James Fenimore Cooper

James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851) was a
James Fenimore Cooper
prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century
.

His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created
a unique form of American literature. He lived most of his life in Cooperstown, New
York, which was founded by his father William on property that he owned. Cooper
was a lifelong member of the Episcopal Church and, in his later years, contributed
generously to it.[1] He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a
member of the Linonian Society, but was expelled for misbehavior.[2]

Before embarking on his career as a writer, he served in the U.S. Navy as a

midshipman, which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings. The
novel that launched his career was The Spy, a tale about counterespionage set during
the Revolutionary War and published in 1821.[3] He also wrote numeroussea stories,
and his best-known works are five historical novels of the frontier period known as
the Leatherstocking Tales. Among naval historians, Cooper's works on the early U.S.
Navy have been well received, but they were sometimes criticized by his Photograph by Mathew Brady, 1850
contemporaries. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of Born September 15, 1789
the Mohicans, often regarded as hismasterpiece.[4] Burlington, New
Jersey
Died September 14, 1851
(aged 61)
Contents Cooperstown, New
York
1 Early life and family Occupation Novelist, Historian,
2 Service in the Navy and US Navy sailor
3 Writings Genre Historical fiction
3.1 First Endeavors
Literary Romanticism
3.2 Europe movement
3.3 Back to America Notable The Last of the
3.4 Historical and Nautical Work works Mohicans
3.5 Critical reaction
4 Later life
5 Religious activities
6 Legacy
7 Works
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
10.1 Primary sources
11 Further reading
12 External links

Early life and family

James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey in 1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper, the
eleventh of 12 children, most of whom died during infancy or childhood. He was descended from James Cooper of Stratford-upon-
Avon, Warwickshire, England, who immigrated to the American colonies in 1679. James and his wife were Quakers who purchased
plots of land in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Seventy-five years after his arrival in America, his great-grandson William was born
on December 2, 1754.[5][6] Shortly after James' first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by
his father on a large piece of land which he had bought for development. Later, his father was elected as a United States Congressman
from Otsego County. Their town was in a central area of New York that had previously been occupied by the Iroquois of the Six
r, as they had been allies.[4]
Nations. The Iroquois were forced to cede their territory after British defeat in the Revolutionary aW

Shortly after the American Revolutionary War, the state opened up these former Iroquois lands for sale and development. Cooper's
father purchased several thousand acres of land in upstate New York along the headwaters of the Susquehanna River. By 1788,
William Cooper had selected and surveyed the site where Cooperstown would be established. He erected a home on the shore of
Otsego lake and moved his family there in the autumn of 1790. He soon began construction of the mansion that would be known as
[6]
Otsego Hall. It was completed in 1799 when James was ten.

At age 13, Cooper was enrolled at Yale, but he incited a dangerous prank that
involved blowing up another student's door — after having already locked a donkey
in a recitation room.[7] Cooper was expelled in his third year without completing his
degree. Disenchanted with college, he obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and, at age
17, joined the crew of a merchant vessel.[2][8] By 1811, he obtained the rank of
midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred upon him on an officer's
warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson.[4][9]
Otsego Hall, Cooper's home
At 20, Cooper inherited a fortune from his father. He married Susan Augusta de
Lancey at Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York on January 1, 1811 at age
21.[10] She was the daughter of a wealthy family who remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution. They had
seven children, five of whom lived to adulthood. Their daughter Susan Fenimore Cooperwas a writer on nature, female suffrage, and
other topics. She and her father often edited each other's work.[11] Among his descendants was Paul Fenimore Cooper (1899–1970),
who also became a writer.[12]

Service in the Navy

In 1806 at the age of 17, Cooper joined the crew of the merchant ship Sterling as a
common sailor. At the time, the Sterling was commanded by young John Johnston
from Maine. Cooper served as a common seaman before the mast. His first voyage
took some 40 stormy days at sea and brought him to an English market in Cowes
with a cargo of flour. There Cooper saw his first glimpses of England. The Sterling
passed through the Strait of Dover and arrived at Cowes, where she dropped anchor.
Britain was in the midst of war with Napoleon's Franceat the time, so their ship was
immediately approached by a British man-of-war and was boarded by some of its
crew. They seized one of the Sterling's best crew members and impressed him into
the British Royal Navy.[13][14][note 1]

Their next voyage took them to the Mediterranean along the coast of Spain,
The young Cooper, in Midshipman's
including Águilas and Cabo de Gata, where they picked up cargo to be taken back to
naval uniform
America. Their stay in Spain lasted several weeks and impressed the young sailor,
the accounts of which Cooper later referred to in his Mercedes of Castile, a novel
about Columbus.[16]
After serving aboard the Sterling for 11 months, Cooper joined the United States Navy on January 1, 1808, when he received his
commission as a midshipman. Cooper had conducted himself well as a sailor, and his father, a former U.S. Congressman, easily
secured a commission for him through his long-standing connections with politicians and naval officials.[17][18] The warrant for
Cooper's commission as midshipman was signed by President Jefferson and mailed by Naval Secretary Robert Smith, reaching
Cooper on February 19. Along with the warrant was a copy of naval rules and regulations, a description of the required naval
uniform, along with an oath that Cooper was to sign in front of a witness and to be returned with his letter of acceptance. Cooper
signed the oath and had it notarized by New York attorney William Williams, Jr., who had previously certified the Sterling's crew.
After Williams had confirmed Cooper's signature, Cooper mailed the document to Washington. On February 24, he received orders to
report to the naval commander at New York City.[note 2] Joining the United States Navy fulfilled an aspiration Cooper had had since
his youth.[19]

