Protein Preccugent 1064 50 21.28 21.28
INTERPRETATION - 1(D)
Under this NYCARD instrument two types of tests are being done. The cost of micro
protein for the year-07 was 15.67/- which in the year-08 is increased to 21.28/- that is
there is an increase of 5.61/- per unit

TOT
AL NO/ CONTR
V.C OF/ OL/ CONS
JAN- NAME OF REAGENT COS TE REAGE CALIBE UM-
07 THE TEST S USED T ST NT RATOR ABLES

1(E) ECOLYTE
-2
ECOSYS-2
26 Electrolyte 68500
26 ABG 68500
13700 0.3
0 3600 38.06 9 38.44
CONTROL
ABG
&ELECTR
OLYTE
CONTROL 5582 14400 0.39
INTERPRETATION –1(E)
Under the biochemistry section there are four instruments that is ECOLYTE –2 and
ECOSYS –2, on which two different types of tests i.e. electrolyte & ABG are done
the cost for both the tests have increased by 12.44/- each

CON
TRO
TOTAL L/
V.C NO/O CALI CON
JAN-07 F/ BER SUM- TOTAL
NAME OF THE REAGENTS CO TES REAG ATO ABLE
TEST USED ST T ENT R S

2 HAEMATOLOG
Y
(SYSMAX
1000/4500)
Haematology
profile:
1.
Platelet count Cell pack 5,037 2860 76

0.
TC Cell clean 6,115 11700 52

4.
DC Sulfoliser 37499 7800 81

4.
PCV Stromatolyser 37499 7800 81

11. 3.
12.62 RBC 90 1.98 68 17.56

MCV
MCHC
MCH
Haematology 1.
CONTROL 7,738 3900 98

PT (ERBA - Thromborel - 51.
109.56 COAG UNO) Dade 2,568 50 36 61.15 112.51

61.
PT CONTROL 4892 80 15
28.
P.T.T Liquiceline 573 20 65

Calcium 1.
chloride 137 80 71
28.39 30.
36 30.36
1.
Blood group Anti-A 224 160 40

1.
Anti-B 229 160 43

2.
Anti-D 404 160 53

1.
Anti-H 299 150 99

4.56 7.
35 7.35
5.74 Reticulocyte 5.
RC fluid 287 50 74 5.74
PFM, AEC&
14.74 BONE MARROW (Sysmex) 17.56

0.97 5.
BT (Needle cost) 5 1 00 5.00

0.97 15.
CT 15 1 00 15.00

300.
D.DIMER D.dimer 6,000 20 00 300.00
5. 1.
7.10 ESR ESR tubes 1,064 190 60 50 7.10
QBC heam 50.
MP tubes 10,109 200 55

(Sysmex 11.
reagent cost) 90
62. 3.
52.71 45 68 66.13
COOMBS TEST
(Direct & indirect)

Anti coombs 16.
sera 499 30 63
19.
Anti A lectin 197 10 70

Bovine 9.
albumin 191 20 55
35 45.
88 45.88
14.
LE CELLS (Needle cost) 14 1 00

(Sysmex 11.
reagent cost) 11.9 1 90

25. 3.
29 90 68 29.58
CONSUMAB
LES
Leishman stain 254 240 1.

06
1.
Immersion oil 264 180 47

1.
Ceder wood oil 208 180 16

3.
68
Tri sodium 1.
citrate (ESR) 50
INTERPRETATION –2
Under the hematology section 13 different types of tests are under taken the close
evaluation of each reveals that for all the tests there is been an increase in the cost per
unit.
For example under the hematology profile the cost for the year-07 was 12.62/- but
when compared to the cost in the year-08 it is 17.56/- hence there is an increase of
4.94/- per unit.
NAME OF REAGENTS COS NO/O REAGE CONTR CON
THE TEST USED T F/ NT OL/ SUM- V.C
TOT TES CALIBE ABLE
AL T RATOR S
V.C
JAN-

