SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

nd th
(22 Jun’15 to 4 Aug’15)
On

IP PMS
(Internet Protocol Performance Monitoring System)

At

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

Of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electronics & Communication Engineering

G. B. Pant Engineering College

Okhla-III, New Delhi

Submitted to – Submitted by–

Dr. Krishna Singh Shashank Narayan
Associate Professor ECE(7thSem)
Department of Electronics
 PREFACE

This report documents the work done during the summer training at
BhartiAirtel Ltd. UNOC, IMTManesar, Hariyana under the guidance
of Mr. Sameer Kumar. The report first shall give the overview of tasks
performed during the period of training.

Report shall also elaborate about the performance measuring tools of

telecommunication.

I have tried my best to keep the report simple yet technically correct. I
hope I succeed in my attempt.

Shashank Narayan
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As it is rightly said “The successful realization of the project is an outgrowth

of a consolidated effort of the people from disparate fronts. It is only with
their support and guidance that the developer could meet the end .” So I
would like to thank all the members of UNOC for their full cooperation and
help during my Training.

I wish to extend my sincere gratitude towards Mr. Sameer Kumar (Sr.

Manager, Service Quality) for giving me this opportunity to undergo training
in the Department ofPerformance Management System.

I also acknowledge Mr. Arun Mohan (Manager, Service Quality) for the
guidance and support throughout the project. We would like to thank him
profusely for giving access to all the details required during the course of
trainee.

I also wish to acknowledge Mr. Arvind Lahari (Service Quality) for their
valuable guidance during project formulation and completion.

Last but not the least I am thankful to all those persons with whom I have
interacted and who directly or indirectly contributed significantly to the
successful completion of my training.

Thank you

Shashank Narayan
 Table of Contents

1. Abstract
2. Company Profile
3. Introduction of IP PMS
4. Telecommunication
5. Technology of Telecommunication
 PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy )
 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
 SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
 DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
 ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network)
 OTN (Optical Transport Network)

6. Vendor of airtel
 Huawei
 TEJAS
 ALCATEL
 ECI
 ABSTRACT

In today’s life telecommunication is the major part of our life. Every moment
we connect to each other and bounded to each other using telecommunication
technology. There are a number of techniques using in the real world for
telecommunication but all depend upon its performance and service quality.
Consider a situation: two persons are talking on their phone. They are so
engrossed in their conversation that even a fire cannot disturb their
conversation. But behind this a number of systems are working to get in touch
the two persons. Though now a days telecom is mainly dominated by mobile
telephony, the landline is not a concept of the past due to the integration of
services it provides today (eg. ISDN). Majority of all communications in the
industry are still dependent on ISDN. The phone instrument is connected to a
horde of technology. A lot of factors can lead to failure in communications as
will be clarified further. All services work with the switching network at its core.
And the switch is the most critical component of a Telecom Network as will be
evident in this report. This project will concentrate on SERVICE QUALITY
ENGNEERING DEPARTMENT UNOC used By BHARTI AIRTEL LIMITED
will be studied extensively.
 Company profile

BhartiAirtel Limited is an Indian multinational telecommunications services

company headquartered in New Delhi, India. It operates in 20 countries across
South Asia, Africa, and the Channel Islands. Airtel provides GSM, 3G and 4G
LTE mobile services, fixed line broadband and voice services depending upon
the country of operation. It is the largest cellular service provider in India, with
228.25 million subscribers as of April 2015. Airtel is the largest mobile operator
in South Asia and the third largest in the world with a 303 million subscriber
base. Airtel was named India's second most valuable brand in the first ever
Brandz ranking by Millward Brown and WPP plc.
Airtel is credited with pioneering the business strategy of outsourcing
all of its business operations except marketing, sales and finance and building
the 'minutes factory' model of low cost and high volumes. The strategy has
since been adopted by several operators. Airtel's telecom equipment is
provided and maintained by Ericsson and Nokia Solutions and Networks
whereas IT support is provided by IBM. The transmission towers are
maintained by subsidiaries and joint venture companies of Bharti including
BhartiInfratel and Indus Towers in India.

