Factorial Experimens

FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT
Dr. Agus Saptoro

Bandung, 17th April 2017
© Agus Saptoro, 2017

About me
• Educational backgrounds
BEng (Hons, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia)
PhD (Curtin University, Australia)
Research Fellowship (University of Hyogo, Japan)
• Professional membership
Senior Member of American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
Member of Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE), UK
2
Outline of presentation
• Definition and terminologies
• 2k factorial experiment
– Yates’s technique - procedure
– Yates’s technique - example
“How much students learns is more than important than how much
the lecturers teach”
Reference
Walpole, R.E., Myers, R.H., Myers, S.L. and Ye, K.,

Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists, 8th
Ed., (2007), Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, Chapter
15.
Montgomery, D.C., Design and Analysis of

Experiments, 8th Ed., (2013), John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Unit learning outcomes
After completing this lecture, I should be able

to:
 Understand basic principles of factorial experiment
(Yates’s technique)
 Apply factorial experiment (Yates’s technique) in

analysing engineering related data
Flowchart of the RESEARCH
Research Inputs Research activities Research outputs
RESEARCH PROPOSAL CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTAL AND/OR

SIMULATION/MODELLING WORKS REPORT
• Formulating research problems /
questions CARRYING OUT DATA ANALYSIS AND THESIS
• Ideas to solve the research problems INTERPRETATION PAPER(S)
• Research objectives, hypotheses WRITING REPORTS, PAPERS & THESIS PATENT
and significances
• Proposed research methodology
COMMERCIAL
• Proposed budget APPLICATIONS
•Timeline of the project
Variables to be studied and data to be collected?
• Temperature (T) in oC (45 – 55)

• Pressure (P) in psi (3000 – 5000)
• Flow rate of CO2 (Q) in ml/min (5 – 10)
• Solid particle diameter (dp) in mm (0.4 – 1)
• Extraction yield
Case study 1: Supercritical Extraction of Black Pepper Oil

(Ting et al., 2014)
• Factors (input variables):

1. Temperature (x1)
2. Cool Hydrogen pressure (x2)
3. Reaction time (x3)
• Responses (output variables):

1. Oil yield (y1)
2. Conversion (y2)
Case study 2: Rafiqul et al. (2000)

Ranges of data to be studied
Factors Level (-1) Level (+1)
X1: reaction temperature 350 oC 450 oC
X2: cool H2 pressure 300 psig 700 psig
X3: reaction time 15 min 45 min
Case study 2: Rafiqul et al. (2000)

What should we do with the obtained data?
Daily life in a research project
x1 x2 x3 x4 y
24 10 2 15 100
35 10 2 15 80
24 15 2 15 60
35 15 2 15 104
Data collection/ 24 10 4 15 96
Data storage 35 10 4 15 75
compilation 24 15 4 15 65
35 15 4 15 43
24 10 2 30 65
35 10 2 30 45
24 15 2 30 45
35 15 2 30 86
24 10 4 30 71
35 10 4 30 68
24 15 4 30 48
35 15 4 30 70
Daily life in plant operation or research project
x1 x2 x3 x4 y
24 10 2 15 100
35 10 2 15 80
24 15 2 15 60
35 15 2 15 104
24 10 4 15 96
35 10 4 15 75
24 15 4 15 65
35 15 4 15 43
24 10 2 30 65
35 10 2 30 45
24 15 2 30 45
35 15 2 30 86
24 10 4 30 71
35 10 4 30 68
24 15 4 30 48
35 15 4 30 70
then, what is next?

Some questions may arise here
• How does each variable (x) affect

x1
24
x2
10
x3
2
x4
15
y
100 the response (y)?
35 10 2 15 80
24
35
15
15
2
2
15
15
60
104 • How do interactions among
24 10 4 15 96
35
24
10
15
4
4
15
15
75
65
variables affect the response (y)?
• What are the significant variables
35 15 4 15 43
24 10 2 30 65
35 10 2 30 45
24
35
15
15
2
2
30
30
45
86
and the most influential variable
24 10 4 30 71
35 10 4 30 68 interactions?
24 15 4 30 48
35 15 4 30 70
Can we perform any quantitative analyses and arrive at

statistically valid conclusions (supported by quantitative data)?
FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT
Le us see these examples

Case study 1: a reaction in a continuous stirred tank reactor
 Factors:
 A Temperature
 B Stirrer speed
 C Flowrate
 D Residence time
 Response: yield (y)

