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CHAPTER V REACHING THE AGE OF ADOLESCENCE
1. Prepare a pamplet on the adverse effects of child marriages from your surroundings or from
various sources.
2. ‘’Consumption of tobacco is injurious to human health’’. Do you agree? Gather information
from internet and prepare a report on it.
3. Prepare a pamplet on list of healthy habits, cleanliness and physical exercises at adolescence
and display in the class room.
4. Collect information on endocrine glands and their effect on different organs present in
human body from library or internet. Prepare a note.
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MODEL PROJECT
I. PRELIMINARY INFORMATION:
CLASS : VIII
SUBJECT : BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
NAME OF THE LESWSON/UNIT : CELL- BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
PROJECT NO. : 01
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 24.01.2016
ROLE OF TEAM:
1. Team leader : Leading the entire team
2. 2nd student : Collection of material
3. 3rd student : Taking section cuttings and preparation of slides
4. 4th student : Preparation of tables
5. 5th student : Submission of report
II. DETAILS OF THE PROJECT:
1. TITLE OF THE PROJECT:
‘IDENTIFICATION OF PLANTS AS DICOTS AND MONOCOTS THROUGH SECTION CUTTINGS’
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:
“How do you determine the tender stems into monocots/dicots after conducting stem cut-
tings”
3. TOOLS:
Experimentation and observation
4. MATERIALS.
Microscope, slides, saffranin solution, watch glasses, brushes, blades, tender stems of Tri-
dax,Neem, Pongamia, Jowar, Maize and bajra.
5. PROCEDURE:
A) INRODUCTION:
Generally flowering plants are different types. We can identify the dicot and monocot
plants by observing physical features viz., type of venation ,root system, flower struc-
ture etc., Based on the internal structure of the stem, we can identify the plants as di-
cots and monocots. So we have to observe the internal structure of the stem by taking
stem section cuttings.
B) PROCEDURE:
1. Take the section cuttings of Tridax, Neem, Pongamia, bajra, jowar, and maize
tender stems and put the slides under microscope.
2. Observe each stem cutting under microscope and daw diagrams of stem cuttings.
3. While observing, note the number of vascular bundles, their arrangement and
cortex etc., in the given table.
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C) TABLE
D) ANALYSIS
The following common characters are observed in the stem cuttings of Neem, Tidax and
Pongamia
1. Epidermal/ dermal hairs
2. Well developed cortex.
3. Hypodermis is made up of collenchymas.
4. No. of vascular bundles are limited, arranged in circular, open type and oval shape.
5. Endodermis is present.
In stem cuttings of jowar, bajra and maize the following common characters are observed.
1. Absence of dermal hairs.
2. Cortex is reduced, only hypodermis is present, which is made up of sclerenchyma.
3. Endodermis is absent.
4. No. of vascular bundles are many and scattered.
5. Vascular bundles are egg shaped, closed type, protoxylem is present.
6. Cambium is absent.
E) CONCLUSION :-
Based on the characters found in section cuttings and with reference to the text book (I
year intermediate Botany) or guidance of the teacher. Neem, Pongamia and Tridax plant
tender stems belong to Dicotyledons. Jowar, Maize and Bajra plant stems belong to Mono-
cots.
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6. EXPERIENCE OF THE STUDENT :-
1. Observe different types of plants.
2. Got experience in handling microscope.
3. Got experience in preparation of slides.
4. Chances to take extra section cuttings.
5. Internal structure of Tridax stem is clearly seen.
6. Some section cuttings are not clear.
7. DOUBTS WHILE CONDUCTING THE PROJECT :-
1. Arrangement of vascular bundles is not same in all section cuttings.
2. Why vascular bundles are scattered in Monocots.
3. On what basis one can identify plants into dicots and Monocots.
4. What are the other characters influenced in division of plants into monocots and dicots.
5. What is the role of cambium in dicot stems.
6. Why cambium in absent in Monocotyledon stems.
8. REFERENCES:-
l I year Intermediate Botany text book.
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:-
1. Thanks to co-students of group in presentation of the project.
2. Thanks to the teacher who guided us to do this project and for his valuable guidance to
success this project.
3. Thanks to the Headmaster/Principal of this institution for his encouragement
10. Signature of the Student
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PROPOSED ASSIGNMENTS
Class : VIII Subject : Biology
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5. Collect and tabulate information about the type of soil ,type of crop grown, the fertilizers and
pesticides used and yielding of the crops. Analyse the way of profit or loss for the farmer
6. Collect the pictures of various agricultural instruments/prepare their models and make a note
of it
7. Collect specimens of diseased plants and make herbarium
8. Collect information and prepare a report on “how Parthenium is harmful to environment and
humans health.
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Unit-XI WHY DO WE FALL ILL
1. Prepare a table about various diseases caused in different seasons
2. Collect information from your local health worker about spreading of diseases
3. Visit nearby PHC and collect information about common diseases, and their preventive meas-
ures
4. Prepare and display charts of prevention and curative methods of diseases
5. Transmission of diseases in human beings
6. Collect information on natural Immunization scheme
7. Prepare notes on common methods of transmission of diseases .
8. Make models of different types of diseases causing organism like tape worm, pin worm,
round worm and trypanosoma etc
9. Prepare charts of the life history stages of Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes.
10. Identifies and gives reason for the frequently occurring diseases in the village.
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