Cooper's first naval assignment came in March 21, 1808 aboard the USS Vesuvius, an 82-foot bomb ketch that carried twelve guns
and a thirteen-inch mortar.[20] For his next assignment, Cooper served under LieutenantMelancthon Taylor Woolsey near Oswego on
Lake Ontario, building the brig USS Oneida for service on the lake. The vessel was intended for use in a war with Great Britain
which had yet to begin.[21] The vessel was completed, armed with sixteen guns, and launched in Lake Ontario in the spring of 1809.
It was in this service that Cooper learned shipbuilding, shipyard duties, and frontier life. During his leisure time, Cooper would
venture through the forests of New York state and explore the shores of Lake Ontario. He took frequent cruises among the Thousand
Islands where he spent time fishing. His experiences in the Oswego area later inspired some of his work, including his novel The
Pathfinder.[22][note 3]

After completion of the Oneida in 1809, Cooper accompanied Woolsey to Niagara Falls, and was then ordered to Lake Champlain to
serve aboard a gunboat until the winter months when the lake froze over. On November 13 of the same year, he was assigned to the
USS Wasp under the command of Captain James Lawrence, who was from Burlington and a personal friend of Cooper's. Aboard this
ship, Cooper met his lifelong friend William Branford Shubrick, who was also a midshipman at the time. Cooper later dedicated The
Pilot, The Red Rover, and other writings to Shubrick.[24][25]

Writings

First Endeavors
In 1820, Cooper's wife Susan wagered that he could write a book better than the one
that she was reading. In response to the wager, Cooper wrote the novel Precaution
(1820). Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach
to fiction. He anonymously published Precaution and it received favorable notice
from the United States and England.[26] By contrast, his second novel The Spy
(1821) was inspired by a tale related to him by neighbor and family friend John Jay.
It was more successful and became a bestseller; the setting of this Revolutionary
War tale is widely believed to have been John Jay's family home "The Locusts" in
Rye, New York.[27] In 1823, Cooper published The Pioneers, the first of the
Leatherstocking series. The series features Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American
woodsman at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook.
Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel The Last of the
Mohicans (1826), written in New York City where Cooper and his family lived from
1822 to 1826. The book became one of the most widely read American novels of the
19th century.[28] The Last of the Mohicans
Illustration from 1896 edition,
In 1823, Cooper was living in New York on Beach Street in what is now downtown's by J.T. Merrill
Tribeca. While there, he became a member of the Philadelphia Philosophical
Society. In August of that year, his first son died.[29]
In 1824, General Lafayette arrived from France aboard the Cadmus at Castle Garden in New York City as the nation's guest. Cooper
[30][31]
witnessed his arrival and was one of the active committee of welcome and entertainment.

Europe
In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe, where he sought to gain more income from his books as well as to provide better
education for his children. While overseas, he continued to write. His books published in Paris include The Red Rover and The Water
Witch, two of his many sea stories. During his time in Paris, the Cooper family was seen as the center of the small American
expatriate community. During this time, he developed friendships with painter Samuel Morse and with French general and American
Revolutionary War hero Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette.[32][33]

In 1832, Cooper entered the lists as a political writer in a series of letters to Le National, a Parisian journal. He defended the United
States against a string of charges brought by the Revue Britannique. For the rest of his life, he continued skirmishing in print,
sometimes for the national interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and frequently for both at once.

This opportunity to make a political confession of faith reflected the political turn that he already had taken in his fiction, having
attacked European anti-republicanism in The Bravo (1831). Cooper continued this political course in The Heidenmauer (1832) and
The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833). The Bravo depicted Venice as a place where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the
mask of the "serene republic". All were widely read on both sides of the Atlantic, though The Bravo was a critical failure in the
United States.[34]

Back to America
In 1833, Cooper returned to the United States and published A Letter to My Countrymen
in which he gave his criticism of various social mores. Promotional material from his
publisher indicated that:

A Letter To My Countrymen remains Cooper's most trenchant work of social

criticism. In it, he defines the role of the "man of letters" in a republic, the
true conservative, the slavery of party affiliations, and the nature of the
legislative branch of government. He also offers her most persuasive
argument on why America should develop its own art and literary culture,
[36]
ignoring the aristocratically and monarchically tainted art of Europe.

Cooper sharply censured his compatriots for their share in it. He followed up with novels
and several sets of notes on his travels and experiences in Europe. His Homeward Bound
and Home as Found are notable for containing a highly idealized self-portrait.

In June 1834, Cooper decided to reopen his ancestral mansion Otsego Hall at
Cooperstown. It had long been closed and falling into decay; he had been absent from the
mansion nearly 16 years. Repairs were begun, and the house was put in order. At first, he
wintered in New York City and summered in Cooperstown, but eventually he made
Otsego Hall his permanent home.[37]

On May 10, 1839, Cooper published History of the Navy of the United States of America,
Cooper's townhouse at 6St.
a work that he had long planned on writing. He publicly announced his intentions to
Mark's Place in the East Village,
author such a historical work while abroad before departing for Europe in May 1826, Manhattan[35]
during a parting speech at a dinner given in his honor:
 Encouraged by your kindness, I will take this opportunity of recording the deeds and suf
ferings of a
class of men to which this nation owes a debt of gratitude – a class of men among whom, I am always
[38]
ready to declare, not only the earliest, but many of the happiest days of my youth have been passed.

