CH.

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Thermodynamic: study of energy/changes related to chem.. rxn or change in states
ENERGY, HEAT, TEMP: total energy of a system is the sum of all the potential and kinetic energy that includes E, H, and T
HEAT energy that is transferred from one substance to another (because of diff. temp flows from H  C). Heat is dependent on mass:
increase particles = increase heat
TEMP  proportional to average enrgy of all particles: increase Temp. = increase KE = increase energy of system. Temp is independent of
mass:
MEASURE ENERGY: joule = J. 4.18 J = 1 calorie. 1 caloris = 1000 Calories (Kc)
e.g. Tea cup and bucket of water @ room temp. Both have same temp. but tea cup has less heat than the bucket. Which will heat
faster? Tea cup decrease bucket.
3 factors that determine energy transfer:
• Specific Heat “c” : quantity of heat needed to raise 1 g 1 degree.

Mass and change in temp: formula  q = mc t (to show amount of heat transferred
e.g. Calculate quantity of heat in Kg to warm 25°C to 95°C. Cup holds 250 mL H2O
q = 250g(4.18J)(70°C) = 73150g  73.15 Kg
Measure heat transfer, use a calorimeter (good insulator)
e.g. 100g of H2O @ 224°C in the calorimeter. A 75.25g sample of Al is removed from boiling H2O @ temp of 99.3 and placed in
calorimeter. H2O and Al reach 32.9. what is the specific heat of Al?

mass:
specific heat:
initial T:
T final:
T:
If “q” = (-) then heat lost. If “q” = (+) then heat gained.
Al: q = mc T H2O: q = mc T. (the q’s are the same)

Heat of vaporization = quantity of heat that must be absorbed to vaporize 1 g of liquid (J/g) (liquid – gas)
Heat of fussion = quantity of heat to melt 1 g of solid (J/g) (liquid – solid)
q = mass * heat of phase change (which is found on a chart)
e.g. calculate head needed to change 250g of liquid H2O @100°C to stem @ 100°C
q = (250g)(2260 J/g)
= 565,000 J = 565 KJ
Energy is involved in bond breaking and forming. Bonds form = exothermic. Bonds break = endothermic
To understand how a reaction is either exo or endo. We divide the universe into 2 parts
System  reactants and products Surroundings  everything else
Total amount of energy in the universe is constant and unchanged. 2 driving forces in the universe:
ENTROPY: (S) = measure of disorder of system. (J/Kelvin) Natural tendency = to become more disordered and so takes less energy.
ENTRALPY: (H) = measures the energy content of a system. (J/Kg) Natural tendency = to lose energy
When a process occurs (i.e. chem. Rxn) and a constant pressure, enthalpy change is H (a measure of heat change)

If (-) H, the reactants gained more energy and the products lost energy so it’s exothermic.
If (+) H, the reactants gained heat and is endothermic

Standard enthalpy of formation  change in enthalpy for the formation of the products when all reactants are in standard states (pure form
@1atm @25°C (refer to table in workbook)
Enthalpy changes of RXN:
Hess’s law  H of overall process = sum of H of all indiv. Steps:
e.g. CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O (l)
1) find delta H for each product and reactant
Entropy  measures energy not able to work (measures disorder). Naturally goes from order  disorder. Decrease S  increase S
Formula:
(+)S = spontaneity (events that favor spontan. Dissolving, heating, rxn increase # of particles)
Can predict the spontaneity of a rxn by looking @ H and S
e.g. melting ice. In terms of H, it’s endo (+ H) so non-spon. In terms of S, it’s more disorder so (+) which means non. Spon. At this
situation, T plays a role. If temp is high, S predominates. If temp low, H predominates.
GIBB’S FREE ENERGY  quantity defined to take into account contributions of the change in H & S according to the T in system to find
Spont. formula: G = H – (T)( S)

If (-) G, then RXN = spon. @ T. If (=) G, then RXN = non spont. At T.

General condition:
(-)H + (+)S @ all T  (-)G (spont.) ;;;;;;;;;;(+)H + (-)S @ all T  (+)G (non-spont.);;;;;;;;;;;(+)H + (+)S @ high T (-)G (spont.)
(+)H + (+)S @ low T  (+) non-spont.);;;;;;;;;;;(-)H + (-)S @ high T  (+)G (non-spont.);;;;;;;;;;;(-)H + (-)S @ all T  (-)G (spont.)
Assuming G = 0, the critical temp (determining what “high” and “low” are) is delta T/delta S
e.g. CuCO3(s)  CuO(s) + CO2 (g) @ 20°C. What is delta G? RXN = spont. or non-spont?
1) convert 20°C  K (273 + 20 = 293K)

2) convert J  KJ (43J  0.043 KJ)