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DOI: 10.12716/1001.07.04.01
ABSTRACT: The paper presents the analytical method of defining inertia forces that act on break bulk cargo
as a result of the oscillatory motion of the vessel exposed to the effect of ambient forces. Considering that the
linear models of roll, pitch and heave applicable in this case, the problem is solved by expressing the angle of
heel, the angle of pitch, and the amplitude of heave. The obtained functions are differentiated and the inertia
forces are determined by means of applying the Newtonʹs second law.
1 INTRODUCTION known. The accelerations can be found as the second
time derivatives of the angle of heel, the angle of
In the sea transportation of break bulk cargo, pitch, and the amplitude of heave functions.
particularly that of the non‐standard dimensions, The expressions for the angles and the amplitude
both the weight of each load and the acting forces of can be obtained by solving the equations for roll,
inertia should be considered when designing the pitch, and heave. This is done on the assertion that for
securing arrangement of the cargo. The inertia forces the task of finding the forces of inertia the equations
can be evaluated once the linear accelerations for roll, pitch, and heave can be considered decoupled
affecting the cargo are known, which depend on the [3].
laws of linear displacement changes for the cargo and
the deck of the vessel relative to the reference
coordinate system.
Generally the oscillatory motion of the ship is 2 PARAMETERS OF OSCILLATIONS
characterized by six degrees of freedom and is
described by six differential equations. The ship 2.1 Roll
oscillations are strongly coupled [1]. It is shown in [2]
As roll is the governing factor and generates
that one can apply the linear models of roll, pitch and
dominant forces of inertia further considerations
heave to obtain the linear acceleration in the first
proceed with the equation that define roll solving the
approximation, i.e. use the corresponding isolated
problem so as to find the expression for the angle of
equations for the calculation.
heel . For this, as suggested in [4], we use the
To be able to find the inertia forces acting on a original second‐order linear differential equation that
cargo item in an inertial reference frame it is enough defines the roll angle of a vessel :
to apply the Newtonʹs second law, provided that the
mass of the unit and the respective accelerations are
477
J x + m x + x + Dh0 = θ Dh0 sin k t (1) β 02β
=
where Jx = moment of inertia of the vessel about the 2
0β k2
2
+ 4hβ2 k2 0,5
(4)
longitudinal axis Х‐Х; mx = generalized added masses
of water about the longitudinal axis Х‐Х; x = 2hβ k
sin k t arctg 2
damping coefficient about the longitudinal axis Х‐Х; 2
D = displacement of the vessel (force of gravity); h0 = 0β k
transverse initial meta‐centric height; = reduction
coefficient for the roll oscillations; k = the apparent where = reduction coefficient for the roll
frequency of the waves. oscillations; k = eigenfrequency of the pitching
After dividing the equation (1) by the coefficient of vessel; h = pitch damping coefficient.
the highest derivative we obtain the normalised form
of the equation:
2.3 Heave
+ 2h + 02 = θ 02 sin k t (2) Finally, heave is the result of the orbital motion of the
vessel on a radius equal to the half of the wave height
where roll damping coefficient h: [3, 5]. Heave motion has harmonic character with
the frequency of oscillations k and can be described
as follows:
x
h=
2 J x + m x = 0 sin k t (5)
θ 02 Fθ= mc a y
=
2
0 k2
2
+ 4h 2 k2 0,5
(3) where ay = linear acceleration due to roll.
2 h In its turn, the linear acceleration ay is the product
sin k t arctg 2 k 2 of the angular acceleration by the radius of
0 k curvature ry relative to the longitudinal axis passing
through the center of gravity of the vessel G, i.e.:
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θ 02 inertial forces and the force of gravity Pc must be
0 =
projected on to the shipʹs frame of axes which is
0,5
2
k2
2
+ 4h 2 k2 inclined by the angles of heel and trim as shown
0 in the Figure 1.
2 h k
= arctg
0 k
2 2
Successively the inertia force F is defined as:
= 0 k2 sin k t β
4 REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS
2
0 =
β 0β
The article describes the method of deriving the
0,5 inertia forces acting on a cargo unit so these forces can
2 2
2
0β k + 4h 2
β
2
k be accounted for in further calculations to determine
the maximum working load of lashings for the cargo.
The method is based on the presumption that the
2hβ k linear models of roll, pitch and heave are sufficient for
β= arctg the case and can be considered independent within
2 2
0β k the scope of the problem. The resulting expressions of
the angle of heel, the angle of trim and the amplitude
of vertical motion induced by waves allow calculating
Therefore the force of inertia F is represented by the respective angular and linear accelerations. The
the equation: inertia forces determined in the unperturbed
reference frame can be easily ported to the shipʹs
Fβ = mc rx 0 k2 sin k t β (8) system of coordinates as the relation between the two
systems of coordinates is known. The obtained
functions are used by the author in his mathematical
The heaving force of inertia F is formulated as model describing the process of safe stowage and
lashing of break bulk cargo on board a ship.
F = ‐ mc
= 0 k2 sin k t 1. Kornev N. 2011. Ship dynamics in waves. – Rostock:
University of Rostock.
2. Borodaj I.K., Necvetaev Ju.A. 1969. Kachka sudov na
Then, taking into account equation (6) we finally morskom volnenii. – L.: Sudostroenie.
put F as: 3. Sizov V.G. 2003. Teorija korablja. – Odessa: Feniks.
4. Vojtkunskij I.J. 1985. Statika sudov. Kachka sudov. In
Spravochnik po teorii korablja: V 3‐h t. – L.:
Fζ = 0,5hw mc k sin k t
2
(9) Sudostroenie.
5. Shimanskij J.A. 1948. Dinamicheskij raschet sudovyh
konstrukcij. – L.: Sudpromgiz.
It is to be noted that the inertia forces F, F, and F
were obtained with the reference to the unperturbed
system of coordinates. Then in order to be able to
calculate the reactions in lashings of the cargo these
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