Historical and Nautical Work

His historical account of the U.S. Navy was first well received but later harshly criticized in America and abroad. It took Cooper 14
years to research and gather material for the book. His close association with the U.S. Navy and various officers, and his familiarity
with naval life at sea provided him the background and connections to research and write this work. Cooper's work is said to have
[39]
stood the test of time and is considered an authoritative account of the U.S. Navy during that time.

In 1844, Cooper's Proceedings of the naval court martial in the case of Alexander
Slidell Mackenzie, a commander in the navy of the United States, &c:, was first
published in Graham's Magazine of 1843–44. It was a review of the court martial of
Alexander Slidell Mackenzie who had hanged three crew members of the brig USS
Sommers for mutiny while at sea. One of the hanged men, 19-year-old Philip
Spencer, was the son of U.S. Secretary of War John C. Spencer. He was executed
without court-martial along with two other sailors aboard the Somers for allegedly
attempting mutiny. Prior to this affair, Cooper was in the process of giving harsh
review to Mackenzie's version of the Battle of Lake Erie. Mackenzie had previously
given harsh criticism to Cooper's interpretation of the Battle of Lake Erie contained
in Cooper's History of the Navy of the United States, 1839. However, he still felt
[40][41]
sympathetic to Mackenzie over his pending court martial.

In 1846, Cooper published Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers covering

Portrait by John Wesley Jarvis of the biographies of Commodores William Bainbridge, Richard Somers, John Shaw,
Cooper in naval uniform
William Shubrick, and Edward Preble.[42][43] Cooper died in 1851.[44] In May
1853, Cooper's Old Ironsides appeared in Putnam's Monthly. It was the history of
the Navy ship USS Constitution and became the first posthumous publication of his writings.[45] In 1856, five years after Cooper's
death, his History of the Navy of the United States of America was published. The work was an account of the U.S. Navy in the early
19th century.[39][46] Among naval historians of today, the work has come to be recognized as a general and authoritative account.
However, it was criticized for accuracy on some points by other students of that period. For example, Cooper's account of the Battle
of Lake Erie was said to be less than accurate by some naval historians. For making such claims, Cooper once sued Park Benjamin,
Sr. for libel, a poet and editor of theEvening Signal of New York.[47]

Critical reaction
Cooper's books related to currentpolitics, coupled with his self-promotion, increased the ill feeling between the author and the public.
The Whig press was virulent in its comments about him, and Cooper filed legal actions for
libel, winning all his lawsuits.

After concluding his last case in court, Cooper returned to writing with more energy and success than he'd had for several years. On
May 10, 1839, he published his History of the U.S. Navy,[39] and returned to the Leatherstocking Tales series with The Pathfinder, or
The Inland Sea (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) and other novels. He wrote again on maritime themes, including Ned Myers, or A
Life Before the Mast, which is of particular interest to naval historians.

In the late 1840s, Cooper returned to his public attacks on his critics and enemies in a series of novels called the Littlepage Trilogy
where he defended landowners along the Hudson River, lending them social and political support against rebellious tenant farmers in
the anti-rent wars that marked this period. One of his later novels was The Crater, an allegory of the rise and fall of the United States,
authored in 1848. His growing sense of historical doom was exemplified in this work. At the end of his career, he wrote a scornful
satire about American social life and legal practices calledThe Ways of the Hour, authored in 1850.
Later life
He turned again from pure fiction to the combination of art and controversy in which he had achieved distinction with the Littlepage
Manuscripts (1845–1846). His next novel was The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak (1847), in which he attempted to introduce supernatural
machinery. Jack Tier (1848) was a remaking ofThe Red Rover, and The Ways of the Hour was his last completed novel.[48]

Cooper spent the last years of his life back in Cooperstown. He died on September 14, 1851, the day before 62nd birthday. His
interment was in Christ Episcopal Churchyard, where his father, William Cooper, was buried. Cooper's wife Susan survived her
husband only by a few months and was buried by his side at Cooperstown.

Several well-known writers, politicians, and other public figures honored Cooper's memory with a dinner in New York, six months
after his death, in February 1852.Daniel Webster presided over the event and gave a speech to the gathering while Washington Irving
served as a co-chairman, along with William Cullen Bryant, who also gave an address which did much to restore Cooper's damaged
reputation among American writers of the time.[49][50]

Religious activities
Beginning in his youth Cooper was a devoted follower of the Episcopal Church where his religious convictions deepened throughout
his life. He was an active member of Christ Episcopal Church, which at the time was a small parish in Cooperstown not far from his
home. Much later in his life, in 1834, he became its warden and vestryman. As the vestryman, he donated generously to this church
and later supervised and redesigned its interior with oak furnishings at his own expense. In July 1851 he was confirmed in this church
by the Reverend Mr. Birdsall.[51][52][53]

Legacy
Cooper was one of the most popular 19th-century American authors, and his work
was admired greatly throughout the world. While on his death bed, the Austrian
composer Franz Schubert wanted most to read more of Cooper's novels.[54] Honoré
.[55] Henry David
de Balzac, the French novelist and playwright, admired him greatly
Thoreau, while attending Harvard, incorporated some of Cooper's style in his own
work.[56] Cooper's work, particularly The Pioneers and The Pilot, demonstrate an
early 19th-century American preoccupation with alternating prudence and
[57]
negligence in a country where property rights were often still in dispute.

