Pharmacokinetic Formula Sheet

Zero-Order Kinetics (Constant Rate Processes)

𝐶 = 𝐶0 − 𝐾0 𝑡 𝐾0 = Zero-order rate constant (mg/min) Rate ∝ Conc
Dose ∝ Conc
𝐶0 = Conc. of drug at a time, t=0
Zero-Order Half-Life t½ ∝ Conc
𝐶 = Conc. of drug at a time, t
𝐶0 Rate is independent of concentration
𝑡1 =
2 2 𝐾0 Amount of drug eliminated is constant
First-Order Kinetics (Linear Kinetics)
−𝐾𝑡 𝐾 = First-order rate constant (hr-1) Rate ∝ Conc
𝐶 = 𝐶0 𝑒
Dose ∝ Conc
𝑙𝑛
𝐶 Rate is dependent of concentration
𝐶0
𝐾= = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑡
Percentage of drug eliminated is
constant
First-Order Half-Life t½ ∝ Conc

0.693
𝑡1 =
2 𝐾

One-Compartment Open Model IV Bolus Administration

Elimination Rate Constant (KE)

−𝐾𝐸 𝑡 𝐾𝐸 = Elimination rate constant (hr-1)
𝐶 = 𝐶0 𝑒

𝐶𝑙 𝑇
𝐾𝐸 =
𝑉𝑑
𝑙𝑛 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛 𝐶0 − 𝐾𝐸 𝑡
𝐸 𝐾 𝑡 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝑒 + 𝐾𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐶0 − 2.303
𝐾𝑒 – urinary excretion (kidneys ERC)
𝐶
𝑙𝑛 𝐾𝑚 – metabolism (liver ERC)
𝐶0
𝐾𝐸 =
𝑡
(𝑒 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡 ) – Fraction of drug remaining in the body
𝐶
𝑙𝑛 2
𝐶1
𝐾𝐸 = = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑡

Elimination (Biological) Half-Life

0.693 0.693 𝑉𝑑
𝑡1 = =
2 𝐾𝐸 𝐶𝑙 𝑇
 Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vd)
𝐴𝑚𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑋 𝑋0 𝑉𝑑 = Apparent Volume of Distribution (L)
𝑉𝑑 = = =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝐶 𝐶0
𝑋0 = Conc. of drug at a time, t=0
Noncompartmental methods for Vd
IV Bolus F = Fraction of drug absorbed in plasma (Bioavailability)
𝐾 𝐾𝑚
𝑋0 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 , 𝐹𝑚 =
𝑉𝑑 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) = 𝐸 𝐾𝐸
𝐾𝐸 (𝐴𝑈𝐶)
𝐹𝑒 - kidney fraction
Extravascular Admin. (Oral) 𝐹𝑚 - liver fraction
𝐹𝑋0
𝑉𝑑 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) =
𝐾𝐸 (𝐴𝑈𝐶)

Clearance (Cl)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑙 = Drug Clearance (L/hr -1)
𝐶𝑙 =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐.
𝐶𝑙𝑁𝑅 = 𝐶𝑙𝐻 + 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐾𝐸 𝑋
𝐶𝑙 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑙 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑙𝑅 + 𝐶𝑙𝐻 + 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐶
0.693 𝑉𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝑅 – Renal clearance
𝐶𝑙 𝑇 = 𝐾𝐸 𝑉𝑑 =
𝑡1 𝐶𝑙𝐻 – Hepatic clearance
2
𝐶𝑙𝑁𝑅 – Nonrenal clearance
---------Noncompartmental methods for Cl---------
IV Bolus 𝐶𝑙𝑅 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑉𝑑
𝐶𝑙𝐻 = 𝐾𝑚 𝑉𝑑
𝑋0
𝐶𝑙 𝑇 =
(𝐴𝑈𝐶)
Extraction Ratio (ER) = 0 – 1
Extravascular Admin. (Oral) Q = Blood Flow
𝐹𝑋0
𝐶𝑙 𝑇 = High ER >0.7
(𝐴𝑈𝐶)
Low ER <0.3
--------------------Organ Clearance--------------------
Rate of extraction = 𝑄 (𝐶𝑖𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) 𝐶𝑙𝐻 = 𝑄𝐻 𝐸𝑅𝐻
F = 1 – ER
𝐶𝑖𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑅 =
𝐶𝑖𝑛
 One-Compartment Open Model IV Infusion

IV Infusion
𝑅0 = 𝐾𝐸 𝑋𝑠𝑠 𝑅0 = Infusion Rate

𝑅0 = 𝐶𝑙 𝑇 𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑠𝑠 = Concentration of drug plasma at steady-state

