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NETWORK THEOREMS
CONTENT
1. Kirchhoff’s laws, voltage sources and current sources.
R1
+
+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-
-
Example-Answer
• Three nodes
R1
+
+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-
-
Example-Answer
• 5 Branches
R1
+
+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-
-
Example-Answer
• Three Loops, if starting at node A
A B
R1
+
+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-
-
C
Example b 9
How many nodes, branches & loops?
n 5
7
l 5
1 2 6
DC 3 4 5 2A
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
Total volume of water flowing through pipe 1 = (total volume of water flowing through pipe 2 +
total volume of water flowing through pipe 3)
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
Total current entering the node through the wire 1 = (total current leaving the node through the wire 2 +
total current leaving the node through the wire 3)
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
∑ I (Junction) = 0
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
∑ I (Entering) = ∑ I (Leaving)
∑ I (Entering) - ∑ I (Leaving) =0
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
Assign positive signs to the currents entering the node and
negative signs to the currents leaving the node, the KCL can be re-
formulated as:
I1= 1 A
I2= 3 A
I3= 0.5 A
Find the current I4 in A
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
∑ IR + ∑ e.m.f = 0
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
Sign Convention
The sign of each voltage is the polarity of the terminal first encountered in
traveling around the loop.
I The direction of travel is arbitrary.
+
R1 V1 Clockwise: V0 V1 V2 0
-
A
+ Counter-clockwise: V2 V1 V0 0
R2 V2
V0
- V0 V1 V2
Example
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law around 1st Loop
I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
+
I2 +
+ Vs Is
R2 I2R2 R3 Vo
-
-
-
C
Assign current variables and directions
Use Ohm’s law to assign voltages and polarities consistent with
passive devices (current enters at the + side)
Example
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law around 1st Loop
I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
+
I2 +
+ Vs Is
R2 I2R2 R3 Vo
-
-
-
C
Starting at node A, add the 1st voltage drop: + I1R1
Example
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law around 1st Loop
I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
+
I2 +
+ Vs Is
R2 I2R2 R3 Vo
-
-
-
C
Add the voltage drop from B to C through R2: + I1R1 + I2R2
Example
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law around 1st Loop
I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
+
I2 +
+ Vs Is
R2 I2R2 R3 Vo
-
-
-
C
Subtract the voltage rise from C to A through Vs: + I1R1 + I2R2 – Vs = 0
Notice that the sign of each term matches the polarity encountered 1st
Source Conversion
ia ia '
+ +
Rs vs
vab Rs v
ab
Rs
DC vs
- -
Voltage Source to Current Source
Current Source to Voltage Source
Proof
Convert to Current Source
Answer-1
Convert to Voltage Source
Answer-2
Superposition Theorem
STATEMENT-
Step-1:
Req or RTH
VTH
Thevenin’s theorem
Steps to be followed for Thevenin’s Theorem
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 4:
Step 5:
RTH =
VL = ILx RL
VL = 0.75mA x 5kΩ
VL= 3.75V
Norton’s theorem
Norton’s theorem
STATEMENT-
IN
RN
Norton’s theorem
Steps to be followed for Norton’s Theorem
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4
Now, Redraw the circuit with measured short circuit Current (IN)
in Step (2) as current Source and measured open circuit resistance (RN)
in step (4) as a parallel resistance and connect the load resistor which
we had removed in Step (3).
RN
IL = IN *
(RN+ RL)
Example 1-Find RN, IN, the current flowing through and Load Voltage
across the load resistor in fig (1) by using Norton’s Theorem.
Step 1-Short the 1.5Ω load resistor
Step 2-Calculate / measure the Short Circuit Current. This is the
Norton Current (IN).
Step 3-Open Current Sources, Short Voltage Sources and Open Load
Resistor.
Step 4-Calculate /measure the Open Circuit Resistance. This is the
Norton Resistance (RN)
Step 5- Connect the RN in Parallel with Current Source INand re-
connect the load resistor.
Step 6-Now apply the last step i.e. calculate the load current through
and Load voltage across load resistor
RN
IL = I N *
(RN + RL)
IL= 1.5A
VL = ILx RL
VL = 1.5A x 1.5Ω
VL= 2.25V
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Statement:
Statement:
(10 x 5 )
R1 = = 1.67 Ω
(5 +10 + 15)
(15 x 10 )
R2 = =5Ω
(5 +10 + 15)
( 5x 15 )
R3 = = 2.5 Ω
(5 +10 + 15)
Example 2-Convert given STAR into DELTA
Answer
R31 = =R12
=R23
Example 3-Calculate the effective resistance between
points A & B
Answer-Step 1
Answer-Step 2
Answer-Step 3
Answer-Step 4 & 5
RAB = 3.69 Ω
Example 4-Find the equivalent resistance between
P & Q in the ckt
P
Q
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Req =14.571Ω
Example 5-In the circuit shown, find the resistance between M and N.
Solution- Step 1
Solution- Step 2
Solution- Step 3
Solution- Step 4 & 5