Cooper was one of the first major American novelists to include African, African-
American and Native American characters in his works. In particular, Native
Americans play central roles in his Leatherstocking tales. However, his treatment of
this group is complex and highlights the tenuous relationship between frontier
settlers and American Indians as exemplified in The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish,
depicting a captured white girl who is taken care of by an Indian chief and who after
several years is eventually returned to her parents.[58] Often, he gives contrasting
views of Native characters to emphasize their potential for good, or conversely, their Statue in Cooperstown, New York
proclivity for mayhem. Last of the Mohicans includes both the character of Magua,
who is devoid of almost any redeeming qualities, as well as Chingachgook, the last
chief of the Mohicans, who is portrayed as noble, courageous, and heroic.[59] In 1831, Cooper was elected into the National
Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.

According to Tad Szulc, Cooper was a devotee of Poland's causes (uprisings to regain Polish sovereignty). He brought flags of the
defeated Polish rebel regiment from Warsaw and presented them to the exiled leaders in Paris. And although Cooper and Marquis de
La Fayette were friends, it remains unclear how Cooper found himself in Warsaw at that historical moment, although he was an
[60]
active supporter of European democratic movements.
Though some scholars have hesitated to classify Cooper as a strict Romantic, Victor Hugo pronounced him greater than the great
master of modern romance.[55] This verdict was echoed by a multitude of less famous readers, such as Balzac and Rudolf Drescher of
Germany, who were satisfied with no title for their favorite less than that of the "American Scott."[61] Mark Twain famously
criticized The Deerslayer and The Pathfinder in his satirical but shrewdly observant essay, "Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses"
(1895),[62] which portrays Cooper's writing as cliched and overwrought. Cooper was honored on a U.S. commemorative stamp, the
Famous American series, issued in 1940.

Cooper was also criticized heavily for his depiction of women characters in his
work. James Russell Lowell, Cooper's contemporary and a critic, referred to it
poetically in A Fable for Critics, writing, ". . . the women he draws from one model
[63]
don't vary / All sappy as maples and flat as a prairie."

Cooper's lasting reputation today rests largely upon the five Leatherstocking tales.
As for the remaining body of his work, literary scholar Leslie Fiedler notes that
[64]
Cooper's "collected works are monumental in their cumulative dullness."

Three dining halls at the State University of New York at Oswego are named in
Cooper's remembrance (Cooper Hall, The Pathfinder, and Littlepage) because of his
temporary residence in Oswego and for setting some of his works there.[65] The
gilded and red tole chandelier hanging in the library of the White House in
Washington DC is from the family of James Fenimore Cooper.[66] It was brought Cooper was honored on a U.S.
there through the efforts of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in her great White House commemorative stamp, theFamous
restoration. The James Fenimore Cooper Memorial Prize at New York University is American series, issued in 1940
awarded annually to an outstanding undergraduate student of journalism.[67]

In 2013, Cooper was inducted into theNew York Writers Hall of Fame.

Cooper's novels were very popular in the rest of the world, including, for instance, Russia. In particular, great interest of the Russian
public in Cooper's work was primarily incited by the novel The Pathfinder, which the renowned Russian literary critic Vissarion
Belinsky declared to be "a Shakespearean drama in the form of a novel".[68] The author was more recognizable by his exotic to many
in Russia middle name Fenimore, and this name specifically became a symbol of exciting adventures. For example, in the 1977
Soviet movie The Secret of Fenimore (Russian: Тайна Фенимора), being the third part of a children's television mini-series Three
Cheerful Shifts (Russian: Три весёлые смены, see Tri vesyolye smeny (1977) on IMDb), tells of a mysterious stranger known as
Fenimore, visiting a boys' dorm in a summer camp nightly and relating fascinating stories about
Indians and extraterrestrials.

Works
Works by James Fenimore Cooper
Date Title: Subtitle Genre Topic, Location, Period
1820 Precaution [69] novel England, 1813–1814

1821 The Spy: A Tale of the Neutral Ground [70] novel Westchester County , New York, 1780
The Pioneers: or The Sources of the Leatherstocking , Otsego County, New
1823 novel
Susquehanna [71] York, 1793–1794,
Tales for Fifteen : or Imagination and 2 short written under the pseudonym: Jane
1823
Heart [72] stories Morgan

1824 The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea [73] novel John Paul Jones , England, 1780
Battle of Bunker Hill , Boston, 1775–
1825 Lionel Lincoln : or The Leaguer of Boston novel
1781
The Last of the Mohicans : A narrative of Leatherstocking , French and Indian
1826 novel
1757 [74] War, Lake George & Adirondacks , 1757
Leatherstocking , American Midwest ,
1827 The Prairie [75] novel
1805
Newport, Rhode Island & Atlantic
1828 The Red Rover : A Tale [76] novel
Ocean, pirates, 1759
Notions of the Americans : Picked up by a non-
1828 America for European readers
Travelling Bachelor fiction