𝑅0 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐶𝑠𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠𝑠 =
𝐶𝑙 𝑇 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑅0 (1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡 ) – Fraction of drug eliminated

𝐶𝑠𝑠 =
𝐾𝐸 𝑉𝑑
Conc. In Blood 90% - 3.3 half-lives
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑠𝑠 (1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡 )
Conc. In Blood 99% - 6.6 half-lives
𝐶𝑠𝑠 − 𝐶 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ]= n = # of half-lives past since the start of infusion t 1⁄2
𝐶𝑠𝑠 2.303

𝐶 = [𝐶𝑠𝑠 1 − (1⁄2)𝑛 ] Time to reach steady-state = 5 x t1/2

Infusion Plus Loading Dose

𝑋0,𝐿 = 𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑑 𝑋0,𝐿 = IV Loading Dose

𝑅0 T = infusion time
𝑋0,𝐿 =
𝐾𝐸

𝑋0,𝐿 −𝐾 𝑡 𝑅0
𝐶= 𝑒 𝐸 + (1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡 )
𝑉𝑑 𝐾𝐸 𝑉𝑑

𝐴𝑈𝐶 = 𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝑇
 One-Compartment Open Model Extravascular Administration (Oral)

First-Order Absorption Model

𝐾𝑎 𝐹𝑋0 𝐾𝑎 = Absorption Rate Constant
𝐶= [𝑒 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝑎𝑡 ]
𝑉𝑑 (𝐾𝑎 − 𝐾𝐸 )
Assessment of Pharmacokinetic Parameters
𝐾 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 – time to reach max concentration
2.303 log ( 𝑎⁄𝐾 )
𝐸
𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐾𝑎 − 𝐾𝐸 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 – peak concentration reached

0.37 𝐹𝑋0 When Ka = KE , tmax = 1/ KE

𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑉𝑑
Elimination Rate Constant
𝐾𝑎 𝐹𝑋0 𝐾𝐸 𝑡 A plot of log C versus t yields a straight line with slope =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 −
𝑉𝑑 (𝐾𝑎 − 𝐾𝐸 ) 2.303 KE /2.303.
KE can also be estimated from urinary excretion data

Absorption Rate Constant

Method of Residuals 𝐾𝑎 𝐹𝑋0
𝐶= [𝑒 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝑎𝑡 ]
𝑉𝑑 (𝐾𝑎 − 𝐾𝐸 )
𝐶𝑟 = 𝐴 𝑒 −𝐾𝑎 𝑡
𝐾𝑎 𝐹𝑋0
𝐾𝑎 𝑡 𝐴=
log𝐶𝑟 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 − 2.303 𝑉𝑑 (𝐾𝑎 − 𝐾𝐸 )

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶1 𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶⃖ − 𝐶
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝐶⃖ = Back Extrapolated plasma concentration
𝐾𝑎 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 × 2.303 𝐶𝑟 = Residual concentration values

𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 × 2.303
ln (⁄𝐾 )
𝐸
𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐾𝑎 − 𝐾𝐸

Wagner-Nelson Method (𝑦2 + 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )

𝐴𝑈𝐶0𝑡 =
2
𝑋𝐴 𝐶∗
% 𝐴𝑅𝐴 = [1 − ] 100 𝐴𝑈𝐶𝑡∞ = 𝐾 (mg.hr/L)
𝑋𝐴∞ 𝐸

𝐶 + 𝐾𝐸 [𝐴𝑈𝐶 ]𝑡0 𝐴𝑈𝐶0∞ = 𝐴𝑈𝐶0𝑡 + 𝐴𝑈𝐶𝑡∞

% 𝐴𝑅𝐴 = [1 − ] 100
𝐾𝐸 [𝐴𝑈𝐶 ]∞
0
𝐶 ∗ = Last known concentration
𝐾𝑎 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 × 2.303
% 𝐴𝑅𝐴 = percent drug unabsorbed at any time
 Urinary Excretion Data (KE)

Elimination Rate Constant (E.V)

Rate of Excretion Method 𝑑𝑋𝑢
= Rate of urinary drug excretion
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑋𝑢
= 𝐾𝑒 𝑋 𝐾𝑒 = first-order urinary excretion rate constant
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑋𝑢 𝐾𝐸 𝑡 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐾𝑒 𝑋0 = 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡

𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐾𝑒 𝑋0 −
𝑑𝑡 2.303 ∗
𝑋 = 𝑋0 𝑒 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 × 2.303
𝑡 ∗ = mid-point of urine collection
Sigma-Minus/ARE Method 𝑋𝑢 = cumulative amount of drug excreted unchanged in
urine at any time t
-------------------------IV Bolus------------------------
𝐴𝑅𝐸 = 𝑋𝑢∞ − 𝑋𝑢 – Amount of Remaining to be Excreted
𝐾𝑒 𝑋0
𝑋𝑢 = (1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡 )
𝐾𝐸

𝐾𝑒 𝑋0
𝑋𝑢∞ =
𝐾𝐸

𝐾𝐸 𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐴𝑅𝐸) = log 𝑋𝑢∞ −
2.303

-----------------------IV Infusion-----------------------
𝐾𝑒 𝑅0 𝑡 𝐾𝑒 𝑅0 𝑡
𝑋𝑢 = −
𝐾𝐸 𝐾𝐸2

-----------------------E.V (Oral) -----------------------

𝑋𝑢∞
𝐴𝑅𝐸 = (𝐾 𝑒 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡 − 𝐾𝐸 𝑒 −𝐾𝑎𝑡 )
( 𝐾𝑎 − 𝐾𝐸 ) 𝑎

𝑋𝐴
% 𝐴𝑅𝐴 = [1 − ] 100
𝑋𝐴∞

𝑑𝑋𝑢 /𝑑𝑡 + 𝐾𝐸 𝑋𝑢
% 𝐴𝑅𝐴 = [1 − ] 100
𝐾𝐸 𝑋𝑢∞

𝐾𝑎 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 × 2.303
 Multiple Drug Administration

Intravenous Bolus Dose Model

𝑋0 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = concentration just before the next dose is given
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥1 =
𝑉𝑑 𝐶max(𝑛) = the conc just after n number of doses are given.

1 − 𝑒 −𝑛𝐾𝝉 𝜏 = the dosing interval (time from Cmax to Cmin1)

𝐶max(𝑛) = 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥1
1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝝉 𝑛 = the number of doses given
1 − 𝑒 −𝑛𝐾𝝉 −𝐾𝑡 1−𝑒 −𝑛𝐾𝝉
𝐶min(𝑛) = 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥1 𝑒 = Accumulation Factor
1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝝉 1−𝑒 −𝐾𝝉

This factor is a number greater than 1, which indicates

how much higher the concentration will be after n doses
compared with the first dose

Intravenous Bolus Equations At Steady State

𝑋0 1 Steady state is the point at which the amount of drug
𝐶𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘(𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒) = [ ]
(
𝑉𝑑 1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝝉 ) administered over a dosing interval equals the
amount of drug being eliminated over that same period
𝑋0 1 and is totally dependent on the elimination
𝐶𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ(𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒) = [ ] 𝑒 −𝐾𝝉 rate constant.
𝑉𝑑 (1 − 𝑒 )
−𝐾𝝉

1
𝐶(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘(𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒) 𝑒 −𝐾𝑡 1−𝑒 −𝐾𝜏
= Accumulation Factor at steady state

𝑡 = the time after the peak.

Average Steady-State Concentration with Intravenous Bolus Dosing

𝐶̅ =
𝐴𝑈𝐶
=
𝑋0 𝐶̅ = Average Steady-State Concentration
𝝉 𝐶𝑙𝑇 ×𝜏
𝑋0
𝐴𝑈𝐶 =
𝐶𝑙 𝑇

Intravenous Infusions (Continuous Infusions)

𝑅0 t = time since the beginning of the drug infusion
𝐶𝑡 = (1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝑡 )
𝑉𝑑 𝐾
(1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝐸 𝑡 ) – Fraction of 𝐶𝑠𝑠 achieved
𝑅0
𝐶𝑠𝑠 =
𝑉𝑑 𝐾

𝐶𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑)
𝑅0 (𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑅
𝐶𝑠𝑠 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑) 0 (𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙)
 Intravenous Infusions (Intermittent Infusions)
𝑅0 𝑡́= time between the end of the infusion and the
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥1 = (1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝑡 )
𝑉𝑑 𝐾 sampling of plasma concentration

𝑅0
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛1 = (1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝑡 )(𝑒 −𝐾𝝉 )
𝑉𝑑 𝐾

𝑅0 1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝑡
𝐶max(𝑠𝑠) =
𝑉𝑑 𝐾 1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝝉
𝑅 1−𝑒 −𝐾𝑡
𝐶min(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑉 0𝐾 [1−𝑒 −𝐾𝝉 ] 𝑒 −𝐾𝑡́
𝑑

