Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Introduction

This is part of the research on which the gathered data from the respondents are

interpreted, analized and presented.

Age

Table 1 presents the age frequency of the participants in this research.

Table 1

Age Frequency

Age f %
16 4 40
17 3 30
18 3 30
Total: 10 100

The table 1 shows the frequency of age wherein 40% of the respondents were pregnant

at the age of 16, 30% of the respondents at the age of 17 and also 30% of the

respondents at the age of 18.

Causes of Teenage Pregnancy

This table shows the different category of on why teenagers get pregnant an early age

Table 2

Causes of Teenage Pregnancy

Causes of Teenage
f %
Pregnancy
Curiosity 3 30
Own will 3 30
Alcoholic Pleasure 2 20
No Choice 1 10
Sexually Abused 1 10

The table 2 shows the percentage and frequency of reasons. There are ten

respondents, 50% of them where curious, 20% of them found their belongingness of

each other, another 20% of the drown on alcoholic pleasure and lastly 10% was

stupidity.

Majority of the respondents were curious. The curiosity leads them to situation

that even they didn’t expect it to happen, because of their curiosity they let themselves

to explore things that can definitely change their future and by exploring that thing they

unexpectedly enter the early motherhood. Anand (2012) Curiosity is one of the

preventable reasons why teenagers get pregnant, according to him the reason of it is

the explosion of sex in the media has made teenagers more aware about it than their

parents and grandparents. One of the respondent stated "It was basically the curiosity

that bested me." As we all know teenagers now are more curious that our parents and

grandparents way back then. But that doesn’t mean that they were doing sex just

because of curiosity. The other respondent said "Maybe because of curiosity but at the
same time doing the thing that you want to do with the one I love. But more on

curiosity." Because of too much affection they explore the things that might change their

path but of course it is the curiosity that leads them to do it.

Their world change because of their own will to have sexual intercourse and get

pregnant. Many teenagers want to have sexual intercourse with their partner for their

needs but some teenagers do that thing because they want to have a baby in early

stage, they believe that having a family in early stage can stable their relationship.

(Prymface 2012) The reasons that teenage girls get pregnant are own will, just as they

are for older women. Some, particularly those who are 18 and 19, have made a

decision to have a baby because they are in a stable relationship and want to start a

family, as was the norm for this age group not so many decades ago. One of the

respondent said "Because me and boyfriend that time is legal on both sides and we

depend on it." Legal on both sides increase the risk of pregnancy. The situation they

depend on leads them to explore that thing. But one of the respondents believe that by

doing that thing for them to insure that their parents cannot do anything to separate

them, the respondent state "It was really our plan even though we are under aged. For

us to make sure our families won't do anything to separate us." The other respondent

said "We were drowned with too much pleasure that he forgot to pull out before

ejaculation." the pleasure itself leads them to unplanned situation which is the early

pregnancy.

One of the respondents stated, "Hanging out always with friends and webare under the

influence of alcohol that time." the influence of the alcohol can boost the pleasure of our
hormones. Hanging out with friends especially with boys, the sexual intercourse could

possibly happen. The other respondents have the same explanation she said, "Under

the influence of alcohol. Getting drunk for short." The alcohol itself has a big impact in

our body. Drink responsibly is advisable and must do. Alcoholic pleasure leads them to

unexpectedly enter the world of early mother hood. "LoveToKnow" (website) stated

Many teens experiment with drugs and alcohol. Drinking lowers a teen’s ability to

control her impulses, contributing to 75 percent of pregnancies that occur between the

ages 14 and 21. Approximately 91 percent of pregnant teens reported that although

they were drinking at the time, they did not originally plan to

have sex when they conceived.

Teenagers have unstable mind. Teenagers mind is chaos, between immaturity

and maturity. No choice is one of the reasons why teenagers get pregnant. Peer

pressure is one the teenage problems. "Peerchallenge" (Website) stated

That the inability to say “NO” is the number two reason that teens get involved in sexual

activity. It is difficult to say “NO” especially to someone we care about. Practicing refusal

skills can enable teens to have the self-confidence to effectively say “NO”. One of the

respondent said, "An initiation in joining a fraternity left me with no choice but to have

sexual intercourse with some of them." She want to be a part/member of that fraternity

so, she left with no choice to have sexual intercourse for her to be able to be part of that

group. The pressure she get when she want something to happen leads her to early

motherhood.
 One of the main reason why teenagers involved in early pregnancy is the sexual

abuse. (R. Y. Langham, Ph.D., 2015) ABUSE OR RAPE -Teens can become pregnant

as a result of sexual abuse or rape. The Guttmacher Institute states that between 43

and 62 percent of teens acknowledge that they were impregnated by an adult male, and

two-thirds report that their babies' fathers are as old as 27. The only one respondent

who suffered trauma because she was rape by her neighborhood she only stated,

"Raped. I won’t go into details." the effects of it make her hate men. She suffer trauma

after that and unwanted pregnancy, she was so scared to the point that she didn’t

wanted to go to school. The memory is traumatizing, it leaves mark on her head.