 There are 16 experimental combinations
Experiment 1 a b c d ab ac ad
Yield 47.7 48.6 70.2 63.4 46.3 53.4 11.5 62.3
Experiment bc bd cd abc abd acd bcd abcd
Yield 19.1 89.9 79.9 67.0 43.4 0.0 20.7 76.5
 Results from factorial experiment

 c, a, b are the significant variables and ab, abc, abcd are the
significant variable interactions
 Correlation
Y  49.99  19.73 ABC  9.71AB  7.73C  5.04 ABCD  5.03B  4.66 A
(International Journal of Food Engineering 2014; 10 (1): 1 – 15)
Extract
Fine Black
pepper
Supercritical CO2 (solvent)

Collected experimental data are as

follows:
• Temperature (T) in oC (45 – 55)

• Pressure (P) in psi (3000 – 5000)
• Flow rate of CO2 (Q) in ml/min (5 – 10)
• Solid particle diameter (dp) in mm (0.4 – 1)
• Extraction yield
Degree of
Source Sum of Squares Mean Square F-value P-value
Freedom
Model 1.71 10 0.17 26.23 < 0.0001
T 1.46 x 10-4 1 1.46 x 10-4 0.022 0.8826
P 0.85 1 0.85 130.19 < 0.0001
Q 0.036 1 0.036 5.57 0.0297
dp 0.73 1 0.73 112.01 < 0.0001
TP 4.112 x 10-3 1 4.112 x 10-3 0.63 0.4368
TQ 0.018 1 0.018 2.76 0.1142
Tdp 0.036 1 0.036 5.54 0.0302
PQ 0.013 1 0.013 1.93 0.1815
Pdp 0.065 1 0.065 9.94 0.0055
Qdp 4.656 x 10-5 1 4.656 x 10-5 7.161 x 10-3 0.9335
Residual 0.12 18 6.501 x 10-3
Lack of Fit 0.12 17 6.872 x 10-3 33.68 0.1348
Pure Error 2 x 10-4 1 2.04 x 10-4
P & dp are the most significant variables

Q, Tdp and Pdp are also significant
How can we do that?
Do you think that the approach here may be

useful in your research???
Factorial experiment using Design Expert v. 9.0.4
Basic Principles of Factorial Experiments
Factorial experiments
- Definitions & Terminologies -
 FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT – an experiment in which all

combinations of the factors are tested
 FACTOR – any variable which may be varied from trial to
trial (must be able to be controlled!)
 RESPONSE – output variable of the process
 LEVEL – the actual values of each factor
 POSITIVE EFFECT – response as factor
 NEGATIVE EFFECT – response as factor
AIM:
- To study how each factor and/or interactions
between factor affecting the response
- To develop a model (response as a function of
factors and interactions of factors)
 STEPS:
 Select factors for our experiments:

 Use prior knowledge
 Brainstorming
 Balance number of factors – experiments can be
expensive / difficult
 Choose levels for factors:

 Usually 2 – low / high
Sometimes, we have three: low, intermediate, high
 Challenge when levels are too close

 STEPS:
 Experimental design strategy:

 Choose a possible design: randomized, factorial, block,
fractional etc.
 The most usual: Two-Level Factorial Design
 Main effects (linear effects, …)

 Interactions of variables
 Software: Excel (manual?), Design Expert, Minitab,

SPSS and others (?)
- To minimize error-
 STEPS:
 Repetition:
 Repeat measurements for a single experiment
 Replication:
 Repeat the entire experiment
- 22 experiments / definition -
 2 factors (control variables) A, B
 Levels: high levels a, b
low levels (1)
 Combinations:  both A, B at high level ab

 A at high level a
 B at high level b
 both A, B at low level (1)
- 2k experiments -
 Standard form of writing the combinations between

experiments:
Low High
1 factor (A): (1) a
2 factors (A,B): (1) a b ab
All low All high
3 factors (A,B,C): (1) a b ab c ac bc abc
All low All high

A case study from Rafiqul et al. (2000)
• Co-liquefaction of coal and bagasse

• Factors (input variables):
1. Temperature (x1)
2. Cool Hydrogen pressure (x2)
3. Reaction time (x3)
• Responses (output variables):
1. Oil yield (y1)
2. Conversion (y2)
Table 1 Factors & Levels of the Factorial Experiment Design
High & Low Levels