07
SEROLOG
3 Y -ECI
13. 37.
124.61 Hbsag 6630 75 88.40 30 67 139.37

132.6 11. 37.
171.46 HIV 9945 75 0 66 67 181.93

221.0 12. 37.
261.68 HCV 16575 75 0 71 67 271.38

CALCULATI
ONS
Hbsag control 7735 900 8.59
Hbsag
caliberator 12708 2700 4.71

13.30
HIV control 8840 900 9.82

HIV

11.66
HCV control 2873 400 7.18

HCV

12.71
CONSUMAB NO/OF COS
LES TEST T
49,725.0
Signal reagent 5525 9 0

33,150.0
Universal wash 11050 3 0

82,875.0 2,200 37.

0 67
SEROLOG
Y (CARD
METHOD)
23.9 HBSAG 600 25 24.00 24.00
78 103.7
HIV 4150 40 5 103.75

117.50 119.2
HCV 954 8 5 119.25

7.93 VRDL 255 30 8.50 8.50
32.83 RA 499 15 33.27 33.27
45.77 CRP 2746 60 45.77 45.77
51.60 ASLO 2786 60 46.43 46.43
28 WIDAL 468 15 31.20 31.20
4.90 MANTOUX
TEST 113 20 5.65 5.65

PREGNANC
34.35 Y TEST 640 18 35.56 35.56
INTERPRETATION –3
Under the serology section there are two methods of doing the tests, one is using ECI
instrument & the other one is card method. Under both the methods the cost for the
year-07 has gone up when compared to the cost in the year-08.
Using ECI- for example the cost to do HIV test in the year-07 was 171.46/- but in the
year-08 the cost is 181.93/- hence there is an increase of 10.47/- per test.

Under card method the cost to do HIV test in the year-07 was 78/- when compared the
cost in the year-08 is 103.75/- therefore there is an increase of 25.75/- per unit/test.

JAN- TES RE -
07 NAME OF THE T/KI AGENT TOTAL
TESTS REAGENT COST T V.C -08
4 MICROBIOL
OGY:
BLOOD
CULTURE & BLOOD AGAR PLATE 25 1 25

SENSITIVITY BA/MA PLATE 25 1 25
BRAIN HEART 22
INF.BROTH 22 1
MULLER HINTON
AGAR PLATE 17 1 17
UREASE 18 1 18
TRIPLE SUGAR IRON 17 1 17
44.86 ISOPROPANOL 77 500 0.154 124.154
URINE
CULTURE &
MAC CONKEY AGAR 25
SENSITIVITY PLATE 25 1
MULLER HINTON 17
AGAR PLATE 17 1
UREASE 18 1 18
CITRATE 21 1 21
25.63 TRIPLE SUGAR IRON 17 1 17 98
SPUTUM
CULTURE &
MAC CONKEY AGAR
SENSITIVITY PLATE 25 1 25
BA/CA PLATE 25 1 25

MULLER HINTON
AGAR PLATE 17 1 17
UREASE 18 1 18
CITRATE 21 1 21
23.87 TRIPLE SUGAR IRON 17 1 17 123
ASPIRATED MAC CONKEY AGAR
FLUID PLATE 25 1 25
SEMEN C/S BA/CA PLATE 25 1 25
MULLER HINTON
PUS C/S AGAR PLATE 17 1 17

SUCTION
TIPS UREASE 18 1 18
CATHETER
TIPS CITRATE 21 1 21
BRAIN HEART
INF.BROTH 22 1 22 145
MAC CONKEY AGAR
NASAL SWAB PLATE 25 1 25

WOUND
SWAB BA/CA PLATE 25 1 25

MULLER HINTON
AGAR PLATE 17 1 17
UREASE 18 1 18
CITRATE 21 1 21
STERILE SWAB 7 1 7 130
THROAT
SWAB BLOOD AGAR PLATE 25 1 25

