De La Salle University – Dasmariñas

City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, Philippines

College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology

Mechanical Engineering Program

MEET422L
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2

Experiment No. 1
STUDY OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Submitted By:
Group – 3
Santiago, Jake Polo L.
Balderama, Carlo Z.
Sebastian, Carlomagno D.
MEE - 42

Submitted To:
Engr. Rene Rubio

February 07, 2017

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………..3

PRINCIPLES / THEORY OF THE LABORATORY TEST RESEARCH……………..…..3

LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS USED……………………………………………………4

RESEARCH WORK / OBSERVATION...………………………………………………….4

ILLUSTRATIONS…………………………………………………………………………..13

CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………………………15

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………….……..15
OBJECTIVES

 To know the principle involve in the operation of internal combustion engine.

 To know the major components of a diesel and gasoline engine.
 To be knowledgeable about the 4-stroke and 2-stroke cycle operation of an internal
combustion engine.

THEORY

IC engines may operate on a 4-stroke cycle or a 2-stroke cycle. In a 4-stroke cycle the
piston has to go through 4 strokes in order to complete cyclic thermodynamic processes. In the 2-
stroke cycle the piston goes through only 2 strokes to complete the cycle. This seems to make the
2-stroke cycle more advantageous. However, if the engine speed is high then the gas exchange
processes are not as efficient as in the 4-stroke cycle engines and so the 2-stroke cycle is applied
more to marine type slow and large CI engines and to light SI engines used on motorcycles and
lawn mowers, etc. (since there won't be any need for the valves and valve mechanisms). On the
other-hand there are 2-stroke cycle CI engines in the power range of 200-500 kW and operating at
speeds of up to approximately 2000 rpm.

In the two-stroke engine, the inlet and exhaust valves are eliminated by using the piston to
cover and uncover ‘ports’ or passages in the cylinder and crankcase. Beginning the cycle with the
piston about the half-way through its compression stroke, all three ports are covered. The upward
movement of the piston compresses a fresh charge of mixture in the combustion chamber. At the
same time the pressure in the crankcase is reduced below atmospheric pressure. Near the top of
the stroke the lower edge of the piston uncovers the inlet port, allowing the pressure of the
atmosphere to fill the crankcase of the engine with fresh mixture from the carburetor. The mixture
in the combustion chamber is ignited in the same way as in the four-stroke engine near the top of
the stroke. The high pressure of the burned gases drives the piston down the cylinder. Just below
TDC the piston covers the inlet port, and further downward movement compresses the mixture in
the crankcase. Near the bottom of the stroke the top edge of the piston uncovers the exhaust port,
allowing the burned gases to flow out of the cylinder under their own pressure.
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS USED

Table 1. Materials and Equipments used in the Experiment (see Figure 1)

QTY. UNIT EQUIPMENTS DESCRIPTION
1 - Diesel Engine It is an internal-combustion engine in
which air is compressed to a sufficiently
high temperature to ignite diesel fuel
injected into the cylinder, where
combustion and expansion actuate
a piston.
1 - Gasoline or Petrol Engine It is an internal-combustion engines that
generate power by burning a volatile
liquid fuel (gasoline or a gasoline
mixture such as ethanol) with ignition
initiated by an electric spark.

a.) Diesel Engine b.) Gasoline Engine

Figure 1. Equipment’s used in the Experiment

RESEARCH WORK / OBSERVATIONS

A. Internal Combustion Engine (I.C.E.)

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with
an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine the
expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases, which are produced by the
combustion, directly applies force to a movable component of the engine (pistons) by
moving it over a distance, generate useful mechanical energy. All internal combustion
 engines depend on the exothermic chemical process of combustion. The reaction of a fuel,
typically with oxygen from the air. The combustion process typically results in the
production of a great quantity of heat, as well as the production of steam and carbon dioxide
and other chemicals at very high temperature, the temperature reached is determined by
the chemical makeup of the fuel and oxidizers. The principle behind any reciprocating
internal combustion engine: If you put a tiny amount of high energy fuel (like gasoline) in
a small, enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of energy is released in the form
of expanding gas.

B. Classifications of Internal Combustion Engine

Based on application
 Automobile Engine
 Aircraft Engine
 Locomotive Engine
 Marine Engine
 Stationary Engine
Based on basic engine design
 Reciprocating: Single cylinder, Multi-cylinder In-line, V, radial, opposed
cylinder, Opposed Piston.
 Rotatory: Single motor, Multi motor
Based on operating cycle
 Atkinson (For complete expansion SI Engine)
 Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
 Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
 Miller (For Early/Late Inlet valve closing type SI Engine)
 Otto (For the Convectional SI Engine)
Based on working cycle
 Four stroke cycle
 Two stroke cycle
 Scavenging; direct/crankcase/cross flow; back flow/loop; Uni
flow
 Naturally aspirated or turbocharged
Based on Valve/port design and location
 Design of valve/port
 Poppet valve
 Rotatory valve
 Location of valve/port
 T-head
 L-head
 F-head
Based on Fuel
 Convectional
 Crude oil derivatives; Petrol, diesel
 Other sources; coal, bio-mass, tar stands, shale
 Alternative
 Petroleum derived: CNG, LPG
 Bio-mass derived: alcohols, vegetable oils, producer gas, biogas
and hydrogen
 Blending
 Bi-fuel and dual fuel
Based on mixture preparation
 Carburetion
 Fuel injection
Based on ignition
 Spark ignition
 Compression Ignition
Based on stratification of charge
 Homogeneous Charge
 Stratified charge
 With carburetion
 With fuel injection
Based on combustion chamber design
 Open chamber: Disc, wedge, hemispherical, bowl-in-piston, bath tub.
 Divided chamber:
 (For CI) 1. Swirl chamber, 2. Pre-chamber
 (for SI) 1. CVCC, 2. Other designs
Based on cooling system
 Air-cooling system
 Water-cooling system
C. Difference of Diesel Engine and Gasoline Engine

Figure 2. Cross-Section of a Diesel Engine

Figure 3. Cross-Section of a Gasoline or Petrol Engine

In theory, diesel engines and gasoline engines are quite similar. They are
both internal combustion engines designed to convert the chemical energy available in fuel
into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy moves pistons up and down inside
cylinders. The pistons are connected to a crankshaft, and the up-and-down motion of the
pistons, known as linear motion, creates the rotary motion needed to turn the wheels of a
car forward.