Two Compartment Modelling

𝑋0 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝐾12 + 𝐾21 + 𝐾𝐸 𝛼 𝐵 𝐶0
𝑉𝑐 = 𝐾𝐸 =
𝐶0 𝐴𝛽+𝐵𝛼
𝐶𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝛽𝑡
𝑉𝑐 𝐾12 𝐴 𝐵
𝑉𝑝 = 𝐴𝑈𝐶 = +
𝐾21 𝑋0 𝐾21 − 𝛼 𝛼 𝛽
𝐴= [ ]
𝑉𝑐 𝛽 − 𝛼
𝐴 𝐵 (𝛽 − 𝛼)2 𝑉𝑑 𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑝
𝐾12 =
𝐶0 (𝐴 𝛽 + 𝐵 𝛼) 𝑋0 𝐾21 − 𝛽
𝐵= [ ] 𝑋0
𝑉𝑐 𝛼 − 𝛽
𝐴𝛽+𝐵𝛼 𝑉𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
𝐾21 = 𝛽 𝐴𝑈𝐶
𝐶0 𝑋0
𝐶0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
𝑉𝑐 𝐶𝑙 𝑇 = 𝛽 𝑉𝑑
0.693
𝑡1/2 =
𝛽

α & β = hybrid first-order constants for the rapid distribution phase and the slow elimination phase.

K12 & K21 that depict reversible transfer of drug between compartments are called microconstants or transfer
constants

𝐴𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝛽𝑡 = Distribution exponent + Elimination exponent

A and B are also hybrid constants for the two exponents and can be resolved graphically by the method of
residuals

𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑝 = Apparent volumes of the central and the peripheral compartment

Vd ss = Apparent volumes of distribution at steady-state

 Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics

Km & Vmax from Steady-State Concentration

𝐷𝑅 = 𝐶𝑙𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑙 𝑇 𝐷𝑅 = Dosing rate

DR = R0 or (S) (F) Dose/τ (for zero order kinetics)

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑅 = FX0/𝝉 When admin as multiple oral dosage

𝐷𝑅 =
𝐾𝑚 + 𝐶𝑠𝑠 regimen

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Theoretical maximum rate of the process

𝐷𝑅1 − 𝐷𝑅2
𝐾𝑚 = 𝐾𝑚 = Michaelis constant (concentration of the substrate
𝐷𝑅1 𝐷𝑅2
𝐶𝑠𝑠,1 − 𝐶𝑠𝑠,2 when the reaction velocity is at 50%

𝐷𝑅1 (𝐾𝑚 + 𝐶𝑠𝑠,1 )

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐶𝑠𝑠,1
 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Creatinine Clearance
(140 − 𝑎𝑔𝑒) 𝐼𝐵𝑊 𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙 = Creatinine Clearance (ml/min)
𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙 (𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) = 𝑆𝐶𝑟 = Serum Creatinine (mg/dl)
72×𝑆𝐶𝑟

(140 − 𝑎𝑔𝑒) 𝐼𝐵𝑊 𝐼𝐵𝑊(𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) = 50.0 𝑘𝑔 + 2.3𝑘𝑔 for each inch over 5f
𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙 (𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) = ×0.85 𝐼𝐵𝑊(𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒) = 45.5 𝑘𝑔 + 2.3𝑘𝑔 for each inch over 5f
72×𝑆𝐶𝑟

For a patient who weighs less than IBW, the total body
weight (TBW) would be used.

If ABW < IBW use ABW

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐵𝑊 = 𝐼𝐵𝑊 + 0.4 (𝑇𝐵𝑊 − 𝐼𝐵𝑊) For a patient who’s TBW is 30% over their IBW, then
the AdjBW must be used:

If ABW > (1.3 x IBW) use AdjBW

Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin)
(𝐿𝐷) −𝐾𝑡 𝐶𝑙 0.693
𝐶1 = (𝑒 1 ) 𝐾= 𝑡1 =
𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑑 2 𝐾

(𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒/𝑡𝑖𝑛 ) Cl (L/hr) = Cl (ml/min) x 0.06

𝐶2 = (1 − 𝑒 −𝐾𝑡𝑖𝑛 )(𝑒 −𝐾𝑡2 )
𝐶𝑙 Vd = 0.25 L/kg

(𝐿𝐷) = 𝐶1 𝑉𝑑 𝑆 = Salt Factor: the proportion of the parent drug

contained in the salt, expressed on a weight/weight basis

C1 equation is the bolus dose model

C2 equation is the short infusion model

t1 = time from the start of infusion to time of sampling

tin = duration of infusion
t2 = time of decay from the end of infusion

LD = 5-7 mg/kg (350-490 mg)