STERILE SWAB 7 1 7
30.72 DISC 6 1 6 38

SMEAR &
STAIN
MALACHITE GREEN
(AFB SOLUTION 69 100 0.69

CARBOL FUSELIN 62 100 0.62
SULPHURIC ACID 48 150 0.32 1.63
GRAM &
FUNGAL
SMEAR) ACETONE 82 300 0.27

CRYSTAL VIOLET
STAIN 58 150 0.39

GRAMS IODINE
SLUTION 71 125 0.57

CARBOL FUSELIN 62 100 0.62 1.85
STOOL C/S
< 2 YEARS MA 25 1 25
MACS 25 1 25
SS AGAR 22 1 22
TSI 17 1 17
UREASE 18 1 18
MH 17 1 17
69.84 DISC 6 1 6 130
> 2 YEARS MA 25 1 25
BSA/SS 25 1 25
MH 17 1 17
TSI 17 1 17
UREASE 18 1 18
DISC 6 1 6 108
ANAEROBIC
CULTURE FTM 17 1 17 17
13.92 AFB
CULTURE LJ MEDIUM 28 1 28 28
FUNGAL SAB/DEATROSE 22 1 22 22

CULTURE AGAR
INTERPRETATION – 4
In the microbiology section also the variable cost per test have increased , example for
Blood culture & sensitivity the cost for the year-07 was 44.86/- but in the year-08 it is
124.154/- therefore there is an increase of 79.29/- per unit
As mentioned earlier the cost of many newly introduced tests have been calculated
afresh hence they cannot be compared as the current year is only the base year for
such types of tests.

V.C TOTAL
JAN-07 NAME 0F THE TEST RE - CONT- V.C
TESTS REAGENT COST /KIT AGENT -ROL JAN-08

CLINICAL
5 PATHOLOGY:
URINE
ROUTINE:
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
BLOOD
PH
URINE
16.82 UROBILINOGE ROUTINE -
N MULTISTIX 1399 90 15.54 2.66 18.2
4.00 SUGAR - DIASTIX 161 40 4.03 4.03

5.37 KETONES - KITODIASTIX 218 40 5.45 5.45
ALBUMIN
BILESALTS & SLIDE COST 1.17 1 1.17
BILEPIGMENTS (FOUCHETS) 68 15 4.53 5.7
AMPHETAMIN
URINE DRUGS ES 2375 22 107.95 107.95

COCAINE 2375 22 107.95 107.95
MARIJUANA
(THC) 2375 22 107.95 107.95

MORPHINE 2375 22 107.95 107.95
PENCY 2375 22 107.95 107.95
URINE
CONTROL 15932 6000 2.66

STOOL
ROUTINE:
STOOL
HANGING
DROP SLIDE 1.17

STOOL FOR
REDUCING
SUBSTANCE COVER SLIP 1

ROUTINE CONTAINER
ANALYSIS COST 3.5 5.67
4.53 STOOL FOR (CONTAINER
OCCULT COST &
BLOOD FOUCHETS) 8.03
INTERPRETATION – 5
This is the last section of the department and as seen earlier the above figures show a
slight increase in the total variable cost per unit.
For example under the urine routine analysis multistix cost for the year-07 was
16.82/- where as in the year-08 it is 18.20/- therefore there is an increase of 1.38/-per
unit.
CALCULATION OF FIXED COST – JAN-08

SALARIES
Salaries for senior technicians (2)
Rs 12,800/month total amount =25,600/-
Salaries for technicians (10)
Rs 5,650/month total amount = 56,500/-
Salaries for receptionists (2)
Salaries for housekeeping boys (3)
TOTAL SALARIES =1,00,000/-
RENT
The area estimate is 1300 sq.feet
The market rate/sq.feet is Rs 30.
MONTHLY RENT = 39,000/-
DEPRECIATION
Depreciation on computers