Effects

Table 3 presents and describes the categorized responses of the participant

regarding the said survey questions, "when you got pregnant before, how does it affect

your studies?".

Table 3

Effects of Teenage Pregnancy

Effects of Teenage f %
Pregnancy
Stopped Schooling 5 50
Can’t focus 1 10
Devastated 1 10
Inspired 1 10
It’s hard 1 10
Stressful 1 10

As presented in table 3, 50% of the respondent stopped schooling due to their

situation, 10% of them can't focus in their studies, 10% are devastated because of the
consequences they need to face , still there are 10% of the respondent who is inspired,

10% felt the situation so hard in adjusting, and lastly 10% of them are stress.

Teenage Pregnancy is a difficult situation. Majority of the respondent who

experienced these stopped in schooling because of their situation. According to Bodeeb

J. (2017) that education may be put on hold when a teen become pregnant. Some

pregnant teens may decide to leave school. According to our participant number 6, " My

pregnancy affected my studies a lot. I barely went to school every morning because of

dizziness , laziness, even thou I have enough sleep , I want to sleep more".

Having in such situation made them to can’t focus in their studies. The negativity,

the social alienation, and the financial distress can wreak havoc in anyone's life, let

alone that of a teen, who is isn't yet mature or strong enough to face the world (Saha R.,

2017). Participant number seven stated that, "It affects my studies a lot because I

cannot focus well".

Saha R. ( 2017) stated that Teenage Pregnancy is one of modern society's evils

and is a rather alarming situation. Most countries, developed, undeveloped, consider

Teenage Pregnancy a social stigma. And, it can have devastating effect on the teen’s

social life. Participant number four said, "Pretty devastated. He left me when I told him I

was pregnant that time. Thus, I stopped studying.”

The situation may wreck havoc in their life, still they need to be strong and in the

process of healing they need to accept the consequences and make these lessons as
an inspiration. Watson et al (2017) stated that researchers have discovered that many

teen mothers have experienced several educational challenges prior to becoming

pregnant. One characteristic that plays a critical role in engaging struggling students is

motivation. According to participant number five , "It's great. I'm even happy with my

studies".

According to a study at the University of Chicago, It is critical for teens to know

that home is always a safe haven. Irrelevant of what is happening outside the home, the

Chicago study found that if teens have a strong system they feel they can rely on within

their family. It was hard for the respondent to face their challenges without their parent

besides them to support. Participant number one stated, "It was pretty hard knowing I

only live in a boarding house, because my parents are rescinding in the province".

Teenage Mother needs to have time management. How to manage responsibility

both as a student and as a mother. According to Bodeeb J, (2017) other who were

planning to attend college in the future may put off that experience after become

pregnant. They may decide to focus on the baby or getting married rather than pursuing

further education. According to participant number two, "Stressful to say the least.

There are times I have to decide which to prioritize".

Table 5

Experiences as a teenage mom

Table 4 presents and categorized the experiences of the respondents as a

teenage mom.

Table 4

Experiences as a Teenage Mom

Category 3 f %
Inspired 2 20
Pressured 2 20
All alone 1 10
Belongingness 1 10
Insecure 1 10
Responsible 1 10
Stressful 1 10
Traumatic 1 10

As presented on table 4, 20% of the categorized response is inspired, 20% of

pressured, 10% of being all alone, 10% of belongingness, 10% of insecure, 10% of

responsible, 10% of stressful, and lastly 10% of traumatic.

20% of the respondents stated that they were inspired despite of the struggles

that they experience as a teenage mom. They stated that:

“It was inspiring but I got a lot of tension at the same time responsibilities rushed over

me.”

“It has great feeling on having a child that came really from yours. It’s overwhelming and

also my boyfriend didn’t left me so he is always on my side to help and guide me.”

Even though they have faced bigger responsibilities they still manage to be inspired.