[77] Western Connecticut, Puritans and

1829 The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish: A Tale novel
Indians, 1660–1676
The Water-Witch: or the Skimmer of the
1830 novel New York, smugglers, 1713
Seas [78]
1830 Letter to General Lafayette politics France vs. US, cost of government
1831 The Bravo : A Tale [79] novel Venice, 18th century
The Heidenmauer : or, The Benedictines, A
1832 novel German Rhineland, 16th century
Legend of the Rhine
short
1832 No Steamboats
story
The Headsman: The Abbaye des Geneva, Switzerland, & Alps, 18th
1833 novel
Vignerons [80] century
1834 A Letter to His Countrymen politics Why Cooper temporarily stopped writing
Antarctica, aristocratic monkeys, 1830s;
1835 The Monikins [81] novel
a satire on British and American politics.
Solar eclipse in Cooperstown, New Y ork
1836 The Eclipse [82] memoir
1806

[83] short
1836 An Execution at Sea execution of a murderer on a ship
story
Gleanings in Europe: Switzerland (Sketches
1836 travel Hiking in Switzerland, 1828
of Switzerland)
Gleanings in Europe: The Rhine (Sketches Travels France, Rhineland &
1836 travel
of Switzerland, Part Second) Switzerland, 1832
A Residence in France : With an Excursion
1836 Up the Rhine, and a Second V isit to travel
Switzerland [84]
1837 Gleanings in Europe: France travel Living, travelling in France, 1826–1828
1837 Gleanings in Europe: England travel Travels in England, 1826, 1828, 1833
1838 Gleanings in Europe: Italy travel Living, travelling in Italy , 1828–1830
1838 The American Democrat : or Hints on the non- US society and government
Social and Civic Relations of the United fiction
States of America
1838 The Chronicles of Cooperstown history Local history of Cooperstown, New Y ork
Homeward Bound : or The Chase: A T ale of Atlantic Ocean & North African coast,
1838 novel
the Sea [85] 1835
Home as Found: Sequel to Homeward Eve Effingham, New York City & Otsego
1838 novel
Bound [86] County, New York, 1835
The History of the Navy of the United States
1839 history US Naval history to date
of America
History of the Frigate USS Constitution ,
1839 Old Ironsides [87] history
1st pub. 1853
Leatherstocking , Western New York,
1840 The Pathfinder, or The Inland Sea ' [88] novel
1759
Mercedes of Castile : or, The Voyage to Christopher Columbus in West Indies,
1840 novel
Cathay 1490s
Leatherstocking , Otsego Lake 1740–
1841 The Deerslayer: or The First W arpath novel
1745
England & English Channel , Scottish
1842 The Two Admirals novel
uprising, 1745

The Wing-and-Wing: le Le Feu-Follet [89]

1842 novel Italian coast, Neapolitan W ars, 1745
(Jack o Lantern)

Autobiography of a Pocket-Handkerchief ,[90]

also published as
Le Mouchoir: An Autobiographical Romance Social satire, France & New Y ork,
1843 The French Governess: or The novelette
1830s
Embroidered Handkerchief
Die franzosischer Erzieheren: oder das
gestickte Taschentuch

1843 Richard Dale

Butternut Valley of Otsego County, New
1843 Wyandotte : or The Hutted Knoll. A T ale [91] novel
York, 1763–1776
of Cooper's shipmate who survived an
1843 Ned Myers : or Life before the Mast [92] biography 1813 sinking of a US sloop of war in a
storm
Afloat and Ashore : or The Adventures of
1844 novel Ulster County & worldwide, 1795–1805
Miles Wallingford. A Sea T ale [93]
Miles Wallingford: Sequel to Afloat and
Ashore [94]
1844 novel Ulster County & worldwide, 1795–1805
British title: Lucy Hardinge : A Second Series
of Afloat and Ashore (1844) [95]
Proceedings of the Naval Court-Martial in
1844 the Case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie,
&c.
Satanstoe : or The Littlepage Manuscripts, a New York City, Westchester County ,
1845 novel
Tale of the Colony [96] Albany, Adirondacks, 1758
The Chainbearer ; or, The Littlepage Westchester County , Adirondacks,
1845 novel
Manuscripts 1780s (next generation)
The Redskins ; or, Indian and Injin: Being the
1846 novel Anti-rent wars, Adirondacks, 1845
Conclusion of the Littlepage Manuscripts
1846 Lives of Distinguished American Naval biography
 Officers
The Crater ; or, Vulcan's Peak: A Tale of the Philadelphia, Bristol (P A), & deserted
1847 novel
Pacific [97] (Mark's Reef ) Pacific island, early 19th century

Jack Tier: or the Florida Reefs [98]

1848 a.k.a. Captain Spike: or The Islets of the novel Florida Keys, Mexican W ar, 1846
Gulf
Kalamazoo River , Michigan, W ar of
1848 The Oak Openings : or the Bee-Hunter [99] novel
1812
1849 The Sea Lions : The Lost Sealers [100] novel Long Island & Antarctica, 1819–1820
"Dukes County, New York",
1850 The Ways of the Hour novel murder/courtroom mystery novel, legal
corruption, women's rights, 1846
1850 Upside Down : or Philosophy in Petticoats play satirization of socialism