C (peak) = 20-30 mg/L

C (trough) = undetectable

IV Dose – 10 mg/ml
𝐾 = 0.00293 𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙 + 0.014 𝐾 = Elimination rate constant

𝑉𝑑 = 0.25 𝐿/𝐾𝑔 (𝐼𝐵𝑊/𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐵𝑊) CrCl: 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐵𝑊 = 𝐼𝐵𝑊 + 0.1 (𝐴𝐵𝑊 − 𝐼𝐵𝑊)

𝑉𝑑 = 0.25 𝐿/𝐾𝑔 (𝐼𝐵𝑊) + 0.1 (𝑇𝐵𝑊 − 𝐼𝐵𝑊) Peds Vd (<5yo) = 0.5L/Kg – (Age/5 x 0.25) (Wt)
+ (𝐴𝐵𝑊 − 𝑇𝐵𝑊)
(TBW-IBW) = Excess adipose weight
(ABW-TBW) = Excess third space fluid weight

TBW:
• without excess third space fluid weight
• with excess adipose weight
ABW:
• with excess third space fluid weight
IBW:
• without excess adipose weight

Digoxin
𝐶𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑔 = [(0.8𝑚𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛/𝐾𝑔 ×𝐼𝐵𝑊) + 𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙 ]
(𝐶×𝑉𝑑 )
𝐿𝐷 = w/CHF:
𝑆×𝐹
𝐶𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑔 = (0.33𝑚𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛/𝐾𝑔 ×𝐼𝐵𝑊) + 0.9×𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙
(𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑒 ×𝐶𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑔 ×𝝉)
𝑀𝐷 = w/co-admin of Amiodarone:
𝑆×𝐹
𝐶𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑔 = 0.5 ×𝐶𝑙 (without amiodarone)

𝑉𝑑 = 7.3 𝐿/𝐾𝑔 (𝐼𝐵𝑊)

w/renal dysfunction
𝑉𝑑 = (3.8 𝐿/𝐾𝑔 × 𝐼𝐵𝑊) + (3.1 𝑥 𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙 )

Cl (L/hr) = Cl (ml/min) x 0.06

τ = 24hr or 1 day
F = 0.7

LD = 10-15 mcg/kg (250-1500 mcg) [0.25-1.5 mg]

MD = 3-5 mcg/kg (125-500 mcg) [0.125-0.5 mg]
C = 1-2.5 ng/ml (mcg/L)

Oral tablet – 0.125 mg, 0.250 mg

 Lidocaine
𝑉𝑥𝐶 F = 0.7
𝐿𝐷 =
𝑆𝑥𝐹 S = 0.87

𝑉𝑖 𝑥 𝐶
𝐵𝐷 = Vi = initial Vd (1.3 L/kg)
𝑆𝑥𝐹
V = final Vd (0.5 L/kg)
(𝐶𝑙)(𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑒 )(𝜏)
𝑀𝐷 = ABW is used to calculate Vd in obese patients
(𝑆)(𝐹 )

0.693 CHF Vd
𝑡1 = Vi = 0.3 L/kg, V = 0.88 L/kg
2 𝐾
Cirrhosis Vd
Vi = 0.61 L/kg, V = 2.3 L/kg

Distribution half-life (α t1/2): 8 mins

Elimination half-life (β t1/2): 100 mins, liver disease:
300 mins, infusions longer than 24 hrs; 200 mins

BD = 1-1.5 mg/kg (70-150 mg)

LD = 1-4 mg/min
MD = 1-4 mg/min

C = 1-5 mg/L

Lithium
(𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒/𝜏) 8.12 𝑚𝐸𝑞
𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝐿𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 (𝑚𝐸𝑞) = 𝐿𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 (𝑚𝑔)
𝐶𝑙 300 𝑚𝑔
Lithium Clearance = 0.25 x CrCl
(𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒/𝜏)
𝐶𝑙 =
𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑒
Distribution half-life (α t1/2): 8 mins
𝑀𝐷 = 𝐶𝑙)(𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑒 )(𝜏) Elimination half-life (β t1/2): 100 mins
Css ave = 22.5-55 mg/L [0.6-1.5 mEq/L]
MD = 600-1500 mg/day [16.24-40.6 mEq/day]

Oral tablet – 300 mg (8.12 mEq), 450 mg (12.18 mEq)