Depreciation is calculated at the rate of 20%, the total amount of two systems with
one printer is Rs 75,000.
The depreciated amount will be = 15,000/-
Depreciation on furniture
Depreciation on is calculated at the rate of 20%, the total amount of furniture is Rs
20,000
The depreciated amount will be = 4,000/-
TOTAL DEPRECIATION =19,000/-
POWER
The power consumption is 10 units/hr @ 5.50/unit
The pathology department functions for 24 hours
Daily power consumption = 1,320/-
MONTHLY POWER CONSUMPTION =39,600/-
MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES
This includes the administrative cost, maintenance cost, marketing cost & annual
maintenance contract cost.
MONTHLY ESTIMATES =25,500/-

Table showing the total of fixed cost is shown as under:
FIXED COST JAN-07 JAN-08
Salaries 94,865 1,00,000
Rent 30,000 39,000
Power 32,400 39,600
Depreciation 16,000 19,000
Miscellaneous 20,835 25,500
TOTAL FIXED COST 1,94,100 2,23,100
Based on the analysis of cost for the individual tests following health check up
packages are revised.
A.EXECUTIVE HEART CHECK
PARTICULARS JAN-07 JAN-08

SALE PRICE 2100 2100
(-) VARIABLE COST
Hematology with ESR 19.72 24.66
FBS & PPBS 21.44 15.8
Blood group & Rh 4.56 7.35
KIDENEY PROFILE
Blood urea nitrogen 29.8 27.29
Serum creatinine 25.2 17.94
Uric acid 23.31 22.82
LIPID PROFILE
Sr.cholesterol 42.37 23.42
Sr.triglycerides 38.59 45.86
Urine routine 26.19 36.88
Stool routine 10.24 13.7
VDRL 7.93 8.5

Ultra sound scan 410.28 415
Chest X-RAY 125 130
ECG 28.78 30
LIVER FUNCTINING
TESTS
Total bilirubin 41.68 25
Total protein A/g Ratio - 7.48

GGT 34.98 64.66

SGOT 43.08 25.85
SGPT 43.08 25.85
Sr.alkaline phosphate 23.89 27.92
Vacutainer cost 10.75 12.69
Stationeary 22 25
Consultation with 100 100

physician
Consultation with 150 1283 150 1284
dietician
CONTRIBUTION(PER 817 816

UNIT)

B.MASTER HEALTH CHECK
(-) VARIABLE COST
Haematology with ESR 19.72 24.66
FBS & PPBS 21.44 15.80
KIDENEY PROFILE
Serum creatinine 25.20 17.94
Uric acid 23.31 22.82
LIPID PROFILE
Sr.cholesterol 42.37 23.42
Sr.triglycerides 38.59 45.86
HDL 66.62 137.69
LDL - 100.43
LIVER FUNCTINING TESTS
Total bilirubin 41.68 25
Total protein A/g Ratio - 7.48

GGT 34.98 64.66
SGOT 43.08 25.85
SGPT 43.08 25.85
Sr.alkaline phosphate 23.89 27.92
Stool routine 10.24 13.70
VDRL 7.93 8.50
Ultra sound scan 410.28 415.0
Chest X-RAY 125.00 130
ECG 28.78 30
Spirometry 100 100
Stress test 336.34 340
Stationeary 22.00 25.00
Consultation with physician 100.00 100.00
Consultation with dietician 150.00 1786 150.00 1962

CONTRIBUTION 1,014.00 838.00
(PER UNIT)
C.BASIC HEART CHECK

PARTICULARS 7- 8-JAN
JAN
PRICE
800 800
(-) VARIABLE COST
Haematology with ESR
Blood group and Rh 19.72 24.66
RBS 4.56 7.35

Serum cholesterol 21.44 15.8
VDRL 42.37 23.42

Chest X-RAY 26.19 36.88
ECG 125 130
Vacutainer cost 28.78 30
Stationery 10.75 12.69
physician
100 100
408. 414.3
7
CONTRIBUTION
(per unit)
391. 385.7
3

