Data Communication& Computer Networking

Amity Campus
Uttar Pradesh
India 201303

ASSIGNMENTS
PROGRAM: MFC

SEMESTER-IV

Subject Name : Data Communication& Computer Networking

Study COUNTRY : Somalia
Roll Number (Reg.No.) : MFC001512014-2016073
Student Name : JAMA ABDI BULSHALE

Signature :
Date : 30-04-2016

( √ ) Tick mark in front of the assignments submitted

Assignment ‘A’  Assignment ‘B’  Assignment ‘C’ 

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ASSIGNMENT A
Answer (1)
VDU stands for Visual Display Unit. It is an electronic visual display for computers or
simply a computer monitor. Information typed in or transferred from an input device
(keyboard and mouse) is displayed on the VDU (monitor screen). The display device in
modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin
panel, while older monitors use a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size.

When a user input data using a keyboard those signals transmit to CPU. After the CPU
process those data the resulting data transmit to output device such as monitor. Therefore
computer monitor should communicate with CPU both ways. Data signals should transmit to
monitor and display the output. A VDU is an output device. Therefore only the signals from
CPU are sent to the VDU.

What does full-duplex asynchronous communication mean?

All electrical circuits require a minimum of two wires - the current flows out on one wire and
back on another called the ground. In many applications, we require data to flow in two
directions at the same time, e.g. between a terminal and a computer. Simultaneous transfer in
two directions is called full-duplex, as distinguished from half-duplex (one direction or the
other, but not at the same time) and simplex (one direction only).

Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits to signify the beginning bit ASCII
character would actually be transmitted using 10 bits e.g.: A "0100 0001" would become "1
0100 0001 0". The extra one (or zero depending on parity bit) at the start and end of the
transmission tells the receiver first that a character is coming and secondly that the character
has ended. This method of transmission is used when data are sent intermittently as opposed
to in a solid stream. In the previous example the start and stop bits are in bold. The start and
stop bits must be of opposite polarity. This allows the receiver to recognize when the second
packet of information is being sent.

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Signals are transmitted through a cable connected to CPU .This cable makes the path to
transmit signal and is called channel. The channels between computer input/output devices
and CPU are called I/O channels.

This channel should be asynchronous. Each of the signals is sent separately according to the
CPU memory. Synchronous mode makes transmit delay which cannot be accepted by a CPU.
A VDU is a device which does not require synchronizing with other end as the timing is not a
critical factor. This is because the channel is established only to transmit signals.

Also VDU uses serial port to transmit signals and serial communication is always
asynchronous. This channel does not need to be Full duplex as there are no signals transmit
from VDU to CPU.

Answer (2):

A computer network can be defined as set of active and passive communication equipments
are connected together in order to share resources such as data, video and voice
communication. Active equipments include switches, routers, and computers, printers etc
where as passive equipments are network and data cables. A telephone network includes a
PABX, telephone lines and telephones.

In a telephone network analog phones are used to make calls using existing telephone line
through a PABX. This is expensive in terms of cost for calls and faxes.

Following are the ways of connecting telephone system as a business network:

1. Use of a modem to access internet and email via dial up
2. Upgrade the existing phone line to carry data as ADSL and access internet/email.
3. Use of a dialup VPN to access your computers remotely
4. Convert PSTN telephone system to VOIP system using software/Hardware devices.

However use of telephone cables alone will not setup a complete network.Through the use of
PABX the main telephone line can be shared to other pcs. By using modem users can dialup
and connect to internet and send emails. Further by using internet connection sharing
software this dialup connection can be shared among other pcs.

You can upgrade your existing telephone connection with an ADSL facility so that you can
use telephone voice calls and browse internet at the same time. This can be done using an
ADSLmodem and splitter and need low cost to setup. You will only get the normal phone
charges compare to per minute charges in dialup networking.

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If you have already connected your pcs through network cables you can use dialup VPN
using your existing phone line to connect remotely. If no cabling done you can access one
computer using the VPN with a secure connection.

The most efficient use of telephone network is to convert it as a voice over IP (VOIP) system.
This can be done by using special software which converts analog phone connections to
digital IP based connections. The setup requires small cost but you can save money by using
VOIP which reduce traditional phone cost.