Factors Level (-1) Level (+1)
X1: reaction temperature 350 oC 450 oC
X2: cool H2 pressure 300 psig 700 psig
X3: reaction time 15 min 45 min
or
High, Medium & Low Levels

Factors Level (-1) Level (0) Level (+1)
X1: reaction temperature 350 oC 400 oC 450 oC
X2: cool H2 pressure 300 psig 500 psig 700 psig
X3: reaction time 15 min 30 min 45 min

Table 2 Matrix of planning factorial experimental design
High & Low Levels
Factors
Experiment no. (run) Temperature, Cool H2 pressure, Reaction time,
X1 (oC) X2 (psig) X3 (min)
1 350 (-1) 300 (-1) 15 (-1)
2 350 (-1) 300 (-1) 45 (+1)
3 350 (-1) 700 (+1) 15 (-1)
4 350 (-1) 700 (+1) 45 (+1)
5 450 (+1) 300 (-1) 15 (-1)
6 450 (+1) 300 (-1) 45 (+1)
7 450 (+1) 700 (+1) 15 (-1)
8 450 (+1) 700 (+1) 45 (+1)
OR
Table 2 Matrix of planning factorial experimental design
High, Medium & Low Levels
Factors
Experiment no. (run) Temperature, Cool H2 pressure, Reaction time,
X1 (oC) X2 (psig) X3 (min)
1 350 (-1) 300 (-1) 15 (-1)
2 350 (-1) 300 (-1) 45 (+1)
3 350 (-1) 700 (+1) 15 (-1)
4 450 (+1) 300 (-1) 15 (-1)
5 350 (-1) 700 (+1) 45 (+1)
6 450 (+1) 300 (-1) 45 (+1)
7 450 (+1) 700 (+1) 15 (-1)
8 450 (+1) 700 (+1) 45 (+1)
9 400 (0) 500 (0) 30 (0)
10 400 (0) 500 (0) 15 (-1)
11 400 (0) 300 (-1) 30 (0)
12 350 (-1) 500 (0) 30 (0)
13 350 (-1) 300 (-1) 30 (0)
14 350 (-1) 500 (0) 15 (-1)
15 400 (0) 300 (-1) 15 (-1)
16 400 (0) 500 (0) 45 (+1)
17 400 (0) 700 (+1) 30 (0)
18 450 (+1) 500 (0) 30 (0)
19 450 (+1) 700 (+1) 30 (0)
20 450 (+1) 500 (0) 45 (+1)
21 400 (0) 700 (+1) 45 (+1)
22 450 (+1) 300 (-1) 30 (0)
23 450 (+1) 500 (0) 15 (-1)
24 400 (0) 700 (+1) 15 (-1)
25 400 (0) 300 (-1) 45 (+1)
26 350 (-1) 700 (+1) 30 (0)
27 350 (-1) 500 (0) 45 (+1)
- 2k experiments / Yates’ technique -
 Let say we have three factors (k=3)
 Yates’ technique for 23:
1. Place treatment combinations & totals in columns in standard order
(for replicates – sum the total)
Treatment Totals
(1) 8
a 11.2
b 
ab
c
ac
bc
abc
2. Generate:
a) The first half of column (1) by adding pairs of treatments
b) The second half of (1) by subtracting one from another
Treatment Totals (1)

(1) 8 (1)  a
a 11.2 b  ab
b  c  ac
ab bc  abc
c a  (1)
ac ab  b
bc ac  c
abc abc bc
3. Repeat step 2 - k times Ex. 23 3 times
4. The values in k column = the Contrast for each treatment
Treatment Totals (1) (2) (3) = Contrast

(1) 8 (1)  a (1)  a  b  ab 
a 11.2 b  ab c  ac  bc  abc 
b  c  ac a  (1)  ab  b
ab bc  abc ac  c  abc  bc
c a  (1) b  ab  (1)  a
ac ab  b bc  abc  c  ac
bc ac  c ab  b  a  (1)
abc abc bc abc  bc  ac  c
Contrast
5. Calculate the Effects Effect 
n2k 1
Treatment Totals (1) (2) (k) = Contrast Effect
(1) 8 (1)  a  
a 11.2 b  ab  
b  c  ac
ab bc  abc
c a  (1)
ac ab  b
bc ac  c
abc abc bc
n= no. of replications of the treatment combinations!!!
5. Calculate the Sum of Square

SSQ 
Contrast 
2
n2 k
Treatment Totals (1) (2) (k) = Contrast Effect SSQ
(1) 8 (1)  a  
a 11.2 b  ab  
b  c  ac
ab bc  abc
c a  (1)
ac ab  b
bc ac  c
abc abc bc
Effect
5. Calculate the Regression Coefficients Coefficien t 
2
Treatment Totals (1) (2) (k) = Contrast Effect SSQ Coeff.