[101] short Seneca Lake in New York, political

1851 The Lake Gun
story satire based on folklore

[102] Unfinished, history of New Y ork City, 1st

1851 New York: or The Towns of Manhattan history
pub. 1864

Notes
1. At this time, the British naval practice was common of seizing American sailors, accusing them of desertion, and
impressing them into the British navy. It is largely what led to the War of 1812.[15]
[17]
2. Accounts vary: Phillips, 1913, p. 53 puts the date at January 12.
3. Records of the government or Department of Navy provide little information regarding Cooper's movements and
activities in the Navy. Knowledge of Cooper'slife comes primarily from what he divulged in his published works,
notes, and letters of that period.[23]

References
1. Phillips, 1913, pp. 6–7
2. Lounsbury, 1883, pp. 7–8
3. Clary, Suzanne, "James Fenimore Copper and Spies in Rye", My Rye, 2010(http://www.myrye.com/my_weblog/201
0/11/james-fenimore-cooper-and-spies-in-rye.html)
4. Hale, 1896, p. 657
5. Phillips, 1913, p. 2
6. Lounsbury, 1883, p. 2
7. McCullough p. 70
8. J.F. Cooper Biography
9. Franklin, 2007, p.101
10. Clymer, 1900, p. xii
11. "Susan Fenimore Cooper"(http://essays.quotidiana.org/cooper_s/). Retrieved 2011-11-21.
12. Wright, 1983,
Cooper Genealogy, NYS Historical Association
13. Clymer, 1900, p. xi
14. Phillips, 1913, pp. 43–44
15. Roosevelt, 1883 pp. 1–3
16. Franklin, 2007, p. 89
17. Phillips, 1913, p. 53
18. Lounsbury, 1883, p. 216
19. Franklin, 2007, pp. 101–102
20. Franklin, 2007, pp. 110–111
21. Clymer, 1900, p.12
22. Phillips, 1913, pp. 54–55
23. Lounsbury, 1883, p.11
24. Phillips, 1913, p. 216
25. Lounsbury, 1883, p.12
26. Harpers New Monthly Magazine - The Haunted Lake(1 ed.). Harper and Brothers. 1872. pp. 20–30.
27. Hicks, Paul,"The Spymaster and the Author ," The Rye Record, December 7, 2014. http://ryerecord.com/a-little-rye-
history/a-little-local-history-the-spymaster-and-the-author
.html
28. Last of the Mohicans (https://books.google.com/books?id=28ZGsefcNXAC&pg=P A75). In: Martin J. Manning (ed.),
Clarence R. Wyatt (ed.): Encyclopedia of Media and Propaganda in W
artime America. Volume I.. ABC-CLIO, 2011,
ISBN 9781598842289, pp. 75–76
29. Phillips, 1913, p.99
30. Phillips, 1913, p.114
31. Franklin, 2007, p. 314
32. Phillips, 1913, p. 239
33. McCullough, 2011
34. James Fenimore Cooper, The Bravo (http://external.oneonta.edu/cooper/susan/susan-bravo.html)
, Oneonta
University.
35. Phillips, 1913, p. 272
36. JF Cooper. The American Democrat and Other Political Writings
, Edited by John Willson, Regency Publishing.
37. Clymer, 1900, pp. xi–xv
38. Lounsbury, 1883, p. 200
39. Phillips, 1913, p. 277
40. Phillips, 1913, pp. 305–306
41. Clymer, 1900, pp. 110–111
42. Cooper, 1846, 436 pages
43. Phillips, 1913, p. 308
44. "TimesMachine: September 18, 1851"(http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1851/09/18/issue.html)
. The
New York Times. September 18, 1851. Retrieved 2016-07-07. (Subscription required (help)).
45. Cooper, James Fenimore. "Old Ironsides" (http://external.oneonta.edu/cooper/texts/ironsides.html)
. James Fenimore
Cooper Society. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
46. Cooper, 1856 508 pages
47. Clymer, 1900, p.94, 107
48. Book of James Fenimore Cooper(https://books.google.com/books?id=s5QLAQAAIAAJ&pg=P
A1). Retrieved
October 17, 2012.
49. Jones, Brian Jay. Washington Irving: An American Original. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2008: 391.ISBN 978-1-
55970-836-4.
50. Hale, 1896, p. 658
51. Lounsbury, 1883, p. 23
52. Phillips, 1913, pp. 340–341
53. See Fowler, 'Modern English Usage,' Mencken 'The American Language.' 'Crockford's Clerical Directory ,' or 1969
ed. 'American Heritage Dictionary' for the correct use of the adjective "reverend." It is to be used exactly as the
adjective "honorable" is used. One would not call Judge John Smith "the Honorable Smith."
54. Letter from Schubert toFranz von Schober, November 12, 1828
55. Phillips, 1913, p. 350
56. Franklin, 2007, p. xxix
57. Nan Goodman, Shifting the Blame: Literature, Law, and the Theory of Accidents in Nineteenth-Century America
.
Princeton UP 1998
58. Phillips, 1913, pp. 189–190
59. Clymer, 1900, pp. 43–44
60. Szulc, 1998, p. 86
61. Phillips, 1913, p. 160
62. "Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offences" (http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/projects/rissetto/of
fense.html).
Etext.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
63. Porte, Joel. The Romance in America: Studies in Cooper
, Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, and James. Middletown, Conn.:
Wesleyan University Press, 1969: 20.
64. Fiedler, Leslie. Love and Death in the American Novel. Dalkey Archive Press, 2008 (reprint): 180.ISBN 978-1-
56478-163-5
65. "SUNY Oswego – Penfield Library: Who Were Our Buildings?" (http://www.oswego.edu/library/resources/buildings.ht
ml). Oswego.edu. October 1, 1966. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
66. "Library" (http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/floor0/library.htm). whitehousemuseum.
67. [1] (http://cas.nyu.edu/object/bulletin1012.ug.honorsawards)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2010061011332
9/http://cas.nyu.edu/object/bulletin1012.ug.honorsawards)June 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
68. Vissarion Belinsky (1841). Разделение поэзии на роды и виды (http://az.lib.ru/b/belinskij_w_g/text_0790.shtml)
[The Division of Poetry into Genera and Species ] (text). Retrieved 2014-02-28. "(In English: Cooper is here deep
interpreter of the human heart, a great painter of the world of the soul, like Shakespeare. Definitely and clearly he
uttered the unspeakable, reconciled and merged together internal and external — and his "The Pathfinder" is a
Shakespearean drama in the form of the novel, the only creature in this way , having nothing equal with him, the
triumph of modern art in the epic poetry
.)"
69. James Fenimore Cooper (December 1, 2003)."Precaution" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10365). Gutenberg.org.