D.BASIC HEART CHECK
PARTICULARS 7- 8-JAN
JAN
SALE PRICE 550 550

(-) VARIABLE COST
Hb,TC,DC
FBS 12.62 17.56

Sr. cholesterol 21.44 15.8
Sr. trigiycerides 42.37 23.46
Sr. creatinine 38.59 45.86
Potassium(electrolyte) 25.2 17.94
Urine protine 26 38.44
Stationery 10.75 12.69
diabetologist
150 365 150 367.99
CONTRIBUTION
(PER UNIT) 185 182
E.COMPREHENSIVE HEART CHECK

(-)VARIABLE COST
FBS & PPBS 21.44 15.80
LIPID PROFILE
Sr. cholesterol 42.37 23.42
Sr. HDL cholesterol 66.62 137.69
Sr. LDL cholesterol - 100.43
Sr. triglycerides 38.59 45.86
Chest X-RAY 125 130
Echocardiography with color Doppler 461.18 465
stationeary 22 25
Consultation with cardiologist 150 150
Consultation with dietician 150 1854 150 2036
CONTRIBUTION (per unit) 946 764

F.WELL WOMEN PROFILE
(-) VARIABLE COST
Blood group 4.56 7.35
T3 97.74 166.62
T4 149.24 219.85
TSH 104.32 173.42
Pap smear - 3.48
FBS 21.44 15.80
VDRL 7.93 8.50
Stationeary 22 25
Consultation with gynecologist 150 1024 150 1259
CONTRIBUTION 776 541
(PER UNIT)

G. SENIOR CITIZENS PROFILE
(-) VARIABLE COST
FBS 21.44 15.80
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
Total protine A/g ratio - 7.48
SGPT 43.08 25.85
SGOT 43.08 25.85
Sr.Alkaline phosphate 23.89 27.92
LIPID PROFILE

Cholesterol 42.37 23.42
Triglycerides 38.59 45.86
Inorganic phosphorous - 22.05
Urine analysis 26.19 36.88
TSH 104.32 173.42
Calcium 15.24 27.88
PSA 246.91 650.83
Chest X-RAY 125 130
ECG 28.78 30
Stationary 22 25
Consultation with dietician 150 150
Consultation with geriatrician 150 1111 150 1606
CONTRIBUTION 589 94
(PER UNIT)

I.WOCKHARDT HEALTH MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
(-) VARIABLE COST
FBS & PPBS 21.44 15.80
Stool examination 10.24 13.70
Urine analysis 26.19 36.88
LIPID PROFILE
Cholesterol 42.37 23.42
Triglycerides 38.59 45.86
HDL 66.62 137.69
LDL - 100.43
KIDNEY PROFILE
Creatine 25.20 17.94
Uric acid 23.31 22.82

LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
Total Bilirubin 41.68 25
Total protein A/G ratio - 7.48
GGT 34.98 64.66
SGOT 43.08 25.85
SGPT 43.08 25.85
Alkaline Phosphate 23.89 27.92
PSA 246.91 650.83
Chest X-Ray 125 130
Echocardiography with col.Doppler 461.18 465
Spirometry 100 100
ECG 28.78 30
stationery 22 25
Consultation with dietician 150 150
Consultation with cardiologist 150 150
Consultation with opthalmologist 150 150
Consultation with physician 100 100
Stress screening by psychologist 150 150
2936 3519

CONTRIBUTION 1264 681
(PER UNIT)
TABLE SHOWING THE TOTAL CONTRIBUTION AND PROFIT
PARTICULARS SALE CONTR TOTAL SALE CONTR TOTAL
S IB- CONTRIB- S IB- CONTRIBUT
JAN- UTION UTION JAN- UTION -ION
07 (PER 08 (PER
UNIT) UNIT)
A. Basic
Health Screening 400 391 1,56,400 500 386 1,93,000

