 CONTENTS

Page no.

CHAPTER-1
ABSTRACT 2
CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION 3
CHAPTER-3
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
CHAPTER-4
COMPONENTS USED 6
CHAPTER-5
WORKING 11
BLOCK DIAGRAM 12
DESIGN AND LAYOUT 13
CHAPTER-6
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES 14
CHAPTER-7
APPLICATIONS 15
CHAPTER-8
FUTURE SCOPE 16
CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION 17
CHAPTER-10
REFERENCES 18

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 CHAPTER-1
ABSTRACT

Rapid increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste as a

result of continuous economic growth, urbanization and industrialization,
is becoming a burgeoning problem for national and local governments to
ensure effective and sustainable management of waste. It is estimated that
in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste generated globally
reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003
(Global Waste Management Market Report 2007). The segregation,
handling, transport and disposal of waste are to be properly managed so
as to minimise the risks to the health and safety of patients, the public,
and the environment. The economic value of waste is best realized when
it is segregated. Currently there is no such system of segregation of dry,
wet and metallic wastes at a household level. This paper proposes an
waste segregator using smart dustbin which is a cheap, easy to use
solution for a segregation system at households, so that it can be sent
directly for processing. It is designed to sort the refuse into metallic
waste, wet waste and dry waste. The smart dustybin employs parallel
resonant impedance sensing mechanism to identify metallic items, and
capacitive sensors to distinguish between wet and dry waste.
Experimental results show that the segregation of waste into metallic, wet
and dry waste has been successfully implemented using the smart
dustbin.

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 CHAPTER-2

INTRODUCTION

The generation and disposal of waste in large quantities has created a greater
concern over time for the world which is adversely affecting the human lives
and environmental conditions. Wastes are the one which grows with the growth
of the country. Segregation of waste is important for proper disposal of vast
amount of garbage modern society produces in an environmentally sensible
mode. People became adapted to tossing things away and never realize the
consequences of their action. The common method of disposal of the industrial
waste is by uncontrolled and unplanned, and exposed dumping at the river sites
and open areas. This method is injurious to plants, human health and animal
life. This liquid leachate generated because of improper disposal and mixed
waste contaminates land, water at surface and ground that becomes source of
harmful diseases and degrades value of environment and other resources of
nature. The waste becomes valuable if it is segregated and recycled the recent
advancements in technology has also made waste to become useful entity with
conversion of waste to different forms and harness energy such as Waste to
Energy, in this conversion method the waste can be employed to generate
synthetic gas (syngas) made up of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas
after burning can be used to produce steam and electricity; Waste to Fuel, for
generation of bio fuels. When the waste is segregated into basic streams. The
metallic waste could be reused or recycled. Even though there are large scale
industrial waste segregators present, it is always much better to segregate the
waste at the source itself. The benefits of doing so are that a higher quality of
the material is retained for recycling which means that more value could be
recovered from the waste. The occupational hazard for waste workers is

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reduced. The purpose of this project is the realization of a compact, low cost
and user friendly segregation system for urban households to streamline the
waste management process.

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 CHAPTER-3
LITERATURE REVIEW

The mixed waste is sorted based on the following methods at the industrial
level. Larger items are removed by manual sorting. Then the refuse is sorted
based on its size by using large rotating drums which is perforated with holes of
a certain size. Materials smaller than the diameter of the holes will be able to
drop through, but larger particles will remain in the drum. For metallic objects
electromagnets or eddy current based separators can be used. Near infrared
scanners are used to differentiate between various types of plastics based on the
ability of the material to reflect light. X-rays can also be used to segregate
materials based on their density. The methodology adopted in this paper to
resolve the issue of waste segregation is by making the entire process automated
and to the reduce cost such that it could be adapted in a household level.
The three materials found mostly in waste are Metal, Dry (Plastic) and Wet.
These are the materials that can be recycled and the first step towards recycling
is segregation. There are numerous benefits of recycling the waste materials.
Scrap shops play a vital role in maintenance of waste that is generated. Scrap
consists of recyclable materials that are by-products from product consumption
and manufacturing, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus
materials. Scrap has economic value, particularly recovered metals, and non-
metallic materials are also recovered for recycling. Recycling of scrap materials
is the key for effective waste management and it’s economical too. The
methodology adopted in this paper to resolve the issue of waste segregation is
by making the entire process automated and to the reduce cost such that it could
be adapted in a scrap industry.