Alternatives to telephone systems

1. Wireless mobile phone systems
2. Voice over IP systems (VOIP)

1. Wireless Mobile Phone Systems

Mobile phone systems do not use physical cables. Mobile communication use radio
waves to communicate each other. You only need the mobile phone and a
connection to your service provide. This is cheap compare to traditional telephone
systems.

2. Voice Over IP Systems (VOIP)

VOIP is the use of internet for voice communication. You can use specialVOIP
phones which are based on IPS or you can use software based phones. The benefit of
VOIP is that you will not charge for voice and data separately. Both hardware-based
and software-based VOIP phone systems are available. Some of the examples are
CISCO IP phones and communication express.

Answer (3):

A multiplexer (sometimes called a mux) is a communications device that multiplexes

(combines) several signals for transmission over a single physical transmission channel. A
demultiplexer completes the process by separating multiplexed signals from a channel line at
the receiver. A multiplexer and demultiplexer are frequently combined into a single device
that is capable of processing both outgoing and incoming signals.

Multiplexing is used in data communication to use the available resources known as

bandwidth economically. Multiplexing is a method of sending many channels over a single
physical media. In other words multiplexing is the way of sending several messages over a
single line. Multiplexing breaks the high speed physical transmission line to several low
speed logical channels. The key reason to use multiplexing is to use the available bandwidth

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fully utilized without wasting resources. Multiplexing provide facility to transmit large
number of separate signals over a one physical line sharing the bandwidth.

The communications channel may be shared between the multiplexed signals in a variety of
ways, including Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM).

Time Division Multiplexing

Time division multiplexing is a scheme in which multiple incoming digital signals are
combined for transmission onto a single transmission line using interleaved time slots. Each
incoming channel is allocated a specific time slot, and has full access to the transmission line
during its allocated time slot. Some TDM systems allow for a variation in the number of
signals being sent along the line, and will adjust the time interval of each slot to optimize the
use of the available bandwidth.

Time Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Analog signals are often multiplexed using frequency-division multiplexing, in which the
bandwidth of the carrier is divided into sub-channels, each having its own range of
frequencies, enabling each sub-channel to carry a separate signal. Each incoming low-
bandwidth signal is assigned a different sub-channel on the main channel. In order to prevent
interference between adjacent sub-channels, small-bandwidth gaps, known as guard bands,
are left between each sub-channel. If a large number of signals are required to be sent along a
single long-distance communication link, a high-bandwidth carrier is required. The
transmission system must be carefully designed to ensure that it can provide the necessary
transmission characteristics.

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Frequency Division Multiplexing

Answer (4):

In FDM you need 1 guard band between every two adjacent channels in order to prevent
channel overlapping. Therefore number of guard bands is one less than total bands.

Total bandwidth= number of channels (Channel band+guard band -1)

Suppose if we start from 100KHz, following are the channels:

First channel 100KHz - 105KHz
Second Channel 106KHz-111KHz
Third Channel 112KHz- 117KHz
Fourth Channel 118KHz-123KHz

Diagram

5KHz 5KHz

1KHz 1KHz

100KHz 105 106 111KHz 112KHz

C1 C2

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Each band is 5KHz wide and Guard band is 1KHz. C1 and C2 are channel 1 and channel2.

Answer (5):

Analog-to-digital conversion is an electronic process in which a continuously variable

(analog) signal is changed, without altering its essential content, into a multi-level (digital)
signal.

The input to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) consists of a voltage that varies among a
theoretically infinite number of values. Examples are sine waves, the waveforms representing
human speech, and the signals from a conventional television camera. The output of the
ADC, in contrast, has defined levels or states. The number of states is almost always a power
of two -- that is, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. The simplest digital signals have only two states, and are
called binary. All whole numbers can be represented in binary form as strings of ones and
zeros.

Digital signals propagate more efficiently than analog signals, largely because digital
impulses, which are well-defined and orderly, are easier for electronic circuits to distinguish
from noise, which is chaotic. This is the chief advantage of digital modes in communications.
Computers "talk" and "think" in terms of binary digital data; while a microprocessor can
analyze analog data, it must be converted into digital form for the computer to make sense of
it.

A typical telephone modem makes use of an ADC to convert the incoming audio from a
twisted-pair line into signals the computer can understand. In a digital signal processing
system, an ADC is required if the signal input is analog.