B. Diabetic
Health Check 300 185 55,500 350 182 67,700

C. Executive
Health Check 70 817 57,190 100 816 81,600

D. Master Health

Check 75 1,014 76,050 100 838 83,800

E. Basic Heart
Check 250 325 81,250 300 154 46,200

F. Comprehensive
Heart Check 400 946 3,78,400 500 764 3,82,000

G. Well Women
Profile 50 776 38,800 100 541 54,100

H. Senior
Citizen’s Profile 250 589 1,47,250 350 94 32,900

I. Wockhardt
Health 100 1,264 1,26,400 150 681 1,02,150
Management
Programme
TOTAL
CONTRIBUTIO 11,17,24 10,43,450
N 0
(-) FIXED COST (-) (-) 2,23,100
1,94,100
TOTAL PROFIT 9,23,140 8,20,350
INTERPRETATION
As shown in the above table the sales in the month of jan-08 has shown an
increasing trend when compared with the number of units sold in jan-07. Though
the sales is increased, there is a considerable amount of decrease in the profit i.e.
for jan-07 it was 9,23,140/- but in jan-08 it is decreased to 8,20,350/- therefore

there is a decrease by 1,02,790/- it can be said that there is a decrease in profit by
11%.
The reason for this decrease is due to the decrease in contribution per unit in turn
it is the increase in the variable cost per unit of the all the health check up
packages and also because of the increase in the fixed cost due to internal and
external factors.
From the above analysis & interpretation the following revisions in the selling prices
are being considered which is as follows:
1. IF THERE IS AN INCREASES IN THE SELLING PRICE BY 10%
SELLIN 10% REVISE (-) CONTR SALE TOTAL
PARTI G INCREAS D V.C I- S CONTR
C- PRICE E PRICE BUTIO UNIT I-
ULARS 4 N S BUTIO
1 2 (1+2)= N
3 (3-4)=5 6 (5*6)=7

A 800 80 880 414 466 500 2,33,000
B 550 55 605 368 237 350 82,950
C 2,100 210 2,310 128 1026 100 1,02,600
D 2,800 280 3,080 196 1118 100 1,11,800
E 1,000 100 1,100 846 254 300 76,200
F 2,800 280 3,080 203 1044 500 5,22,000
G 1,800 180 1,980 125 721 100 72,100
H 1,700 170 1,870 160 264 350 92,400
I 4,200 420 4,620 351 1101 150 1,65,150
TOTAL 12,25,20
(-) F.C 2,23,100
PROFI 10,02,10
T 0


2. IF THERE IS AN INCREASE IN SELLING PRICE BY 15%
ULARS 4 N S BUTIO
1 2 (1+2)= N
3 (3-4)=5 6 (5*6)=7
A 800 120 920 414 506 500 253000
B 550 83 633 368 265 350 92750
C 2,100 315 2415 128 1131 100 113100
D 2,800 420 3220 196 1258 100 125800
E 1,000 150 1150 846 304 300 91200
F 2,800 420 3220 203 1184 500 592000
G 1,800 270 2070 125 811 100 81100
H 1,700 255 1955 160 349 350 122150

I 4,200 630 4830 351 1311 150 196650
TOTAL 16,67,75
(-) F.C 223100
PROFI 14,44,65
T 0
3. IF THERE IS AN INCREASE IN SELLING PRICE BY 20%
ULARS 4 N S BUTIO
1 2 (1+2)= N
3 (3-4)=5 6 (5*6)=7
A 800 160 960 414 546 500 273000
B 550 110 660 368 292 350 102200
C 2,100 420 2520 128 1236 100 123600

D 2,800 560 3360 196 398 100 39800
E 1,000 200 1200 846 354 300 106200
F 2,800 560 3360 203 1324 500 662000
G 1,800 360 2160 125 901 100 90100
H 1,700 340 2040 160 434 350 151900
I 4,200 840 5040 351 1521 150 228150
TOTAL 1776950
(-) F.C 223100
PROFI 1553850