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 CHAPTER-4
COMPONENTS USED

 IR SENSORS
 DC MOTORS
 MOISTURE SENSOR
 METAL DETECTOR SENSOR (INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY
SENSOR)
 ACRYLIC SHEETS
 GEARS
 BATTERY
 CONVEYOR BELT

 IR SENSORS

An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain

characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or

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detecting infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring
the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion

 DC MOTORS

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct

current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely
on the forces produced by magnetic fields

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  MOISTURE SENSOR

Moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil.[1] Since the
direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying,
and weighting of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water
content indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such as electrical
resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the

moisture content.

 METAL DETECTOR SENSOR (INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY

SENSOR)

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects

without any physical contact.A proximity sensor often emits
an electromagneticfield or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for
instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal.

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  ACRYLIC SHEETS

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), also known as acrylic or acrylic

glass as well as by the trade names Crylux, Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite,
and Perspexamong several others (see below), is
a transparentthermoplastic often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-
resistant alternative to glass. The same material can be used as a casting resin, in
inks and coatings, and has many other uses.

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  CONVEYOR BELT

A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often

shortened to belt conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of many types
of conveyor systems. A belt conveyor system consists of two or
more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with an endless loop of carrying
medium—the conveyor belt—that rotates about them. One or both of the
pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The
powered pulleyis called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called
the idler pulley.

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 CHAPTER-5

WORKING

When the waste is dumped into the smart dustbin, The IR sensor detects the
waste and activates microcontroller .Generally IR sensor is used to sense certain
characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared
radiations. Then microcontroller activates DC motor which is used for rotation
of the conveyor belt. We have used AT89S52 microcontroller which is low
power, high performance, 8-bit µC and it is compatible with all µC of 8051
family. DC motor contains current carrying armature which is connected to the
supply end through commutator segments and brushes and placed within the
north south poles of a permanent or an electromagnet. When waste is dumped
into the smart dustbin, it falls onto the conveyor belt where different sensors are
connected to identify the type of waste. The first sensor is the metal sensor
which transmits electromagnetic field. Any metal object within the
electromagnetic field will become energised and retransmits an electromagnetic
radiation of their own. The sensor’s coil receives retransmitted field and alerts
the user by producing a target response. Next sensor connected is the moisture
sensor which uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of the
surrounding medium. Wet waste has higher relative dielectric constant than that
of dry waste because of presence of moisture, oil and fat. By this we come to
know whether the waste is wet or dry.According to the waste being sensed the
bin is selected using a stepper motor. Stepper motor has a rotor with permanent
magnets mounted on it, while the stator has minimum of two windings. When
the rotor magnet aligns with the stator winding the second winding is energised.
The two windings are turned on and off alternatively. This causes the motor to

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lock on to the desired position.A 2*16 LCD is used to display the type of waste
being sensed by one of the sensors. Also it displays different messages. Buzzer
is used indicate when any of the waste is detected by any one of the sensor.
Separate drivers are used for both DC motor and Stepper motor to enhance the
voltage level since output from microcontroller is 5V and motors require
voltage of 12V. The initialization of all modules ensures that any dynamic
changes in the environment do not affect the sensing.

 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 DESIGN AND LAYOUT

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 CHAPTER-6

ADVANTANGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES:

 AGRICULTURAL
 POWER GENERATION USING PLASTIC
 BIO GAS GENERATION

DISADVANTAGES:
 Mixed waste cannot be separated:
Using our Smart dustbin mixed waste cannot be separated.
 Cannot be used for large waste:
Our smart dustbin cannot be use for large size waste. It is basically for
separating waste at root source so, it is not designed for huge size waste.