IP PMS
If you are involved in the operation of an IP network, a question you may
hear is: "How good is your network?" Or, to put it another way, how can you
measure and monitor the quality of the service that you are offering to your
customers? And how can your customers monitor the quality of the service
you provide to them? These questions have been lurking behind many public
and enterprise IP networks for many years now. With the increasing levels of
deployment of various forms of high-speed (or broadband) services within
today's Internet there is new impetus to find some usable answers that allow
both providers and users to place some objective benchmarks against the
service offerings. With the lift in access speed with broadband services, there
is an associated expectation on the part of the end user or service customer
about the performance of the Internet service. It should be "better" in some
fashion, where "better" relates to the performance of the network and the
service profile that is offered to network applications. And not only is there
an expectation of "better" performance, it should be measurable. This article
looks at network performance and explores its definition and measurement.

A Functional Definition of Network Performance

An informal functional approach to a definition of network performance is
measuring the speed of the network. How fast is the network? Or, what is the
elapsed time for a particular network transaction? Or, how quickly can I
download a data file? This measurement of time for a network transaction to
complete certainly relates to the speed of the network, and speed is a good
network performance benchmark, but is speed everything?

When looking at the broad spectrum of performance, the answer is that speed is
not everything. The ability of a network to support transactions that include the
transfer of large volumes of data, as well as supporting a large number of
simultaneous transactions, is also part of the overall picture of network load and
hence of network performance. But large data sets is not everything in
performance. Consideration should also be given to the class of network
applications where the data is implicitly clocked according to some external
clock source. Such real-time applications include interactive voice and video,
and their performance requirements include the total delay between the end
points, or latency, as well as the small-scale variation of this latency, or jitter.
Such performance measurements also include the ratio of discarded packets to
the total number of packets sent, or loss rate, as well as the extent to which a
sequence of packets is reordered within the network, or even duplicated by the
network. Taken together, this set of performance factors can be considered as a
form of the amount of distortion of the original real-time signal.
Accordingly, a functional description of network performance encompasses a
description of speed, capacity, and distortion of transactions that are carried
across the network. This informal description of what constitutes network
performance certainly feels to be on the correct path, given that if one knew the
latency, available bandwidth, loss, and jitter rates and packet reorder probability
as a profile of network performance between two network end points, as well as
the characteristics of the network transaction, it is possible to make a reasonable
prediction relating to the performance of the transaction.
In this section we shall study about various telecommunication techniques
and different software tools over which we implement monitoring techniques
to analyse performance of different networks.

Telecommunication

Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological means, particularly

through electrical signals or electromagnetic waves. Due to the many different technologies
involved, the word is often used in a plural form, as telecommunications.
Early means of communication over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons,
smokesignals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs.Other examples of
pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats,
lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Modern technologies for long-distance communication
usually involve electrical and electromagnetic technologies, such as telegraph, telephone, and
teleprinter, networks, radio, microwave transmission, fiber optics, and communication
satellites.

Technologies of telecommunication
 1. PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy )
2. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
3. DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
4. ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network)
5. OTN (Optical Transport Network)

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

Introduction -
The plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) is a technology used in telecommunications
networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as fibre
optic and microwave radio systems.
PDH allows transmission of data streams that are nominally running at the same rate, but
allowing some variation on the speed around a nominal rate. By analogy, any two watches are
nominally running at the same rate, clocking up 60 seconds every minute. However, there is
no link between watches to guarantee they run at exactly the same rate, and it is highly likely
that one is running slightly faster than the other.
Many techniques that provided Ethernet connectivity over non-Ethernet networks EoPoS is a
standardized method for transporting native Ethernet frames over the existing
telecommunications optical infrastructure use both the established Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy (PDH) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SONET/SDH) transport technologies.

Advantages of Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

 
Unified bit rate, unified interface standard, which make it possible for interconnection

between different manufacturers equipment.
Network management has been enhanced greatly.

Put forward a new concept of self-healing network. Ring network with self-healing
ability to protect in the form of SDH equipment. When the main signal of the
transmission medium is cut off, automatically self-heal network and returned to

normal communications.
Byte multiplexing technology, network up and down slip signal becomes very simple.

PDH Multiplexer (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) is a small-capacity Optical,
usually in pairs application, also known as point-to-point applications, the capacity is
usually 4E1, 8E1, 16E1.

