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INTRODUCTION TO FOUNDATION SOIL IMPROVEMENTS

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Note on INTRODUCTION TO FOUNDATION SOIL

IMPROVEMENTS
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Note Things to remember

Foundation Soil Improvement

1)Introduction:
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Soil improvement is simply improving soil engineering properties to make it more stable.
In the broad sense, it is the process of altering any property of a soil to improve its
engineering performance. This may be either a temporary process or may be a
permanent measure. The main objective of the soil improvement is to improve the
bearing capacity of the soil. The application of soil improvement technique is mainly
increased in strength, reduced compressibility, reduced permeability, or improved
ground water condition.

The different techniques of soil improvement are discussed below:

1.1 Mechanical compaction:

This is the easiest and the cheapest technique of soil improvement. First of all, at a

required depth the soil with low bearing capacity is excavated. Then the backfilling of the
soil is accompanied with compaction. The soil is compacted using appropriate
compaction equipment. For the cohesionless soil, the compaction is done making the
suitable layers. For the finely graded soil, backfilling is done by another soil from next
place.

1.2 Dynamic compaction:

This method allows the treatment of the ground at depth, through surface action.
Dynamic compaction is used to compact loose granular soils.
The principle consists of dropping a heavy weight of several tons in repeated free fall
from a height of ten meters or more. On clayey soils, the stone is placed on the site
under the mass, making the dynamic replacement effective.

Densification by dynamic compaction is performed by dropping a heavy weight of steel

or concrete in a grid pattern from heights of 30 to 100 ft. It provides an economical way
of soil improvement for the elimination of liquefaction hazards. Local liquefaction can be

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initiated beneath the drop point making it easier for the sand grains to densify. When the
excess pore water pressure from the dynamic loading dissipates, additional densification
occurs.

1.3Preloading:

It is an inexpensive as well as an effective method of soil improvement. The preloading

is generally in the form of earth or rock fill which are left in place for a long time so as to
induce the required settlement. Compression of soil is obtained by the consolidation
process. Volume consolidated equals to the volume of water squeezed out.

preloading
preloading

1.4Vibrofloatation:

Vibroflotation ( also vibrocompaction) is applied essentially to granular and non-coherent

soils, such as sands and gravels. The vibrations induce a temporary liquefaction of the
soil around the vibrator. In this case, the intergranular forces are temporarily nullified,
and the grains are rearranged in a more compact pattern offering better characteristics.
This technique is often used on large works for the densification of hydraulic fills for
reclamation.

vibrofloatation
vibrofloatation

1.5 Stone column:

Stone columns are columns of gravel constructed on the ground. Vibro flotation is used

to construct the stone columns. In this approach the steel casing is driven into the soil
and gravel is filled from the top and compacted with a drop hammer as the steel casing
is successively withdrawn.

stone column
stone column

1.6 Sand compaction piles:

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Installing compaction piles is a very effective way of improving the soil. Compaction piles
are generally made up of prestressed concrete or timber. Installation of compaction piles
both densifies and reinforces the soil. Usually, the piles are installed in a grid pattern and
are generally driven to the depth of up to 60 ft.

sand compaction
sand compaction

2)Soil Stabilization:

Soil stabilization is the process by which the properties of the soil is improved by
blending and mixing other materials. By the soil stabilization, the soil becomes more
stable by the reduction of compressibility and permeability and with the increase in
shear strength.

Following are the different methods of soil stabilization:

2.1 By the use of admixture:

a) Cement:

The soil stabilized with cement is known as soil cement. The action of cementing is said
to be the result of chemical reactions of cement with soil rich in silica during hydration
reaction. The important factors affecting the soil-cement are nature of soil content,
mixing conditions, compaction, curing and admixtures being used.

The appropriate cement amounts required for different types of soils are as follows:

Gravels – 5 to 10%
Sands – 7 to 12%
Silts – 12 to 15%, and
Clays – 12 – 20%

b) Lime:

Slaked lime is very effective in treating heavy plastic clayey soils. Lime may be used
alone or with combined form with cement, bitumen or fly ash. Sandy soils can also be
stabilized with these combinations. Lime has been mainly used to stabilize the road
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bases and the subgrade.

Lime changes the nature of the adsorbed layer and provides pozzolanic action. Plasticity
index of highly plastic soils is reduced by the addition of lime with soil. There is an
increase in the water content and a decrease in the maximum compacted density and
the strength and durability of soil increases.

Normally 2 to 8% lime is required for coarse-grained soils and 5 to 8% of lime is required

for plastic soils. The amount of fly ash used as the admixture may vary from 8 to 20% of
the weight of the soil.

c) Bitumen:

Asphalts and tars both are the bituminous materials used for soil stabilization, generally
for the purpose of pavement construction. Bituminous materials are those when added
to the soil imparts both cohesive nature and reduction in water absorption capability.
Depending upon the above actions and the soil nature, bitumen stabilization is classified
into following four types:

Sand bitumen stabilization

Soil Bitumen stabilization
Waterproofed stabilization
Oiled earth.

2.2 Grouting:

In this method, stabilizers directly injected into the soil. This method is not suitable for
the clayey soil due to their less value of permeability. This is an expensive method for
soil stabilization.

This method is suitable for stabilizing deep and buried areas of limited extent. The
methods of grouting can be classified as following:

a) Clay grouting

b) Chemical grouting
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c) Chrome lignin grouting

d) Polymer grouting

e) Bituminous grouting

Bibliography:

A text book of Foundation Engineering: Ram krishna Poudel

civil engineeringnotes.com

yourarticlelibrary.com

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