CHAPTER-
5
FINDINGS
The following findings have been interpreted

1) The variable cost for all the health check up packages (test) have increased
due to hike in reagents cost, control/calibration cost and consumables costs.
2) The fixed cost which consists of salaries, rent, power, depreciation and
miscellaneous expenses have been hiked considerably due to internal and
external factors such as employee remuneration, government policies etc.
3) The contribution per unit of all the health check up packages has reduced due
to the increase in variable cost.
4) There has been an increase in the total lost and hence the overall profit is
reduced.
5) The fixed cost for jan-2007 was 1,94,140/- which is increased in jan-2008 by
2,23,100/- net increase in fixed cost to 115%.
SUGGESTIONS
Keeping in view the objectives the following suggestions are put forth:
1. Keeping in view of increase invariable cost and fixed cost the prices are to be
revised once in two years so as to earn fair margin, it is recommended to
increase the selling price by 15% on sales.

2. The hospital is being efficient enough; it requires to have a continuous review
of the costs pertaining to pathology department.
3. The health check up package is mostly under taken by the corporate hence the
hospital should maintain a good relation with the corporate sectors and interact
frequently with employees which in turn will help to gain the patients
confidence and trust in the hospital by organizing health awareness
programmes.
4. The hospital should promote its services by making the public aware of its
facilities and services through media.
5. To maintain and increase its sales volume the hospital needs to concentrate
more on un-captured sectors, by building a good relationship with them in order to
make permanent tie-up.
CONCLUSION
The efficient administration of any organization depends upon the efficient utilization
of its resources- 5Ms namely Men, Machine, Material, Market and Money, a health
care institution is no exception to this.

The pivotal role of money is evident from the fact that, itself being a resource,
money is used for acquiring as well as having command over the other resources and
also for measuring the changes in them.
The rapid growth in health care facilities, scientific and technological innovations
makes the decision making process even more complex. Understanding the financial,
cost and economic implication of decision making is one of the most critical areas
encountered by health care decisions maker.
In the present health scenario, which is very dynamic, it is imperative for a health
care professional to have a sound knowledge of cost accounting and efficient financial
and cost administration/management.
After analysis the data I, have come to a conclusion that no doubt the hospital is
efficient in increasing its sales, but due to the increase in the total cost its profit is
been affected and hence I, also feel that there is an urgent need to revise their selling
price. As per the company policy keeping in view the long run 15% hike in the selling
price is required.

BALANCE SHEET OF WOCKHARDT HOSPITAL
PARTICULARS 2006 2007 2008
SOURCES OF FUNDS
EQUITY SHARE CAPITAL 6 6 25

PREFERENCE SHARE CAPITAL 0 0 25

RESERVES AND SURPLUS 0.5 0.5 0.5
P&L BALANCE -1.7 -10.4 -9.1
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS FUNDS 4.7 -3.9 41.4
SECURED LOANS 37.9 71.4 79.5
UNSECURED LOANS 13.7 52.8 20
TOTAL BORROWINGS 51.6 124.2 99.5
DEFFERED TAX LIABILITY 4.3 8.3 10.1
TOTAL CAPITAL EMPLOYED 60.7 128.5 150.9
177.7 377.4 442.8

APPLICATION OF FUNDS
GROSS BLOCK 66.3 102.4 115.2
ACCUMILATED DEPRECIATION 19.4 27.6 36.7
NET BLOCK 42 84.8 83.6
CAPITAL WORK IN PROGRESS 20.6 13.3 37.7
INVESTMENT 9.4 13.9 16.4
NET CURRENT ASSETS -20.7 16.5 13.2
TOTAL CAPITAL DEPLOYED 40.7 118.9 140
177.7 377.4 442.8
PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT OF WOCKHARDT HOSPITAL

(in Cr) (in Cr) (in Cr)
2006 2007 2008
PARTICULARS
NET SALES 49.1 82.3 129.1
EXPENDITURE 43.4 70.6 107.5
OPERATING PROFIT 5.8 11.7 21.6
OTHER INCOME 0.1 0.1 0.1
EBIDTA 5.9 11.7 21.8
INTEREST COST 4 8.3 9.4
DEPRECIATION 4.6 8.2 9.1
PBT -2.8 -4.7 3.4
TAXES 3.2 3.9 2
NET PROFIT 6 -8.9 1.3

