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2.

0 EARTHDRAIN

Temporary drainage is needed to be built at the phase of earthwork and construction


works. The use of the temporary drainage is to give a good flow of water especially the
rainfall and surface water runoff to avoid the flood. Other than that, the temporary drainage
can also avoid the surface of a soil especially at a slopes condition to be eroded. If the surface
runoff is not been flow well, it will affect the progress of work to be done.

2.1. Design Criteria

i. Average Recurrence Interval (ARI)

Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) for this project is based to the Table 4-1 from
MASMA, which is:
 Major system : 100 years
 Minor system : 5 years (medium density)

ii. Peak flow calculation

Rational method is the most suitable method that can be used to determine the value
of peak flow. Rational Method can provide satisfactory estimates of peak discharge
on small catchments of up to 80 hectares, thus suitable for this project.

y
Q y =C I t A/360 (MASMA, Equation 14.7)

Where,
Qy = ARI peak flow at year of y (m3/s)
c = water surface runoff coefficient
y
It = average ARI rainfall intensity at year y and t(mm/j)
concentration
A = area of watershed (ha)

iii. Hydraulic Open Channel Design Calculation


The calculation is to design the sizes of ground trench by using the Manning
equation.

2/ 3
AR S 1/ 2
o
Q=
n
Where,

A = flow area
R = the ratio of the area to the wetted perimeter
So = the bed channel slope
n = Manning coefficient

iv. Rainfall Intensity Calculation

The value of rainfall intensity can be determined by the following formula:

ln( R I T )=a+ b ln ( t )+ c ( ln ( t )2 ) +d ( ln ( t )3 ) (MASMA, Equation 13.2)


Where,
R
IT = average rainfall intensity for ARI and t time period
R = Return period (year)
t = time period (minute)

F c xL
t c= 1 1
t
v. Concentration time, c A 10
xS 5

where,
t c = the time of concentration (minute)
Fc = a conversion factor, 58.5 when area A is in km2, or 92.5 when area is in ha
L = length of flow path from catchment divide to outlet (km)
A = catchment area (km2 or ha)
S = slope of stream flow path (m/km)

2.2. Temporary Drainage Design


y
Q y =C I t A/360

Flow area, A
A = 44.2 hectares

Sub Area, A
A = 45.7/3 = 14.73 hectares

Concentration time,
tc
F c xL
t c= 1 1
10 5
A xS ……. Eq 14.6

Length of flow path from catchment divide to outlet, L = 3.45/3 = 1.15 km


Average surface slope, S = (15.0 - 8.0) / 1.15
= 6.08 m/km

Therefore,
92 . 5 x 1. 15
t c= 1 1
10 5
14 . 73 x 6 . 08
= 56.45 minutes

Rainfall Intensity, I

ln ( R I t )=a+b ln (t )+c [ ln (t )] 2 +d [ ln (t )] 3 MASMA, Equation (13.2)

Take ARI in Johor Baharu, Johor = 10

Coefficient the IDF Polynomial Equation,


Table 4.1 : Coefficients for the IDF Equations for the Different Major Cities and Towns in
Malaysia (30 ≤ t ≤ 1000 min)
Location ARI (yrs) a b c d
Johor
10 4.4896 0.9971 -0.3279 0.0205
Bahru

(Source: MASMA-Table 13.A1)

ln 10I56 = 4.4896 + 0.9971 ln (56) + (-0.3279) (ln (56)² + 0.0205 ln (56)³


= 3.4378
I = 31 mm/hr

Flow Coefficient, C = 0.48 (Design chart 14.3, MASMA),

Therefore,
Peak flow, Q = C x I x A /360
= (0.48x 31 x 15.23) / 360
= 0.63 m3/s

Temporary Drainage Size

Where Q= AV
V = in drain to be 0.63m/s to avoid erosion.

Table 4.3: Values Of Manning’s ‘n’ for Overland Flow

Surface Type Manning's, n Range


Concrete/ Aslphalt** 0.011 0.01-0.013

Bare Sand** 0.01 0.01-0.06

Bare Clay –Loam (eroded)** 0.02 0.012-0.033

Gravelled Surface ** 0.02 0.012-0.03

Packed Clay** 0.03

Short Grass** 0.15 0.10-0.20

Light Turf* 0.20

Lawns* 0.25 0.20-0.30

Dense Turf* 0.35

Pasture* 0.35 0.30-0.40

Dense Shubbery and Forest Litter 0.40


(MASMA-Table 14.2)

2.3 DRAIN CROSS SECTION DESIGN

Figure 3.1: Design channel cross-section

Trapezoidal Best Hydraulic Section:


y
T =2 L and R=
2

Where: T =B+2 my and L= y √1+m2


Use side slope of channel, m = 1

Therefore;

T =2 L
B+2my =2 y √1+m2
B+2 (1.0 ) y=2 y √1+ ( 1.0 )
2

B=0.828 y
Area of the channel, A;
2
A=By +my
When, B=0.828 y
Therefore;

A=By +my 2
=( 0 .828 y ) y + ( 1.0 ) y 2
=1. 828 y 2
Flow rate, Q of a trapezium cross section can be calculated as following equation:

2
3
Q=
AR √ So
n

For peak flow for the channel, Qpeak is 0.63 m3/s, the dimension cross section of the suitable
channel is;

For,
Hydraulic radius, R = y/2
= 0.5y
Longitudinal slope of the channel, So = 1 / 200
Manning‘s rough coefficient, n = 0.02
Therefore:
2
3
Q=
AR √ So
n
2
Qn
AR 3 =
√ So
2
( 1. 828 y ) ( 0 . 5 y ) 3 =0 . 63 0. 02
2 ( )

8
√ 1
200

1 .152 y 3=0. 18
8
y 3 =0 . 16
y=0 . 5 m

When y = 0.5 m, the cross-section of the channel is:

B = 0.828y T = B + 2my
= 0.828(0.5) = 0.414 + 2 (1.0) (0.5)
= 0.414 m = 1.4 m

Freeboard = 0.2y = 02 x 0.5 = 0.1m

Height of the channel, H = y + 0.2y


= 0.5 + 0.2(0.5)
= 0.6 m

Width of the channel, W = T + 2(0.1)


= 1.4 + 0.2
= 1.6m
2.4 W = 1.6 m DIMENSI

T = 1.4 m ON OF

Freeboard = 0.1 m

H = 0.6 m
y = 0.5 m

B = 0.41 m
TEMPORARY DRAINAGE CROSS-SECTION

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