The process of converting analog signals to digital signals is known as modulation. An

analog to digital converter (ADC) is used to convert analog to digital signals.

Following are the basic steps involve in analog to digital conversion.

1. Sign waves are sampled periodically.
2. Amplitude of the samples quantized.
3. Quantized values are assigning binary values.

Sampling of sign wave is the breaking of continuous signal into discrete signal. A sample is a
value given at appoint or a time. An algorithm is used to calculate sampling rate which will
be used to sample the signal. Lastly, quantization is used to digitally represent the sampled
signal values. The difference between actual signal and sampled signal values is quantization
error. Once the analog to digital conversion is done the signal is represented in binary 1 and
0s which are used in computers.

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The diagram below shows how the process is done via Digital-Analog Convertor:

Analog in
Digital out

ADC

0 1 1 0 0

The reverse of this process is called digital to analog conversion. This is used when there is a
need to send signals from computer to another computer through a communication link or in
telephone line.

ASSIGNMENT B
Answer (1):

Multimedia includes different formats. In simple terms multimedia is what you hear and see.
This includes text, pictures, video, animations, sound, music, films. Any one can create
multimedia using their own creativity.

Following are the steps in creating multimedia

1. Design the multimedia using software
2. Improve quality by changing resolution and compressions
3. Save using a file format

Different file formats use in multimedia are .GIF,.JPG,.MPEG,.WAV etc. Multimedia is the
combination of media formats such as text, audio, images, sound. Multimedia devices
include projectors, sound systems, interactive white boards etc.

Multimedia development
There are 3 major steps
1. Concept
2. Design
3. Production

There are two forms of multimedia

1. Linear Multimedia
2. Non linear or interactive media.

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In concept following should be considered:

 What is the target audience?
 What is the objective?
 What should be included?

Concept is important since the success of multimedia product.

In design phase following should be considered:

 Flow of the facts
 What software to use?
 What format to use
 What should be the size and time?

In development phase time lines should be reviewed, and use prototypes and test the product.

Selection of formats
 Video should be in .mpeg, .avi formats and use for demos, lectures, trailers, video
conferencing.
 Audio should be in .mp3 or .wav format. Images should be carefully use with
resolutions.
 Some of the examples of multimedia products are webinars, webcasts and podcasts.

Here is an illustration of how I used multimedia to present a lecture on Computerized

Accounting Software called QuickBooks.

I have decided to create a presentation. I have also created interactive multiple-choice

questions to be answered by the students after the lecture.

First I have created my presentation using Microsoft PowerPoint 2010. I have included text,
images, charts, videos, and special effects in my file.

Next step was to editing the lecture according to time which is only 45 min. After testing
lecture I have moved to the next step.

Next step was to make a multiple-choice questionsection. I also used Power Point software to
create this file. It included 10 questions with each one having 4 possible answers.When the
student selects an answer to the question and clicks the slide, the correct answer changes its

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format with a sound reading the correct answer, so he/she knows the result before moving to
the next question.

In last step, I have combined the two filesand students really enjoyed that particular lecture
that evening. Thanks to MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY.

Answer (2):

MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. This is a standard use in digital and
electronic music al instruments and computers to connect each other and work. MIDI
communicates messages such as pitch, musical notations, control signals such as volume,
velocity between multiple devices. This provides a sound from devices similar to use of one
device.

The outcome of using a MIDI is that sounds from multiple musical instruments can be played
as one device.

Advantages of Using MIDI

 With MIDI the required cables to connect several devices is less or zero.
 MIDI provides a common standard in music industry for devices to communicate.
 With the use of MIDI less number of players need in a musical show or an event.
 Using MIDI and MIDI software with a computer, anyone with little music knowledge
can create there music notes without going to a studio. There is no need to get the
services of musicians, studios. This requires little training and effort.

MIDI reduce the number of musical devices need to perform in an event.

In order to use MIDI following are required

1. MIDI compatible controllers
2. Musical instruments
3. MIDI software

For the physical connectivity MIDI cables, MIDI interfaces and MIDI adapters use)

Applications of MIDI
 Personal computers use MIDI support sound card which can connect to a music
instrument.

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 MIDI interfaces used to connect MIDI compatible devices with non MIDI compatible
devices.
 Electronic keyboards with MIDI enabled.
 MIDI musical instruments such as MIDI violin and MIDI Guitar.