Both diesel engines and gasoline engines convert fuel into energy through a series
of small explosions or combustions. The major difference between diesel and gasoline is
the way these explosions happen. In a gasoline engine, fuel is mixed with air, compressed
by pistons and ignited by sparks from spark plugs. In a diesel engine, however, the air is
compressed first, and then the fuel is injected. Because air heats up when it's compressed,
the fuel ignites.

The diesel engine uses a four-stroke combustion cycle just like a gasoline engine.
The diesel engine has no spark plug, that it intakes air and compresses it, and that it then
injects the fuel directly into the combustion chamber (direct injection). It is the heat of the
compressed air that lights the fuel in a diesel engine.

A typical compression ratio for a diesel engine is 20:1, compared with 9:1 for a
petrol engine. Compressions as great as this heat up the air to a temperature high enough
to ignite the fuel spontaneously, with no need of a spark and therefore of an ignition system.

When it comes to their Engine construction, The major components of a diesel

engine look like those of a petrol engine and perform the same jobs. However, diesel engine
parts have to be made much stronger than their petrol engine equivalents because of the
much higher loads involved.

The walls of a diesel engine block are normally far thicker than a block designed
for a petrol engine, and they have more bracing webs to provide extra strength and to absorb
stresses. Apart from being stronger, the heavy-duty block can also reduce noise more
effectively.

Pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts and bearing caps have to be made stronger
than their petrol engine counterparts. The cylinder head design has to be very different
because of the fuel injectors and also because of the shape of its combustion and swirl
chambers.

The main advantage of diesel engines over petrol engines is their lower running
cost. This is partly a result of the greater efficiency of the high compression ratio diesel
engine and partly because of the lower price of diesel fuel - although the price difference
varies, so the advantage of running a diesel car will be slightly reduced if you live in an
 area with high-priced diesel fuel. The service intervals are often longer too, but many diesel
models require more frequent oil changes than their petrol counterparts.

D. Difference of Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Cycle

The basic and main difference between two-stroke and four-stroke engine is that
the crankshaft complete one revolution in one power stroke in two-stroke engine and
complete two revolution in one power stroke in four stroke engine. So, the two-stroke
engine give high power compare to four-stroke engine but the four-stroke engine is more
fuel efficient.

The Two-Stroke Cycle are:

1. Induction and Compression - When the piston is at the top of its travel, the
cylinder contains a charge of highly compressed air. Fuel is sprayed into the
cylinder by the injector and immediately ignites because of the heat and
pressure inside the cylinder. (see Figure 4)

Figure 4. Induction and Compression

2. Ignition and Exhaust - The pressure created by the combustion of the fuel drives
the piston downward. This is the power stroke. As the piston nears the bottom of
its stroke, all of the exhaust valves open. Exhaust gases rush out of the cylinder,
relieving the pressure. As the piston bottoms out, it uncovers the air intake ports.
 Pressurized air fills the cylinder, forcing out the remainder of the exhaust gases.
(see Figure 5)

Figure 5. Ignition and Exhaust

The Four-Stroke Cycle are:

1. Intake stroke - The intake valve opens up, letting in air and moving the piston
down. (see Figure 6)

Figure 6. Intake Stroke

2. Compression stroke - The piston moves back up and compresses the air. (see
Figure 7)

Figure 7. Compression Stroke

3. Combustion stroke - As the piston reaches the top, fuel is injected at just the
right moment and ignited, forcing the piston back down. (see Figure 8)

Figure 8. Combustion Stroke

4. Exhaust stroke - The piston moves back to the top, pushing out the exhaust
created from the combustion out of the exhaust valve. (see Figure 9)

Figure 9. Exhaust Stroke

CONCLUSIONS

A diesel engine works differently from a petrol engine, even though they share major
components and both work on the four-stroke cycle. The main differences are in the way the fuel
is ignited and the way the power output is regulated. In a gasoline engine, the fuel/air mixture is
ignited by a spark. In a diesel engine, ignition is achieved by compression of air alone. The main
advantage of diesel engines over petrol engines is their lower running cost. This is partly a result
of the greater efficiency of the high compression ratio diesel engine and partly because of the lower
price of diesel fuel.

Also, it can be concluded that the one big difference between two-stroke and four-stroke
engines is the amount of power the engine can produce. The spark plug fires twice as often in a
two-stroke engine - once per every revolution of the crankshaft, versus once for every two
revolutions in a four-stroke engine. This means that a two-stroke engine has the potential to
produce twice as much power as a four-stroke engine of the same size.

REFERENCES

 https://www.scribd.com/document/307051563/1-1-Function-of-Different-Parts-of-Diesel-
Engine
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/diesel-engine
 http://www.revision.co.zw/the-diesel-engine/#
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/gasoline-engine
 https://www.howacarworks.com/basics/how-a-diesel-engine-works
 https://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel-two-stroke1.htm