According to Watt (2015) he said that on the whole the young mothers were very
positive about their experiences of motherhood. Although at times they described

hardships they had been through and the adaptations they had to make, overall they felt

it had been worth the privilege of having children (Watt, 2015).

Another 20% of the respondents said that they were pressured by their

experiences as a teenage mom. They even state:

“Hailing from an influential family, people have set their eyes on me. It felt terrorizing

plus the pressure people are giving me.”

“It’s hard, a pressure, and a lot of adjustment. You mature easily.”

Because we all know that people right now will just judge everything they will

see without thinking of it. According to Boehlke (2015) Teen mothers face daily

challenges and pressure as they struggle to take care of their child and find a way to be

the best parent they can. Because most teen mothers are still attending school or

college, finding the time and financial means to finish their education should be a high

priority alongside raising their child.

Being teenage mom is not easy especially if they were left by the father of their

child. They felt all alone. Anonymous (2011) said that being a pregnant teen can be

stressful and overwhelming, but that doesn't mean you have to go through it alone. If

the father of your child isn't in the picture, find other supports to help you through this

process. Reach out to your family, your friends, and your community. Understand the

challenges of pregnancy in order to make more informed decisions about your baby.

Remember to take care and love yourself. Participant 4 said, “I was all alone with no
one to turn to but God. It was as if God planned it all along so that I can go back to

him.”

Belongingness is what some of the teenage mothers felt during the years of being a

teenage mom. Participant 6 even stated that “To have that sense of belongingness be filled

in, it made me overjoyed even though I didn't know who the father is. I thought of the

baby as a gift from God.” According to Kochrekar (2017) he stated that the other

prominent cause of teenage pregnancy is belongingness, it attributes to the personal

requirement of teens to satisfy the sense of belonging, whether in their social circles or

among friends of their age groups. When your teenager experiences a lack of sense of

belonging, there is an increased risk that she will associate with individuals that will

expose her to unprotected sex.

Most of teenage moms experience being insecure most the time. According to

Bhatia (2015) one of huge factor that plays into this are the pregnancy hormones

estrogen and progesterone, which rise abruptly at the start of the pregnancy. This can

make the mom-to-be a bit touchy during the course of the pregnancy. Because of this,

she might feel plenty insecure about many things. Most often, her insecurity becomes

directed to the abrupt changes in her body during pregnancy. Participant 1 said that, “It

was tough. I've even got lots of insecurities.”

Being responsible is the most needed thing in becoming a teenage mom. A lot

responsibilities are at their shoulders are to be carried. According to (Pregnancy Birth &

Baby, 2016) being a parent can make it harder to get an education or find a job.

Juggling the responsibilities of being a parent with work, school and a social life can be
tiring. It can also be very difficult to get child care, and almost impossible to get

affordable child care. Participant 10 even stated that, “Being a teenage mom is a huge

responsibility. My experience as a teenage mom is not that easy to deal, looking after

my children is a great barrier of being a teenager, I missed everything teenagers are

doing nowadays.”

Stress is one of the hardest experiences of teenage pregnancy. According to

Anda et al., (2010) The rate of teenage pregnancy in our country has

been climbing steadily, stimulating concern in a number of areas,

such as the increased medical complications for mother and child,

lower educational and occupational achievement, higher divorce

rates, greater potential for child abuse, and difficulty in successful

completion of adolescent developmental tasks. Still, there is a

paucity of research into the differential stresses plaguing the

pregnant teen. Participant 7 even stated that, “As a teenage mom I’m so

lucky to have a baby even though it’s stressful I can still manage to smile while I’m

looking to my daughter”.

Being raped is the worst experience as a teenage mom. They got traumatized.

Teenage moms are always haunted on their worst part of life. Participant 3 said, “The

memory is traumatizing. It really left a mark on my mind. I even got scared with a slight

touch from people.” According to Babbel (2013) Sexual abuse is a particularly sinister
type of trauma because of the shame it instills in the victim. With childhood sexual

abuse, victims are often too young to know how to express what is happening and seek

out help. When not properly treated, this can result in a lifetime of

PTSD, depression and anxiety.The trauma that results from sexual abuse is a syndrome

that affects not just the victim and their family, but all of our society. Because sexual

abuse, molestation and rape are such shame-filled concepts, our culture tends to

suppress information about them.

Cope Up Mechanisms

Table 5 presents the frequency and percentage of the categorized responses of

the participants regarding the said interview questions, how did you cope up with your

unplanned pregnancy?".