Retrieved 2012-12-24.
70. James Fenimore Cooper (February 1, 2006)."The Spy" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/9845). Gutenberg.org.
Retrieved 2012-12-24.
71. James Fenimore Cooper (August 1, 2000)."The Pioneers" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2275). Gutenberg.org.
Retrieved 2012-12-24.
72. James Fenimore Cooper (August 1, 2000)."Tales for Fifteen, or, Imagination and Heart"(http://www.gutenberg.org/e
text/2282). Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
73. James Fenimore Cooper (April 1, 2005)."The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7974).
Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
74. James Fenimore Cooper (February 5, 2006)."The Last of the Mohicans; A narrative of 1757"(http://www.gutenberg.
org/etext/940). Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
75. James Fenimore Cooper (September 1, 2004)."The Prairie" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6450). Gutenberg.org.
Retrieved 2012-12-24.
76. James Fenimore Cooper (March 1, 2004)."The Red Rover" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11409). Gutenberg.org.
Retrieved 2012-12-24.
77. James Fenimore Cooper (September 1, 2005)."The Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8888).
Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
78. James Fenimore Cooper (May 1, 2004)."The Water-Witch or, the Skimmer of the Seas"(http://www.gutenberg.org/et
ext/12445). Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
79. James Fenimore Cooper (December 1, 2003)."The Bravo" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10363). Gutenberg.org.
Retrieved 2012-12-24.
80. James Fenimore Cooper (February 1, 2004)."The Headsman" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10938).
Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
81. James Fenimore Cooper (May 1, 2003)."The Monikins" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4092). Gutenberg.org.
Retrieved 2012-12-24.
82. "The Eclipse" (http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/CooEcli.html)
. Etext.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved
2012-12-24.
 83. Thomas Philbrick (1961).James Fenimore Cooper and the Development of American Sea Fiction
(https://books.goo
gle.com/books?ei=xzFhTo7rDqbisQL-780x&ct=result&id=eKpaAAAAMAAJ). Harvard University Press.
84. James Fenimore Cooper (July 22, 2004)."A Residence in France"(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12990).
Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
85. James Fenimore Cooper (February 1, 2006)."Homeward Bound; Or, the Chase" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/98
26). Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
86. James Fenimore Cooper (November 1, 2003)."Home as Found" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10149).
Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
87. "Old Ironsides" (http://external.oneonta.edu/cooper/texts/ironsides.html)
. External.oneonta.edu. Retrieved
2012-12-24.
88. James Fenimore Cooper (September 1, 1999)."Pathfinder; or, the inland sea"
(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1880). Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
89. James Fenimore Cooper (April 1, 2004)."The Wing-and-Wing" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11957).
Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
90. James Fenimore Cooper (September 1, 2000)."Autobiography of a Pocket-Handkerchief"(http://www.gutenberg.or
g/etext/2329). Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
91. James Fenimore Cooper (December 1, 2003)."Wyandotté, or, The Hutted Knoll" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10
434). Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
92. James Fenimore Cooper (January 1, 2006)."Ned Myers, or, a Life Before the Mast"(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/
9788). Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
93. James Fenimore Cooper (August 1, 2005)."Afloat and Ashore: A Sea Tale" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8647).
Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
94. James Fenimore Cooper (February 1, 2004)."Miles Wallingford" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11243).
Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
95. James Fenimore Cooper (1844).Lucy Hardinge: a second ser. of Afloat and ashore, by the author of 'The pilot'(http
s://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8DAAAAQAAJ) . Books.google.com.
96. "Satanstoe; Or, the Littlepage Manuscripts. ATale of the Colony by Cooper – Project Gutenberg"(http://www.gutenb
erg.org/etext/8880). Gutenberg.org. September 1, 2005. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
97. "The Crater by James Fenimore Cooper – Project Gutenberg"(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11573).
Gutenberg.org. March 1, 2004. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
98. "Jack Tier by James Fenimore Cooper – Project Gutenberg" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4796). Gutenberg.org.
December 1, 2003. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
99. "Oak Openings by James Fenimore Cooper – Project Gutenberg"(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4215).
Gutenberg.org. July 1, 2003. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
100. "The Sea Lions by James Fenimore Cooper – Project Gutenberg"(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10545).
Gutenberg.org. December 1, 2003. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
101. "The Lake Gun by James Fenimore Cooper – Project Gutenberg"(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2328).
Gutenberg.org. September 1, 2000. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
102. "New York by James Fenimore Cooper – Project Gutenberg" (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2482). Gutenberg.org.
January 1, 2001. Retrieved 2012-12-24.