Limitations of Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)


No world standard format.

Plesiochronous system, i.e. signals aren’t derived from a common clock.

Inability to identify individual channels in a higher order bit stream.

No standardized definition of bit rates higher than 274.176 Mbps.

No standardized network management system.

Lack of in-band capacity for network management.

No standardized network protection mechanisms

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a standard for telecommunications transport

formulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), previously called the
International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT). SDH was first
introduced into the telecommunications network in 1992 and has been deployed at rapid rates
since then. It’s deployed at all levels of the network infrastructure, including the access
network and the long-distance trunk network. It’s based on overlaying a synchronous
multiplexed signal onto a light stream transmitted over fibre-optic cable.
SDH is also defined for use on radio relay links, satellite links, and at electrical interfaces
between equipment. The comprehensive SDH standard is expected to provide the transport
infrastructure for worldwide telecommunications for at least the next two or three decades.

SDH Format
In plesiochronous networks, an entire signal had to be Demultiplexed in order
to access a particular channel; then the non-accessed channels had to be re-
multiplexed back together in order to be sent further along the network to
their proper destination.

In SDH format, only those channels that are required at a particular point are
demultiplexed, thereby eliminating the need for back-to-back multiplexing. In
other words, SDH makes individual channels “visible” and they can easily be
added and dropped.

SDH multiplexing structure

SDH multiplexing is a procedure by which multiple lower order path layer
signals are adapted into a higher order path or the multiple higher order path
layer signals are adapted into a multiplex section. The basic building block of
an SDH frame is a STM signal. It is also the first level of SDH at
155.52Mbps and is known as a synchronous transport module (STM). The
higher SDH bit rates are determined by multiplying the first level bit rate
with 4. The SDH hierarchy is as follows:-

Multiplexing Elements
The diagram below shows the generalized SDH multiplexing structure:-

Elements

of SDH
Container (C)

Virtual container (VC)

Tributary unit group (TUG)

Administrative unit (AU)

Administrative unit group (AUG)

SDH Frame Structure

The SDH frame is made up from a byte matrix of 9 rows and 270 columns. the
order of transmission is row by row, from left to right and top to bottom. The
frame repetition rate is 125 micro seconds. Each byte in payload represents a
64kbps channel. The diagram below shows the SDH frame structure.

The three main areas of the STM-N frame are:

• Section overhead SOH carrying control and management functions
– regenerator section overhead
– multiplex section overhead
• Administrative Unit pointers cater to problems with SDH timing
• Information payload is the area carrying subscriber data along with the path
overhead information.

Advantage

of SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy )
Network simplification

High flexibility

In band management

Availability of high speed standards

Efficient multiplexing or demultiplexing

SDH is based on the principal of direct synchronous multiplexing.

Essentially, separate, slower signals can be multiplexed directly onto higher speed
SDH signals without intermediate stages of multiplexing.

SDH is more flexible than PDH and provides advanced network management and
maintenance features.

Can be used in the three traditional telecommunications areas: long-haul networks,
local networks and loop carriers.

DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that puts
data from different sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal
carried at the same time on its own separate light wavelength. Using DWDM,
up to 80 (and theoretically more) separate wavelengths or channels of data
can be multiplexed into a lightstream transmitted on a single optical fiber.
Each channel carries a time division multiplexed (TDM) signal. In a system
with each channel carrying 2.5 Gbps (billion bits per second), up to 200
billion bits can be delivered a second by the optical fiber. DWDM is also
sometimes called wave division multiplexing (WDM).
Since each channel is demultiplexed at the end of the transmission back into the
original source, different data formats being transmitted at different data rates
can be transmitted together. Specifically, Internet (IP) data, Synchronous Optical
Network data (SONET), and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) data can all be
travelling at the same time within the optical fiber.
Communication of DWDM
All our Optical services are based on dense wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM) technology. This allows a pair of optical fibres to be split into a
number of wavelengths. Each wavelength can then be configured to support
different protocols and carry separate data traffic. Up to a maximum of 44
(2.5Gb, 10Gb, 40Gb or 100G) wavelengths can be provided on a single system.

The diagram above is a simple representation of a DWDM system showing

single and multiple service interfaces per wavelength. The customer would
connect their equipment to a service interface.

