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Various bases are considered for the classification of timbers. The following are the
important basis:
(iii) Durability
(iv) Grading.
(v) Availability.
(i) Classification Based on Mode of Growth: On the basis of mode of growth trees
are classified as
Exogenous and
Endogenous
Exogenous Trees: These trees grow outward by adding distinct consecutive
ring every year. These rings are known as annual rings. Hence it is possible to
find the age of timber by counting these annual rings. These trees may be
further divided into
Coniferous and
Deciduous.
Coniferous trees are having cone shaped leaves and fruits. The leaves do
not fall till new ones are grown. They yield soft wood.
Deciduous trees are having broad leaves. These leaves fall in autumn
and new ones appear in springs. They yield strong wood and hence they
are commonly used in building construction.
In soft wood annual rings are seen distinctly whereas in hard wood they
are indistinct.
The color of soft wood is light whereas the color of hard wood is dark.
Soft woods have lesser strength in compression and shear compared to
hard woods.
Soft woods are light and hard woods are heavy.
Fire resistance of soft wood is poor compared to that of hard wood.
The structure of soft wood is resinous while structure of hard wood is
close grained.
The space between the elements sides and isolation in large density
of the frame is filled with (mineral wool
insulation (rock wool, mineral wool
or glass wool, in recent times also
more and more often natural
materials such as cellulose, wool,
coconut fiber, hemp, cotton). The
structure of the floors is composed
of wooden joists of different
section, with paneling on both
Timber skelet structure
The structures in solid timber are divided into two categories: those with walls made of
solid wood beams, circular section (the typical "Log house") and those with walls of solid
wood panels nailed or glued (Xlam). The walls are usually insulated, and on the one
hand, and closed with a panel, but it is possible also an embodiment without finishes,
with visible structure. The exterior walls can be protected from the external finish of
wood or plaster or covered with a brick façade. The structure of the floor is generally
composed of solid wood panels (Xlam) or wooden beams and panels connected on
both sides.
Calculations
Design of 2x 10 floor joist with southern pine