Table 5

Cope Up Mechanisms

Cope Up Mechanisms f %
Proper Guidance 4 40
Acceptance 3 20
Reading 2 20
Neglecting Criticisms 1 10

It has the categorized frequency showing the coping up mechanism of Teenage

mother, 40% of the respondents said they cope up the situation through proper

guidance, 30% of them use the tool acceptance, 20% cope up their situation through

reading some articles, and Bible, 10% of the respondent choose to neglect criticism.

Proper Guidance is the key to cope up in their situation. According to DeVito,

(2017; Mercer, 1995, 2004) a young nother in the early stages of Adolescence still
needs to be "mothered" by her own mother or a person in her life who acts as her

mother. According to participant seven, "I coped up when my mom tell me that

everything happens for a reason". Participant one said, "It was through Guidance with

my friends from school that helped me get through it all".

Acceptance is a sign that you already embrace your situation and you are ready

to face it. Erikson and Piaget (2011) proposed developmental theories pertaining to

adolescent staged that lead to adulthood. Both researchers identified the adolescent

years as being a time when young individuals strive to meet the demands and complete

the task of Adolescence in order to emerge as young adults. Participant eight stated, "I

helped myself to cope up and convince that everything will be alright, because I need to

face the consequences of my decisions". Participant number six supported it she said, "

I cope up by accepting it".

Reading helps you a lot in gaining knowledge in the things you want to know and

learn. According to Professor Kader Asmal (2017) suggested that the earlier the school

begins to teach children about sexuality, the better because they can be easily misled

by their peers if proper guidance regarding their sexuality is not given. Participant

number four stated, "Through reading the Bible, that made me calm and understood

more about life".

Neglecting Criticism is the most essential tool in coping up. According to DeVito (2007)

as stated in my preliminary published study on adolescent mothers, self- perceptions of

parenting are important because this is how mothers perceive themselves and whom

they can depend on may influence the type of parent they become. Participant number
nine said, "It wasn't unplanned though but still I need to reject all the criticism that I

have received for the sake of my child's health".

Advice/s or Preventions

Table 7 presents the categorized frequency of the preventions to avoid teenage

pregnancy.

Table 6

Advice/s or Preventions

Advice/s or Preventions f %
Know your limitations. 5 50
Don’t trust too much. 1 10
Have no regrets. 1 10
Focus on studies. 1 10
Be responsible. 1 10
Trust yourself. 1 10

As presented on table 6, 50% of the respondents advised that teenagers must know

their limitation, 10% of being responsible, 10% of not trusting too much, 10% of having

no regrets, 10% of priorities, 10% of trusting yourself.

Discussion

Table 6 shows the categorized preventions to avoid teenage pregnancy. 50% percent of

the respondents said that teenagers must know their limitation to avoid teenage

pregnancy. They stated, “Know your limits. As the saying goes, "curiosity killed the cat."

“You should know when and where to be carefree and have fun.” “Don't do things that
you're not sure of. Especially when it has consequences. Pray to God to remove the

temptations away.” “Stay away from the things that will harm you and always obey your

parents because they always know what’s the best for you.” “There’s nothing more I can

suggest but to never let them engage to sexual activities at a very young age and at the

wrong man, as it will surely lead them to early pregnancy.” Another one said that teens

must be responsible on their actions and said, “Be responsible of your decisions in life.

Never run away from it.” Trusting too much too can harms us she stated that, “Don't let

your guard down even to someone closest to you.” One respondent also stated that,

“Give your full trust only to yourself because at the end of the day, you only have you to

deal with.” Respondent 7 said that, “Have no regrets in life.” We all know that teenagers

have different priorities in life. One respondent she answered that, “Just focus on study.

Books first before boys because boys brings baby.” Other said that, “Stay away from the

things that will harm you and always obey your parents because they always know

what’s the best for you.” Being a teenage mom have bigger responsibilities in life. She

stated “Be responsible of your decisions in life. Never run away from it.”

Articles

Responsibility

(Pregnancy Birth & Baby, 2016) Being a parent can make it harder to get an education

or find a job. Juggling the responsibilities of being a parent with work, school and a

social life can be tiring. It can also be very difficult to get child care, and almost

impossible to get affordable child care. These difficulties can make it hard to cope
financially, and can make parents feel lonely and apart from their family and friends. On

the other hand, teenage parents can find they have all the energy in the world to keep

up with toddlers. They can also be better than older parents at dealing with the new

lifestyle of being a parent; they’re much better at dealing with little or no sleep, for

example. But young parents who are still physically developing while pregnant can

struggle with sustaining two growing bodies at once. Some teenage parents might feel

they’re so busy trying to cope with the rest of their life that they can’t give their children

enough attention. Because they might also have to worry about finishing their

education, working or finding a job, they might not feel as though they can enjoy their

children or feel as satisfied as much as older parents (Anonymus, 2016).