(1) 8 (1)  a  
a 11.2 b  ab  
b  c  ac
ab bc  abc
c a  (1)
ac ab  b
bc ac  c
abc abc bc
 Example: A 24 factorial design consisting of 16 experiments

was carried out to determine the best model to describe the
yield (Y) from a reactor system.
 Factors:
 A Temperature
 B Stirrer speed
 C Flowrate
 D Residence time
Experiment 1 a b c d ab ac ad
Yield 47.7 48.6 70.2 63.4 46.3 53.4 11.5 62.3
Experiment bc bd cd abc abd acd bcd abcd
Yield 19.1 89.9 79.9 67.0 43.4 0.0 20.7 76.5
 Yates’ technique for 24:
1. Place treatment combinations & values in columns in standard order
Exp. Value
1 47.7
a 48.6
b 70.2
ab 53.4
c 63.4
ac 11.5
bc 19.1
abc 67
d 46.3
ad 62.3
bd 89.9
abd 43.4
cd 79.9
acd 0
bcd 20.7
abcd 76.5
2. Generate:
a) The first half of column (1) by adding pairs of treatments
b) The second half of (1) by subtracting one from another
Exp. Value 1
1 47.7 96.3
a 48.6 123.6
b 70.2 74.9
ab 53.4 86.1
c 63.4 108.6
ac 11.5 133.3
bc 19.1 79.9
abc 67 97.2
d 46.3 0.9
ad 62.3 -16.8
bd 89.9 -51.9
abd 43.4 47.9
cd 79.9 16.0
acd 0 -46.5
bcd 20.7 -79.9
abcd 76.5 55.8
3. Repeat step 2 - k times 24 4 times
4. The values in 4th column = the Contrast for each treatment
Exp. Value 1 2 3 Contrast

1 47.7 96.3 219.9 380.9 799.9
a 48.6 123.6 161.0 419.0 -74.5
b 70.2 74.9 241.9 -19.9 80.5
ab 53.4 86.1 177.1 -54.6 155.3
c 63.4 108.6 -15.9 38.5 -123.7
ac 11.5 133.3 -4.0 42.0 18.3
bc 19.1 79.9 -30.5 82.1 -23.5
abc 67 97.2 -24.1 73.2 315.7
d 46.3 0.9 27.3 -58.9 38.1
ad 62.3 -16.8 11.2 -64.8 -34.7
bd 89.9 -51.9 24.7 11.9 3.5
abd 43.4 47.9 17.3 6.4 -8.9
cd 79.9 16.0 -17.7 -16.1 -5.9
acd 0 -46.5 99.8 -7.4 -5.5
bcd 20.7 -79.9 -62.5 117.5 8.7
abcd 76.5 55.8 135.7 198.2 80.7
Contrast
5. Calculate the Effects Effect 
n2k 1
Exp. Value 1 2 3 Contrast Effect
1 47.7 96.3 219.9 380.9 799.9 99.99
a 48.6 123.6 161.0 419.0 -74.5 -9.31
b 70.2 74.9 241.9 -19.9 80.5 10.06
ab 53.4 86.1 177.1 -54.6 155.3 19.41
c 63.4 108.6 -15.9 38.5 -123.7 -15.46
ac 11.5 133.3 -4.0 42.0 18.3 2.29
bc 19.1 79.9 -30.5 82.1 -23.5 -2.94
abc 67 97.2 -24.1 73.2 315.7 39.46
d 46.3 0.9 27.3 -58.9 38.1 4.76
ad 62.3 -16.8 11.2 -64.8 -34.7 -4.34
bd 89.9 -51.9 24.7 11.9 3.5 0.43
abd 43.4 47.9 17.3 6.4 -8.9 -1.11
cd 79.9 16.0 -17.7 -16.1 -5.9 -0.74
acd 0 -46.5 99.8 -7.4 -5.5 -0.69
bcd 20.7 -79.9 -62.5 117.5 8.7 1.09
abcd 76.5 55.8 135.7 198.2 80.7 10.09
n= number of replicate
Contrast
2
5. Calculate the Sum of Square
SSQ
n2k
Exp. Value 1 2 3 Contrast Effect SSQ
1 47.7 96.3 219.9 380.9 799.9 99.99 39990
a 48.6 123.6 161.0 419.0 -74.5 -9.31 346.9
b
ab
70.2
53.4
74.9
86.1

