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Commissioning
By: John D. Villani, P.E., LEED AP, QCxP, CEM, GBE
FUNCTIONAL
FUNCTIONAL
FUNCTIONAL
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
TESTING
TESTING
TESTING
PRE-DESIGN
PRE-DESIGN
PRE-DESIGN DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION OCCUPANCY & OPS
What is commissioning and why is it needed?
Where does Cx come from?
It is a common misconception that Cx is a post-construction process, it actually
starts at project inception.
What is commissioning and why is it needed?
Why is Cx needed?
“The benefits of building Cx are to achieve buildings that work.”
C408.2.4.1 Acceptance of report. Buildings, or portions thereof, shall not pass the
final mechanical inspection until such time as the code official has received a letter
of transmittal from the building owner acknowledging that the building owner has
received the Preliminary Commissioning Report.
Commissioning Mascot
Commissioning Process
Pre-Design – Cx Scope and Selection
A look behind the scenes in to the Cx fee estimate:
Specifications 230993-12, 1.02.F.11 and 1.02.G: Per the sequence the chillers will operate for 2 hours past
the OA temperature dropping below 40 degrees, however, the free cooling system will energize at 43
degrees. Therefore, mechanical cooling and free cooling will both be active simultaneously. If this is the
design intention the following comments apply:
1) On the activation of free cooling, the operational cooling tower(s) shall be evaluated, in order for
mechanical and free cooling to both be active, at least one tower between CT2A, CT2B, CT3A, CT3B shall
be activated to maintain mechanical cooling, AND, CT1A or CT1B shall be activated to energize free
cooling. This must be done prior to activating the cooling tower isolation valves.
2) During this simultaneous mode of operation, CT2A through CT3B shall maintain a tower water
temperature of 70 degrees minimum per the sequence, while CT1A and CT1B drive the condenser water
supply temperature down to 45 degrees.
3) On the activation of free cooling, the operational chiller shall be evaluated, in order for mechanical and
free cooling to both be active, at least one chiller between CH-1, CH-2, and CH-3 shall be activated to
maintain mechanical cooling. If at the time that free cooling is to be initiated, CH-4 is the (lead) chiller, than
another chiller shall be energized and allowed to achieve the chilled water supply temperature setpoint of 43
degrees prior to de-energizing CH-4 and startup of free cooling. This must be done prior to activating free
cooling.
Open
Pipe!
Open Closed
Pipe! Ball
Valve
“It is much easier and cheaper to correct deficiencies on paper during the
design phase than in the finished building after construction.” ASHRAE IAQ Guide
Design Diagram
CONTROLS
CONTRACTOR Cx GUY #1
What will these Cx Cx GUY #2 What about killing
guys dream up next? Let’s trip the power to the
freezestat controller?
Cx GUY #3
Let’s shut off the
VFD
Commissioning Process
Construction Phase Cx – Functional Performance Testing
This was done for
each system
18”x18” AD
Commissioning Process
Occupancy Phase
Cx Training and
Maintenance
Occupancy Phase
Cx Training and
Commissioning Process Maintenance
44%
46%
48%
50%
52%
54%
56%
58%
42% 44% 46% 48% 50% 52% 54% 56% 58%
Negative OR
Pressurization
Neutral OR
Pressurization
3400 cfm
1700 cfm
ADDED
Code is +0.01”
Typically maintain +0.02” to +0.04”
OR is cfm offset controlled
43
Case Study #3
Building Envelope Cx
This was the
actual installed
condition, metal
Not a continuous panels were
vapor barrier removed after
major humidity
problems were
found in the
interstitial space
and
condensation
dripping off the
ductwork.
Case Study #4
Building Envelope Cx
Through Cx,
we created a
humidity
setpoint
reset
schedule to
lower the
setpoint
based on the
Understand the outside air
difference between temperature
thermally enhanced
and thermally broken!!
Review
Case Study #5 Patient Rooms Overheating unoccupied air
flow rates, many
systems are not
VAV Controls JCI VMA (VAV) programmed to
Diagram Controller default have
heating cfm = unoccupied
max cooling cfm
setpoints!