Don't Trust Too Much

Hayley Rose Horzepa (2017) said that trust is a difficult thing, especially when you’ve

fallen victim to a rape. After becoming a victim myself and eventually seeking therapy, I

couldn’t trust anyone, not even myself. Can you imagine the feeling of not being able to

trust yourself? I am still very mistrustful and fearful. To understand why, I would have to

revert back to the crime itself along with some common misconceptions. Since writing

about this publicly, many people, mainly men, have argued with me that rape is an act

that men cannot help executing because of their “natural” sexual drives and desires.

This misconception is also the reason why victim-blaming excuses often fly without

much questioning from others. “She was dressed like a slut,” “She is very promiscuous,”

and many many more excuses for rape crimes take the blame off the perpetrator and

place it on the victim. At one point, I too thought that rape was a sexually-motivated

crime. When it happened to me I was young, cute and totally disinterested in the
“friends” who raped me. I thought that maybe they had wanted me bad and knew they

couldn’t have me so they resorted to rape as it was the only way to “get” me. It made

sense in my head, at the time. This is, of course, wrong. Rape is not about sex. It is

about control. It is a crime like any other where something is taken without consent. If a

man walks into a bank with a gun, he uses the gun as a weapon to procure money from

the bank. Rape is similar. A rapist overpowers the victim by using sex as a weapon,

much like a gunman scares bank tellers into submission by waving around a firearm

(Hayley Rose Horzepa, 2017).

Having No Regrets

Tara (2015) said that being pregnant at young age is scary and a lot to deal with. Nope I

refuse to believe it will be harder for me. Continue to go to school; that’s the only thing

that’s really gonna help you in the future. The better education, the more money you’ll

have. You have to really be focus on your grind nonstop. Forget what other people have

to say about you, things happen. No one is perfect. No need to live in the past because

you can’t change it so just really focus on making a better future for you and your child

because that’s all that matters. Just don’t give up and be a role model to your child. And

if anyone tells you you can’t do it, take that as motivation and prove them all wrong.”

“It’s okay. You will realize you have a strength you didn’t even know existed. And when

that bundle of joy arrives you will know and see it was all worth it.” “Don’t be afraid to

ask for help and take it when offered. You’re stronger and smarter than you may realize

and you will get through it. Plus we’re all here for you.” “Just stay strong. It’s gonna be

hard but it can only get better. Just don’t give up. It’s a lot of people out there that say

when you have a child at a young age you have ruined your life but that’s not true. You
can still focus on your dreams, only this time you will have to work a little harder for

them now, because you have a child that you have to take care of. It’s a lot of people

that have told me I wouldn’t be where I am today because of my son. Just don’t listen to

them; do what’s best for you and your child. That’s what’s kept me motivated. Keep

moving forward.” “Pray and hold on during the tough times.”

“Nothing to fear, but ‘fear’ itself. This is a test you can ace. Everything you need is inside

you. Ask for help when you need it, trust yourself. You got this. Piece of cake.”

“Trust yourself…and its okay to not have all the answers” (Tara, 2015).

Priorities

Phenrosales (2013) we are the driver of our own destiny. We are the one responsible for

our life, on what we are and what will we become. Teenagers today set goals in order to

gain success in the near future. “Success is measured by power, popularity, control,

achievement and winning. Having more and being more is success.” (Peirce, 2005)

Teenagers today seem very different than the old times. We prioritize things immediately

without thinking about it. Due to changes on our environment, the behaviors of

teenagers also change. The present generation of teenagers desired to be accepted by

the people around them. “Acceptance is when you make the conscious decision to be at

peace about an event or person that perhaps previously you would have been

judgmental about, but no longer has the desire to be that way and so respect their

freedom of choice. Acceptance allows you to relinquish that nagging voice that

encourages you to reproach or doubt yourself and your decision making skills.”

(Elizabeth, 2010) We all want our life to flourish thus, we are preparing for our future. To

prosper is to become successful. “Balancing money, happiness, and sustainability leads

to prosperity. The prosperity that you value depends on creating income consistent with

your inner self; without that, no amount of compensation can fully make you happy.”

