Normal Human

Microbiota
TITIEK DJANNATUN
BAGIAN MIKROBIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS YARSI
Introduction
 Normal microbiota flora/microbiota  The population of microorganisms that inhabit
the skin and mucous membranes of healthy normal person  Normal flora, normal
microbiota
 First line of defense against microbial pathogens, assist in digestion, toxin degradation,
contribute to maturation of the immun system
 Outcomes of exposure to a microorganism:

◦ Transient colonization
◦ Permanent colonization
◦ Disease
Introduction
Introduction
 Normal flora may aid the host in several ways:
 Aid in digestion of food
 Help the development of mucosa immunity
 Protect the host from colonization with pathogenic microbes  bacterial
interference  flora on mucous membran and skin
 Competition for receptors or binding sites on host cells
 Competition for nutrients
 Mutual inhibition by metabolic or toxic product
 Mutual inhibition by antibiotic materials or bacteriocins
Normal Flora competing w/ Invading
Pathogens

Adopted from Samuel Baron “Medical Microbiology”

Normal flora may act as opportunistic pathogens
Especially in hosts rendered susceptible by:
1. Immuno-suppression (AIDS & SCID)
2. Radiation therapy & Chemotherapy
3. Perforated mucous membranes
4. Rheumatic heart disease  Streptococcus viridans resident
organisms of the upper respiratory tract  tooth extraction or
oral surgery
Sites of human body that the normal flora microbes colonize

 Respiratory tract and head  outer ear, eye, mouth, oropharynx,

nasopharynx
Sterile sites: sinuses, middle ear, brain, lower respiratory tract
(trachea, bronchiole, lung)
 Gastrointestinal tract  esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine
 Genitourinary system  anterior urethra, vagina
Sterile sites: bladder, cervix, uterus
 Skin
 Conjunctiva
Distribution of Normal Flora in Human Body

Adopted from Smaul Baron “Medical Microbiology”

Factors Influencing Normal Flora

1. Local Environment (pH, temperature,

redox potential, O2, H2O, and nutrient
levels…).
2. Diet
3. Age
4. Health condition (immune activity…)
5. Antibiotics,…..etc
The Role of The Normal Mouth
Microbiota in Dental Caries
 Caries is a disintegration of teeth beginning at the surface and progressing in ward
 Surface anamel is demineralized  attributed to the effect of acid products of bacterial fermentation 
decomposition of dentin and cement, bacterial digestion of protein matriks

 Dental plaque managed as complex biofilm  accumulation of microbes within matrix

 Biofilm protection microbes from environmental hazard (and also antimicrobials), optimization
of spatial arrangements that maximize energy through movement of nutrient
 The plaque or biofilm consist mainly of gelatinous deposits of glucans (carbohydrates polymers)
 acids-producting bacteria adhere to enamel  pH<5,0  Streptococcus mutans,
peptostreptoccoci, actinomyces
 Oral microflora: Streptococcus salivarius (glucosyltransferase) and veillonella synthesize
water-insoluble carbohydrate polymer to adhere to tooth surfaces
The Role of The Normal Mouth
Microbiota in Dental Caries
 The development of caries dependsn on genetic, hormonal, nutrirional, and many other factprs
 Control of caries :
 Physical removal of plaque
 Limitation of sucrose intake
 Good nutrition with adequate protein intake
 Reduction of acid production in mouth by limitation of available carbohydrate and frequent
cleansing
 Periodontal disease and tissue destruction
 Capnocytophaga species  Fusiform, Gram negative, anaerob
 Rothia species  pleomorphic, aerobic, Gram-positive rods