• Cost Accounting : Principle and Practice
S.P Jain and K.L Narang.
• Cost Accounting :
Bhabatosh Banerjee
• Fundamental of Cost Accounting :
Sikka T.R
• Advanced cost Accounting:
B.M Lal Nigam and G.L.Sharma.
• Methodology of Research in social sciences :
Dr.O.R Krishnaswamy
• Managerial Accounting for hospital :
G.R.Kulkarni.
• Websites
• www.wochardthospitals.com
• www.whhi.com
• www.msn.com.
• www.msn encarta.com.

Nisha
9986103327

Cost Analysis

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Cost Analysis in Wockhardt Hospital

The Oxford College of Business Management. 1

1.1.1 COST –IT’S RELEVENCE IN DECISION MAKING

Cost is a measurement in monetary terms, of the amount of resources used for

two things can be stated:

(1) Resources are in short supply, and

(2) Nothing in the world is free.

enable managers to discharge their responsibilities more effectively, efficiently and

1.1.2 COST ANALYSIS

a manner and detail as to reveal significant relationship to management.

particular service or commodity. It is the process of apportioning or allocating the cost

The Oxford College of Business Management. 2

rendered by that department.

picture of the department so that management can take corrective actions.

1.1.3 MARGINAL COSTING

Marginal costing is the ascertainment of marginal cost by differentiating between

1.2 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

1.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO COST ACCOUNTING

Modern business needs frequent information about business activities to plan

the performance of persons working in an organization. The fulfillment of these goals

is known as “cost accounting”.

of financial accounting in providing cost information to the managers, the

The Oxford College of Business Management. 3

encouraged growth and development of cost accounting at the beginning of the 20 th

Cost accounting is the art or process of recording, analyzing and classifying of

expenditure for the purpose of product costing or service costing, ascertainment of

profitability, operational planning and cost control. Cost accounting is a forward

looking approach which is related to the recording, analyzing and classifying of

Cost accounting is the classifying, recording and appropriate allocation of expenditure

accounting and control relating to the various elements of cost.

1.2.2 NEED FOR COST ACCOUNTING

Cost accounting is required because it provides the following:

It ascertains the true cost of production.

It classifies the cost into direct and indirect.

The Oxford College of Business Management. 4

It provides a system of standard that is compares the actual with

Assists in fixation of selling price and calculation of tender price.

It provides assistance in cost control

It gives assistance in planning and decision-making.

1.2.3 DEFINITION OF COST ACCOUNTANCY

accountancy’ as “the application of costing and cost accounting principles, methods

purpose of managerial decision making.”

According to Gordon shillinglaw, cost accounting is defined as “the body of concepts,

and performance of individual products, departments, and other segments of a

these questions to the interested parties.”

According to Wheldon, “cost accounting is the application of accounting and costing

The Oxford College of Business Management. 5

saving or excess cost incurred as compared with previous experience or with

1.2.4. FEATURES OF COST ACCOUNTANCY

The main features of cost accountancy may be given as follows:

1. Cost accountancy is a special branch of accountancy dealing with the

ascertainment of cost of product or services.

2. Cost accountancy is both a science and an art.

3. It follows the same double entry system as in financial accounting.

4. It involves the process of accumulation, classification, analysis, recording and

1.2.5. SCOPE OF COST ACCOUNTANCY

Cost accountancy includes the following subjects:

Costing refers to the techniques and processes of ascertaining costs. Costing

consists of the principles, rules, methods and techniques (accumulation,

The Oxford College of Business Management. 6

person involved in the organization of production.

Cost control guides the organization by setting up targets, measurement of the

of variances and taking corrective actions to eliminate the variances.