(Willis & Garn, 2008) Teenage stage is the part wherein we set our objectives in life. It is

about being more serious than before. It is the period where we’ll choose the path we

are about to take. Our future depends on us, on how we are going to set our priorities.

Teenagers nowadays have different priorities such as personal priority, interpersonal

priority, and psychological priority (Phenrosales, 2013).

Trust Yourself

Dr. Benjamin (2015) said that you know more than you think you do. Soon you're going

to have a baby. Maybe you have one already. You're happy and excited, but if you

haven't had much experience, you wonder whether you are going to know how to do a

good job. Lately you have been listening more carefully to your friends and relatives

when they talk about bringing up a child. You've begun to read articles by "experts" in

the magazines and newspapers. After the baby is born, the doctors and nurses will

begin to give you instructions too. Sometimes it sounds like a very complicated

business. You find out all the vitamins a baby needs and all the immunizations. One

mother tells you she couldn't live without disposable diapers; another swears by cloth

diapers. You hear that a baby is easily spoiled by being picked up too much, but also

that a baby should be held as much as possible. Some say that fairy tales make

children nervous, others that fairy tales are a wholesome outlet for children's fears.

Don't take too seriously all that the neighbors say. Don't be overawed by what the

experts say. Don't be afraid to trust your own common sense. Bringing up your child
won't be a complicated job if you take it easy, trust your own instincts, and share

concerns with your friends, family, and doctor or nurse practitioner. We know for a fact

that the natural loving care that kindly parents give their children is a hundred times

more important than their knowing how to make a diaper fit tight or just when to

introduce solid foods. Every time you pick your baby up--even if you do it a little

awkwardly at first -- every time you change her, bathe her, feed her, smile at her, she's

getting the feeling that she belongs to you and that you belong to her. Nobody else in

the world, no matter how skillful, can give that to her (Dr. Benjamin, 2015).

Know Your Limitations

Chris (2015) said that adolescence is a time of establishing independence and finding

new limits. As teenagers leave childhood limitations behind and reach towards

adulthood they need help to moderate the rate of change. Boundaries are the means by

which parents control the rate of change; helping teens find a reasonable and balanced

approach to growing up. Allowing teens to take on more a little bit at a time rather than

allowing them to take on everything and getting overwhelmed in the process. Teenagers

need clear structures and guidelines (although they will never admit to it). Teens have

enough change to deal with in their lives, having parents clearly define the playing field

provides a vital degree of certainty and stability (Chris, 2015).

References

Fisher, N., (2013). Reasons Why Teenagers Run Away. link:

https://www.livestrong.com/article/559895-reasons-why-teenagers-run-away/

Bodeeb, J., (June,2017). Effect of Teenage Pregnancy. https://www.livestrong.com

Saha, R., ( January, 2017). 11 Negative Side Effects of Teen Pregnancy on Society.

www.momjunction.com

Arshi, ( February,2017). How Can Teenage Pregnancy Affect Your Life.

www.momjunction.com

Watson et al, ( 2017). Educational Reseliency in Teen mothers. ( Volume 4, Issue 1).

www.tandfonline.com

Erikson E.H. (1968). Identity : Youth and Crisis. New York: WW Norton & Company.

DeVito. J., (2015). How Adolescent Mothers Feel About Becoming a Parent.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Smith, J. A., (2017). Identity development during the transition to Motherhood: An

interpretative phenomenological analysis. www.tandfonline.com

Maxwel et al., (2015). Awareness of prevention of Teenage Pregnancy amongst

Secondary School learners in Makhado Municipality. Retrieve from

https://www.ncbiNlm.nih.gov
Young Mommy Life (2015) http://www.theyoungmommylife.com/2015/06/16/18-

messages-of-love-and-support-for-pregnant-teens/

Relationships After Sexual Assault (2012)

https://www.huffingtonpost.com/hayley-rose-horzepa/surviving-sexual-

assault_b_1561284.htm

Effects of Teenage Pregnancy (2017) https://www.livestrong.com/article/86972-

effects-teenage-pregnancy/

Early motherhood (2015) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566485/

What God Taught Me During Pregnancy (2015) http://www.faithgateway.com/what-

god-taught-me-during-pregnancy/#.WnP7YbyWYdV

Shame Is Not a Four-Letter Word (2013)

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/opinion/a-case-for-shaming-teenage-

pregnancy.html