Advantage

of DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Provides extra resilience

optical circuit protection around ring.

or use inter-switch trunking for each ring path.

faster fail-over than spanning tree.

New services

Inter-site Private Interconnect.

Improves scalability.

Permits multiple logical topologies over single physical MAN.


Can conserve switched bandwidth.
Bandwidth multiplication.
ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network)

ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network) is a concept for the

evolution of transport networks which allows for dynamic policy-driven
control of an optical or SDH network based on signaling between a user and
components of the network.Its aim is to automate the resource and connection
management within the network. The IETF defines ASON as an
alternative/supplement to NMS based connection management
Bandwidth is increasingly becoming a precious resource and expectations
from future optical networks are that they should be able to efficiently handle
resources as quickly as possible. ASON fulfills some of the requirements of
optical networks such as:
• Fast and automatic end-to-end provisioning
• Fast and efficient re-routing
• Support of different clients, but optimized for IP
• Dynamic set up of connections
• Support of Optical Virtual Private Networks (OVPNs)
• Support of different levels of quality of service

Advantage

of ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network)
Card sharing: that reduced CAPEX (as tributary costs and spare parts).

Wavelength sharing: reduced infrastructure cost (40 channel infrastructures
instead of 80 channel for equivalent working capacity).

Increased network resiliency allowing the network to recover against double

failure.
Dynamic fault recovery without human intervention.

Service differentiation via different degrees of protection/restoration.
Optical Transport Network{OTN}

OTN was designed to provide support for optical networking using wavelength-
division multiplexing (WDM) unlike its predecessor SONET/SDH. ITU-T
Recommendation G.709 is commonly called Optical Transport Network (OTN)
also called digital wrapper technology or optical channel wrapper. As of
December 2009 OTN has standardized the following line rates.
The new Optical Transport Network (OTN) layer evolved over the layer-1
DWDM network for enabling more efficient convergence of traditional
SONET/SDH and new data services. The OTN layer is designed to for highly
effective mapping of different protocols and rates into the same 10G or 100G
uplink pipe providing high bandwidth capabilities in simpler transparent
manner at comparatively low cost. Furthermore, OTN infrastructure enables
transport over longer distances with less regeneration sites by utilizing
Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanism embedded within the OTN layer.
Thus, the OTN layer forms the most efficient and cost effective Multi Service
Provisioning Platform (MSPP) over WDM infrastructure.

Advantage of Optical Transport Network{OTN}

 
The Optical Transport Network (OTN) layer is deterministic in the
latency performance, in the service connection path as well as in the
deterministic guarantee bandwidth for each of the service.

The OTN signal incorporates overhead optimized for efficient direct
mapping for LAN, SONET/SDH and SAN signals and other lower rate
client signals over carrier WDM networks.

The figures bellow show how the FEC layer can increase the optical
network distance by improving the OSNR by 6-8dB without the need
to use very expensive regenerator station as in the traditional
SONET/SDH back bone networks.

The key to saving network operational costs is having effective
Operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning (OAM&P)
capability built into the signal format. The OTNOAM&P overhead is built
to providing remote manageability and all monitoring/transparency
needed for reliable service provisioning.
Vendors of airtel


HUAWEI
TEJAS

ALCATEL

ECI

Huawei
Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. is a Chinese multinational networking and
telecommunications equipment and services company headquartered in
Shenzhen, Guangdong. It is the largest telecommunications equipment
maker in the world, having overtaken Ericsson in 2012
Huawei is organized around three core business segments:
1. Telecom Carrier Networks, building telecommunications networks and
services
2. Enterprise Business, providing equipment, software and services to
enterprise customers, e.g. Government solutions etc.
3. Devices, manufacturing electronic communications devices.
Huawei announced its Enterprise business in January, 2011 to provide
network infrastructure, fixed and wireless communication, data center and
cloud computing solutions for global telecommunications customers.
Huawei has stated that it aims to increase enterprise sales to US$4 billion in
2011 and $15 billion within three to five years.
Huawei offers a variety of network technologies and solutions to help
telecommunications operators expand the capacity of their mobile broadband
networks. Huawei’s core network solutions offer mobile and fixed
softswitches, plus next-generation home location register and Internet
Protocol Multimedia Subsystems (IMS).
Huawei assists content service providers looking to migrate from copper to
fiber with solutions that support XDSL, passive optical network (PON) and
next-generation PON (NG PON) on a single platform.