UNOCCUPIED
Review Global
points that
command
systems, this
system had
radiant heat
coming on at
50ºF OA, which
overheated the
building causing
simultaneous
heating and
Tested and adjusted by cooling.
building exposure, final
setpoints ranged from 45 to
35 degrees OA
Case Study #5
Patient Rooms Overheating
Revised
Radiant
Panel Zoning
Diagram
TOTAL OA
Incentive $120,750
Therms 171,469 estimated
Saved
Simple < 3 months
Payback
Case Study #8
University of Chicago
Steam valves
are
commanded
closed.
Case Study #8 University of Chicago
Scheduling AHUs without shutting them off.
AHU Fan Data
100
90
80
70
Motor Power (kW)
Fan Speed % or
60
50
40
30
20
10
8,000
Verified energy savings.
Steam
(Mlbs)
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Month
7
8
9
10
11
12
2009
2010
2011
2012
Electricity Consumption from ComEd
3000
2500
2000
Total kW
1500
1000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Days
Case Study #9 – Heat Pipe
VAV system with Heat Pipe on OA intake provide a 24 degree
rise in OA temp with no energy costs!
Cx found a bad Max OA flow station and a sequence that did not work which was
causing the NON-heat pipe exhaust to open, eliminating the effectiveness of the
heat pipe.
Building pressurization Supply cfm = 18,310
Case
Case Study
Study #10 #9 – Heat Pipe
Min OA = 4,578
Fixed Exhaust = 910 cfm
Building Pressurization = 10% (of
supply fan cfm) = 1,831
PROBLEM – BALANCING
MATRIX DID NOT LEAVE ANY
AIR FOR BUILDING
PRESSURIZATION
56
Case Study #11 – Cooling Tower Sequence
CW setpoint is very low, originally forcing all three CT’s on, which caused CW flow to be below
minimum on each tower, reprogrammed to only allow two towers to operate with one chiller, but
still have unequal loading. Problem with controls programming.
Case Study #12 – Pumping Systems and DP
Setpoints
Case Study #13 – Find the outlier
CT Room
Impacted Static
Pressure Reset
Sources:
Printed in 2011 ASHRAE Applications Handbook, 43.11, HVAC Commissioning
(a) Wilkinson, R. (2000). Establishing Commissioning Fees, ASHRAE
Journal 42 (4):41-47.
(b) PECI (2000). The National Conference on Building Commissioning
Proceedings, Portland Energy Conservation Inc. OR.
Cx Costs and Benefits
Grumman/Butkus Associates John Villani, P.E., LEED AP, QCxP, CEM, GBE
Energy Efficiency Consultants jvillani@grummanbutkus.com
and Sustainable Design Engineers
ACME
Hospital,
Chicago
Illinois
-‐
Systems
and
Equipment
Commissioning
List
Demonstra?on
Time
for
Func?onal
Performance
Tes?ng
with
Commissioning
Authority
FANS 8 8
EF-‐EC1 0.25
EF-‐EC2 0.25
EF-‐EC3 0.25
EF-‐EC4 0.25
EF-‐EC5 0.25
KEF-‐1 0.25
KEF-‐2 0.25
KEF-‐3 0.25
KEF-‐4 0.25
EF-‐1-‐2A,
2B 0.25
EF-‐2-‐1 0.25
EF-‐3-‐1 0.25
EF-‐3-‐2A,
2B 0.25
EF-‐4-‐1 0.25
EF-‐5-‐1 0.25
EF-‐5-‐2A,
2B 0.25
EF-‐5-‐3 0.25
EF-‐5-‐4 0.25
EF-‐5-‐5 0.25