Bibliography
"Biography of James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851)" . American Studies at theUniversity of Virginia.
Clymer, William Branford Shubrick (1900).James Fenimore Cooper. Small, Maynard & Company, Boston. p. 149.
Franklin, Wayne (2007). James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years, Volume 1. Yale University Press. p. 708.
ISBN 978-0-300-10805-7.
Hale, Edward Everett (1896). Illustrious Americans, Their Lives and Great Achievements . Philadelphia Chicago:
International Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA., and Chicago, ILL, Entered 1896, by W . E. SCULL, in the office
of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, DC. ISBN 9781162227023.
Lounsbury, Thomas R. (1883). James Fenimore Cooper. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston. p. 149.
McCullough, David (2011). The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-7176-6.
 O'Daniel, Therman B. (1947). "Cooper's Treatment of the Negro". Phylon (1940–1956). Clark Atlanta University. 8
(2): 164–176. JSTOR 271724.
Phillips, Mary Elizabeth (1913).James Fenimore Cooper. John Lane Company, New York, London. p. 368.
Roosevelt, Theodore (1883).The naval war of 1812:.
G. P. Putnam's sons, New York. p. 541.
Wright, Wayne W. (1983). Hugh C. MacDougal, ed. "The Cooper Genealogy". New York State Historical Association.

Primary sources
Cooper, James Fenimore (1846).Lives of distinguished American naval officers
.
Carey and Hart, Philadelphia. p. 436.OCLC 620356. Url1
——— (1853). Old Ironsides. G. P. Putnam, 1853. p. 49.Url
——— (1856). History of the navy of the United States of America
.
Stringer & Townsend, New York. p. 508. OCLC 197401914. Url
——— (1852). The Chainbearer, Or The Littlepage Manuscripts, Stringer and Townsend, 228 pages; eBook

Further reading
Clavel, Marcel (1938).Fenimore Cooper and his critics: American, British and French criticisms of the novelist's early
work, Imprimerie universitaire de Provence, E. Fourcine, 418 pages;Book
Darnell, Donald. (1993).James Fenimore Cooper: Novelist of Manners , Newark, Univ. of Delaware
Doolen, Andy (2005). Fugitive Empire: Locating Early American Imperialism , Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota P,
Franklin, Wayne (1982). The New World of James Fenimore Cooper, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago P, Book
-- (2007). James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years, New Haven: Yale UP, Book
Krauthammer, Anna. The Representation of ht e Savage in James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville. NY : Peter
Lang, 2008.
Long, Robert Emmet( 1990).James Fenimore Cooper, NY: Continuum, PS 1431 .L57
MacDougall, Hugh C. Where Was James? A James Fenimore Cooper Chronology from 1789–1851. Cooperstown:
James Fenimore Cooper Soc., 1993.
Rans, Geoffrey. Cooper's Leather-Stocking Novels: A Secular Reading. Chapel Hill: Univ . of North Carolina, 1991.
Redekop, Ernest H., ed. (1989).James Fenimore Cooper, 1789–1989: Bicentennial Essays, Canadian Review of
American Studies, entire special issue, vol. 20, no. 3 (Winter 1989), pp. [1]–164. ISSN 0007-7720
Reid, Margaret. Cultural Secrets as Narrative Form: Storytelling in Nineteenth-Century America. Columbus: Ohio
State UP, 2004.
Ringe, Donald A. (1988).James Fenimore Cooper, Boston: Twayne, PS1438 .R5
Romero, Lora. Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States. Durham: Duke UP , 1997.
Smith, Lindsey C. (2008).Indians, Environment, and Identity on the Borders of American Literature: From Faulkner
and Morrison to Walker and Silko, NY: Palgrave Macmillan,
Verhoeven, W. M. (1993). James Fenimore Cooper: New Historical and Literary Contexts , Rodopi publishers, 217
pages; ISBN 9789051833607; Book

External links
Works by James Fenimore Cooperat Project Gutenberg
Works by or about James Fenimore Cooperat Internet Archive
Works by James Fenimore Cooperat LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
James Fenimore Cooperat Open Library
James Fenimore Cooper Society Homepage
James Fenimore Cooperon IMDb
Finding Aid for the James Fenimore Cooper Collection of Papers, 1825-1904 , New York Public Library
James Fenimore Cooper Letters and Manuscript Fragments . Available online though Lehigh University'sI Remain: A
Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera
"Writings of James Fenimore Cooper"from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses", an essay by Mark Twain

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Fenimore_Cooper&oldid=800233562

"
This page was last edited on 12 September 2017, at 07:07.

Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.