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SOLUTION PROCEDURE

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 Unknowns = 15
(6 stresses, 6 strains and, 3 displacements)
Equations = 15 9
(3 equilibrium, 6 constitutive and 6 compatibility )
PROGRAMS
 ABAQUS

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 ALGOR
 ANSYS
 COSMOS/M
 STARDYNE
 IMAGES-3D
 MSC/NASTRAN
 SAP90, SAP2000NL
 ADINA
 NISA
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 QUAKE/W
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 www.plaxis.nl
 Finite Element Package- 2d analysis of
deformation and stability in geotechnical
engineering

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 Geotechnical problems- Non linear, time
dependent anisotropic, pore pressure, interaction

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 Has Quadratic 6-node and 4th order 15-node
triangular elements
 Updated Lagrangian analysis

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IMPORTANT POINTS

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 Compression negative and tension positive
 User defined - FORTRAN

 Hinges and Rotation Springs- Torque

 Load and prescribed displacement- prescribed

displacement
 Fixed and prescribed displacement- fixed

 Interface- impermeable

 Geogrid- Only tension

 Mesh-Triangualtion Procedure
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CONTINUED

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 Jakys formula
 Updated Mesh- Large deformation

 Soil Volumetric strain

 10 curves

 Load advancement ultimate level, load

advancement number of steps, automatic time
stepping(consolidation)
 Global error check

 Local error check

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CURVES

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 Load -displacement curve
 Time-displacement curve

 Stress-strain diagram

 Stress paths & strain paths

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 Clay sat unit weight of 18kN/m3 and φ= 20°

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DIMENSIONS OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

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 Height of the wall = 6m
 Thickness of base = 0.6m
 Toe projection = 0.6m
 Heel projection = 2.6 m
 Base width = 3.6m
 Width of stem = 0.4 m
 Depth of Foundation = 1m

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INPUT PARAMETERS FOR CANTILEVER
RETAINING WALL
Parameter Backfill Foundation Concrete

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Material model Mohr-Coulomb Mohr- Linear
Coulomb elastic
Type of material Drained Drained Nonporous
behaviour
Unit weight 18kN/m3 20kN/m3 24 kN/m3

Young's modulus 2E4 kPa 5E4 kPa 2.2E7 kPa

Poisson's ratio 0.3 0.35 0.15

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Cohesion 1 kPa 100 kPa -

Friction angle 340 0 -

REINFORCED EARTH WALL

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 Height of the retaining wall is 10 m
 Facing panels modeled as solid and
reinforcements modelled as geogrids
 Various tensile strengths of the geogrid used
are 60kN/m, 80kN/m, 100kN/m, 120kN/m and
150kN/m.
 The length of the geogrid is assumed as 8m at
the bottom most level and 7m at the remaining
walls.
 The spacing of the geogrids is assumed as 0.75m.
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 DL = 12 kPa and LL = 22 kPa
INPUT PARAMETERS FOR REINFORCED
EARTH WALL
PARAMETER Reinforced Soil Foundation Facing

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Material model Mohr-Coulomb Mohr- Linear
Coulomb elastic
Type of material Drained Drained Non Porous
behaviour
Unit weight 18kN/m3 18kN/m3 24 kN/m3

Young's modulus 5E4 kPa 5E4 kPa 2.24E7 kPa

Poisson's ratio 0.3 0.3 0.15

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Cohesion 1 kPa 100kPa -

Friction angle 350 300 -