Tejas
Tejas Networks is a computer networking and Telecommunication
equipment products company based in Bangalore, India. Tejas sells packet-
aware optical transport products based on Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
(SDH) or synchronous optical networking (SONET) and Ethernet-over-
SDH /SONET. It primarily supplies optical transmission equipment, which
uses optical fibre networks. Tejas Networks designs the equipment but
outsources manufacture, from Flextronics, Celestica and other electronic
manufacturing service providers. Tejas Networks launched India's first fiber-
optic communication product, TJ-100, in 2001

Power Supply Unit

• DC power supply: -48V DC nominal, -42V to -56V DC.
• Power consumption in fully loaded condition 200W.
• Fuse 4A slow-blow ceramic SMD fuse
• Backplane voltage 12V

Protection
• 1+1 MSP (as per ITU-T G.841).
• VC-12, VC-3, VC-4, level path protection (SNCP).
• Hardware redundancy:dual power feed, dual cross connect card

Alcatel-Lucent

For the phone brand also named Alcatel, see Alcatel Mobile Phones.
Alcatel-Lucent S.A. (French pronunciation: [alkatɛllysɛnt]) is a French
global telecommunications equipment company, headquartered in Boulogne-
Billancourt, France.
The company focuses on fixed, mobile, and converged networking
hardware, IP technologies, software and services, with operations in more
than 130 countries. It had been named Industry Group Leader for Technology
Hardware & Equipment sector in the 2014 Dow Jones Sustainability Indices
review and listed in the 2014 Thomson Reuters Top 100 Global Innovators
for the 4th consecutive year. Alcatel-Lucent also owns Bell Laboratories, one
of the largest research and development facilities in the communications
industry, whose employees have been awarded eight Nobel Prizes and the
company holds in excess of 29,000 patents.
Alcatel-Lucent's chief executive officer is Michel Combes and the
non-
executive chairman of the board is Philippe Camus. Camus joined the company
in the third quarter of 2008, alongside Ben Verwaayen as CEO, after Alcatel-
Lucent's first CEO Patricia Russo and first chairman Serge
Tchuruk resigned. For 2010, the company had revenues of €16 billion and a
reported net loss of €334 million.For2011, revenues were €15 billion, net loss
of €1.1 billion. For 2012, revenues were €14.4 billion and net loss of €1.4
billion.After seven consecutive years of negative cash flows, in October 2013
the company announced plans to slash 10,000 employees, or 14% of the total
current 72,000 workforce, as a part of a €1 billion cost reduction effort.
In June 2013, Michel Combes announced "The Shift Plan", a three-year plan
including portfolio refocusing on IP networking, ultra-broadband access and
cloud; 1 billion Euro in cost savings; selective asset sales intended to generate
at least 1 billion Euro over the period of the plan and the restructuring of the
Group's debt. On October 1, 2014, it announced that it had closed the sale of
its subsidiary Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise to China Huaxin Post &
Telecommunication Economy Development Center.
On April 15, 2015, Nokia announced that it would acquire Alcatel-Lucent for
€15.6 billion.
ECI

ECI Telecom Ltd is a telecommunication networking product provider

headquartered in Petah Tikva, Israel. It provides communications products
and services to carriers and, service providers cable/multiple system
operators, wireless/cellular service providers, utilities and carrier of carriers,
and government and defense entities worldwide. The company focuses on
solutions for multi-play services, business services, voice services, wireless,
cellular backhaul, optical networking, Carrier Ethernet networks, TDM to
Ethernet evolution, migration to all IP, network security, carrier of carriers
and wavelength services
ECI has over 2,500 employees, offices in more than 20 countries and
development centers in India, China, and Israel.

References
http://tiszai.tricon.hu/PDF/2RX_11694
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatically_switched_optical_network
http://www.openreach-communications.co.uk
http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_6-
1/measuring_ip.html
www.ecitele.com/about/
www.fiercewireless.com/story/us-wireless...vendor...alcatel.../2015-
04-15 www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/PDH-vs-SDH.html