MIDI is a set of data known as controls or instructions. Instructions include events and
messages which instructs musical devices to generate sounds.

Connectivity
When connecting one MIDI device to another
MIDI device there are several
possibilities.Some devices have MIDI in or
MIDI out ports and some have both these and
MIDI thru. MIDI in of a one device is
connected to MIDI out of another device.
MIDI thru port used to connect external MIDI
devices. The diagram on the right illustrates a
typical MIDI setup.
Source: http://midi-audio-connections.blogspot.com/2007/05/midi-
Answer (3) connection-diagram.html

Requirements for voice packet transmission

A basic requirement for an end to end voice communication is low delay and very less
number of errors. However compared to data transmission, voice transmission is somewhat
tolerance to errors. It means that a small error will not have a significant disturbance. In
comparison to data communication voice communication requires very less or zero delay. In
simple terms time between one person talks and other person hear is very important.

Packet switching vs. circuit switching

In packet switching the message divided to small data chunks called packets. These packets
are transmitting through the channels in whatever the route available. Compare to circuit
switching there is no dedicated path to transfer packets. As a result there can be delays and
packet loss during the transfer. In circuit switching end to end path is predetermined and
connection established. In order to do this special device such as routers and cabling requires.
This makes circuit switching expensive than packet switching. Traditionally PSTN use circuit
switching whereas voice over ip use packet switching.

Voice communication
As listed above circuit switching guarantees end to end delivery of packets with less delay
time. This is a must have requirement for voice communication. Unlike in packet switching

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communication resources are reserved for a session and no other session can use the same
allocated resources. This provides fast communication with less delay. In packet switching
each packet is buffered at the receiving end and transmits. This is a reason for delay.

Considering the quality circuit switching is better for a quality of service (QOS). Packet
switching provide less quality as in a packet switched network data, voice and video signals
are transmit together and requires more effort to classify quality.

Conclusion
In circuit switching communication path is predetermined and dedicated throughout a session
which provides guaranteed quality which is ideal for real time applications such as voice.
While in packet switching quality of service should be maintained and have a higher delay of
processing which is not suitable for real time application such as voice but for data. Since the
resources are shared in packet switching, once the resources are fully utilized transmission
delay makes poor quality in calls.

Therefore circuit switching is preferred over packet switching for voice communication.
CASE STUDY
Answer (A)

According to the NyquistTheorem the sampling rate should be greater than or equal to upper
limit of the bandwidth. So that

300-3400Hz range the sampling rate should be 3400*2 = 6800Hz

Since the analog to digital converter use 4 bits the bit rate equals 6800*4 = 27000bits per
second. That is roughly27Kb/sec.

Note is the simplest calculation which does not include error calculations and other
variations.

Answer (B):

Satellite communication uses a satellite which is travelling on the space orbit to transmit
signals. Satellite picks signals from ground station using antennas and amplified it. After
multiplexing the signals resend to earth with appropriate Frequencies. Receivers called
antennas pick these signals and use to communicate.

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Due to high altitude of the satellite, signals get delay. Satellites use very high bands such as
1-50GHz.

Satellite communication use radio waves. This is used in cellular mobile networks, and in
Broadband TV systems. Satellite communication is used worldwide to communicate between
geographically separated devices.

Some of the examples are

1. LiveTV coverage of an event such as Cricket match.
2. Mobile service-providers use for communication such as roaming.
3. Multinational companies use private bands to connect their offices.
4. Aircrafts communicate with control stations.

In order to provide these communication facilities satellite communication uses a wide

spectrum and range of frequencies.

ASSIGNMENT C
Questions Answers Questions Answers Questions Answers Questions Answers
Q1 A Q11 D Q21 C Q31 B
Q2 B Q12 D Q22 C Q32 B
Q3 A Q13 A Q23 D Q33 D
Q4 D Q14 B Q24 C Q34 D
Q5 A Q15 C Q25 C Q35 D
Q6 D Q16 C Q26 C Q36 A
Q7 A Q17 B Q27 B Q37 B
Q8 C Q18 C Q28 D Q38 D
Q9 B Q19 B Q29 C Q39 C
Q10 B Q20 B Q30 C Q40 D

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