EF-‐6-‐1 0.25
EF-‐6-‐2 0.25
EF-‐6-‐3 0.25
EF-‐6-‐4 0.25
EF-‐7-‐1 0.25
EF-‐7-‐2A,
2B 0.25
EF-‐7-‐3 0.25
EF-‐8-‐1 0.25
EF-‐8-‐2 0.25
EF-‐9-‐1 0.25
EF-‐9-‐2 0.25
EF-‐10-‐1 0.25
EF-‐11-‐1 0.25
EF-‐12-‐1 0.25
EF-‐13-‐1 0.25
EF-‐13-‐2 0.25
EF-‐13-‐3 0.25
EF-‐13-‐4 0.25
EF-‐13-‐5 0.25
EF-‐13-‐6 0.25
EF-‐13-‐7 0.25
EF-‐13-‐8 0.25
EF-‐13-‐9A 0.25
EF-‐13-‐9B 0.25
EF-‐14-‐1 0.25
EF-‐14-‐2 0.25
EF-‐15-‐1 0.25
EF-‐15-‐2 0.25
RF-‐15-‐1 0.25
SF-‐1 0.25
PUMPS 8 8
CP-‐1 0.5
CP-‐2 0.5
CTP-‐1,2,3 1
CWP-‐1,2,3 1
CWP-‐9A,9B 1
CWP-‐10A,10B 1
ERP-‐1 0.5
ERP-‐2 0.5
FOP-‐1A,1B 1
HHWP-‐1A,1B 1
HHWP-‐2A,2B 1
HHWP-‐3A,3B 1
HWP-‐1 0.25
HWP-‐2 0.25
HWP-‐3 0.25
HWP-‐4 0.25
HWP-‐5 0.25
HWP-‐6 0.25
HWP-‐7 0.25
HWP-‐8 0.25
HWP-‐9 0.25
HWP-‐10 0.25
HWP-‐11 0.25
HWP-‐12 0.25
HWP-‐13 0.25
HWP-‐14 0.25
HWP-‐15 0.25
HWP-‐16 0.25
HWP-‐17 0.25
Heat
Exchangers
HHWHW-‐1 2
HHWHX-‐2A,
2B 4
HHWHX-‐3 2
SMHX-‐1 2
Cooling
Towers 8 8
CT-‐1,2,3
RooFop
Units 16
RTU-‐1 4
RTU-‐2 4
RTU-‐3 4
RTU-‐4 4
RTU-‐5 4
RTU-‐6 4
RTU-‐7 4
RTU-‐8 4
RTU-‐9 4
RTU-‐10 4
RTU-‐11 4
RTU-‐12 4
Air
Handlers 8
AHU-‐13 4
AHU-‐14 4
AHU-‐15 4
AHU-‐16 4
AHU-‐17 4
Condensing
Unit 4 4
CU-‐1
CU-‐2
Electrical
General 8
General
Electrical
Demostra?on 40
Emergency
Generators 20
Automa?c
Transfer
Switches 20
Plumbing 16
General
Plumbing
Demonstra?on 8
Circula?ng
Pumps
(CP)
Mixing
Valves
(MV) 4
Sump
Pumps
(SP) 4
Solenoid
Valve
(SV)
Water
Heaters
(WH) 8
Water
Meters
(WM)
Medical
Gas 8 8
Medical
Vacuum
Pump
(MVP) 4
Instrument
Air
Compressor
(IAC) 4
Medical
Air
Compressor
(MAC) 4
The following tables show the breakout of how and where the fee is derived by phase and by scope
item.
Detailed fee breakdown by project phase and task:
Design Phase
6.G Early Construction OAC Meetings, July 2013 through June 2014
24 $4,064
(Every Other Month)
6.G Turnover Phase OAC Meetings, January 2016 through June 2016,
78 $11,882
(Weekly)
6.L Site Observation and Field Reports July 2013 through June 2014
152 $24,600
(Every Other Month)
6.L Site Observation and Field Reports July 2014 through June 2015
304 $49,200
(Every Month)
6.L Site Observation and Field Reports July 2015 through December
304 $49,200
2015 (Every Other Week)
Warranty Phase
The following table breaks down G/BA’s proposed Functional Performance Testing by task:
Pharmacy 16 $1,928
Imaging 8 $964
Building Automation Controls System (Included in individual FPT Tests) N/A N/A
UPS 32 $4,640
Generators 16 $2,320
ATS 16 $2,576
Note #1: Based on the schematic design drawings, G/BA has included commissioning of 240 VAV boxes (air
terminal devices), which is 100% of all the critical zones PLUS 25% of the typical spaces. We believe this quantity
was the intent of the RFP, however, if this quantity is in excess or short of expectations we can adjust the quantity
accordingly.
Phase Fee
Total $722,342