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 CHAPTER-7
APPLICATIONS

 SHOPPING MALLS:
 2 PUBLIC PLACES
 OFFICES
 REDUCTION OF WASTE AT SOURCE.
 REUSE OF MATERIAL WHEREVER POSSIBLE.
 RECYCLING.
 PURCHASING PRODUCTS WITH RECYCLED CONTENT.
Usually, waste from almost all offices/companies will be dry, wet, or metallic
waste. Our Smart Dustbin best suits this application.

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 CHAPTER-8

FUTURE SCOPE

Smart dustbin can segregate only three types of wastes. In future improvement
can be done to segregate more number of wastes like plastic, glass, toxic waste,
separation of different metals. This can be improved to segregate mix waste
dumped at a time using different high accurate sensors and other technologies
and segregation of mix waste can also be achieved by using a servo motor to
give jerks to conveyor belt so that mix waste gets separated. Size of smart
dustbin can be made compact using different technologies and different
methodologies. Some additional feature can be added like generating power or
biogas generation at root source itself.

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 CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSION

Waste Segregation using smart dustbin has been successfully implemented for
the segregation of waste into metallic, dry and wet waste at root source. One of
several environmental problems is bad waste management practices which can
result in land and air pollution and can cause respiratory problems and other
adverse health effects as contaminants are absorbed from the lungs into other
parts of the body. The method presented provides a fruitful way to come out of
this problem by making entire system automated. The components used in smart
dustbin are economical, environmental friendly and gives accurate results for
separating three different types of wastes which are generally produced at
places like shopping malls, offices, houses, schools/colleges etc. Presently there
is no device/product available for segregation of waste at root source other than
manual separation probably the biggest advantage of smart dustbin is the safety
it provides. This device carefully separates all three types of waste and not only
increases the economic value of waste but also gives a healthy and beautiful
environment at lesser cost.Segregating waste manually is not accurate and many
of us don’t like to do that. Due to open dumping of solid waste, it emits bad
smell due to presence of dead animal waste and biodegradable components.
Rodents and dogs are feeding on such dumping place and they may bite peoples
present in those areas. Such dumping sites are spoiling environment of nearby
villages surrounding the dumping site.

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 CHAPTER-10

REFERENCES

[1] Daniel Hoornweg et al., “WHAT A WASTE A Global Review of Solid

Waste Management”, Urban Development & Local Government Unit World
Bank, Washington, DC., No.15, Mar. 2012.
[2] NishigandhaKothari ,”Waste to Wealth”, NSWAI, New Delhi, Jul. 2013
[3] Claudine Capel, “INNOVATIONS IN WASTE”, Waste-management-
world, Volume 11, Issue 2, Mar 2010.
[4] J.S. Bajaj, “Urban Solid Waste management in India“, Planning
Commission Government of India, NEW DELHI,1995
[5] Claudine Capel, “WASTE SORTING - A LOOK AT THE SEPARATION
AND SORTING TECHNIQUES IN TODAY’S
[6] AmruthaChandramohan, JoyalMendonca, Nikhil Ravi Shankar, Nikhil U
Baheti, Nitin Kumar Krishnan,Suma
M S “Automated Waste Segregator”, :RashtreeyaVidyalaya Col-lege of
Engineering (R.V.C.E.).
[7] http://electronics.forum.org/metal-metal-detector-circuit-circuit/
[8] Ashutosh Tiwari, Mustafa M. Demir, “Advanced Sensor and Detection
Materials”, ISBN: 978-1-118-77348-2, August 2014.
[9] Twinkle Sinha,K.Mugesh Kumar, P.Saisharan “smart Dustbin” International
Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering ISSN: 2347-6982
[16] HartmutLucht, Lutz Kreuchwig, Arnold Uhl“Plastic separation of
automotive waste by superfast near infrared sensor”.

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