241.9
177.1
-19.9
-54.6
80.5
155.3
10.06
19.41
405
1507
c 63.4 108.6 -15.9 38.5 -123.7 -15.46 956.4
ac 11.5 133.3 -4.0 42.0 18.3 2.29 20.93
bc 19.1 79.9 -30.5 82.1 -23.5 -2.94 34.52
abc 67 97.2 -24.1 73.2 315.7 39.46 6229
d 46.3 0.9 27.3 -58.9 38.1 4.76 90.73
ad 62.3 -16.8 11.2 -64.8 -34.7 -4.34 75.26
bd 89.9 -51.9 24.7 11.9 3.5 0.43 0.766
abd 43.4 47.9 17.3 6.4 -8.9 -1.11 4.951
cd 79.9 16.0 -17.7 -16.1 -5.9 -0.74 2.176
acd 0 -46.5 99.8 -7.4 -5.5 -0.69 1.891
bcd 20.7 -79.9 -62.5 117.5 8.7 1.09 4.731
abcd 76.5 55.8 135.7 198.2 80.7 10.09 407
n= number of replicate
Effect
5. Calculate the Regression Coefficients Coefficien t 
2
Exp. Value 1 2 3 Contrast Effect SSQ Coeff.
1 47.7 96.3 219.9 380.9 799.9 99.99 39990 49.994
a 48.6 123.6 161.0 419.0 -74.5 -9.31 346.9 -4.657
b 70.2 74.9 241.9 -19.9 80.5 10.06 405 5.0315
ab 53.4 86.1 177.1 -54.6 155.3 19.41 1507 9.7065
c 63.4 108.6 -15.9 38.5 -123.7 -15.46 956.4 -7.732
ac 11.5 133.3 -4.0 42.0 18.3 2.29 20.93 1.144
bc 19.1 79.9 -30.5 82.1 -23.5 -2.94 34.52 -1.469
abc 67 97.2 -24.1 73.2 315.7 39.46 6229 19.732
d 46.3 0.9 27.3 -58.9 38.1 4.76 90.73 2.3815
ad 62.3 -16.8 11.2 -64.8 -34.7 -4.34 75.26 -2.169
bd 89.9 -51.9 24.7 11.9 3.5 0.43 0.766 0.214
abd 43.4 47.9 17.3 6.4 -8.9 -1.11 4.951 -0.557
cd 79.9 16.0 -17.7 -16.1 -5.9 -0.74 2.176 -0.369
acd 0 -46.5 99.8 -7.4 -5.5 -0.69 1.891 -0.344
bcd 20.7 -79.9 -62.5 117.5 8.7 1.09 4.731 0.544
abcd 76.5 55.8 135.7 198.2 80.7 10.09 407 5.044
- significant effects / interactions -
 Questions:
 Are all combinations of factors significant?
 What are the significant effects and interactions?
2 ways
Normal probability plot SSQ analysis

APPROACH 1: probability plot -
1. Assume that we are not interested in testing (1) - can be ignored

Rank the n=2k-1 other contrasts i=1,2,…,n
Exp. Value 1 2 3 Contrast
1 47.7 96.3 219.9 380.9 799.9
a 48.6 123.6 161.0 419.0 -74.5
b 70.2 74.9 241.9 -19.9 80.5
ab 53.4 86.1 177.1 -54.6 155.3
c 63.4 108.6 -15.9 38.5 -123.7
ac 11.5 133.3 -4.0 42.0 18.3 Exp. Contrast i
bc
abc
19.1
67
79.9
97.2
-30.5
-24.1
82.1
73.2
-23.5
315.7
c -123.7 1
d 46.3 0.9 27.3 -58.9 38.1 a -74.5 2
ad 62.3 -16.8 11.2 -64.8 -34.7
bd 89.9 -51.9 24.7 11.9 3.5 ad -34.7 3
abd 43.4 47.9 17.3 6.4 -8.9
cd 79.9 16.0 -17.7 -16.1 -5.9
bc -23.5 4
acd 0 -46.5 99.8 -7.4 -5.5 abd -8.9 5
bcd 20.7 -79.9 -62.5 117.5 8.7
abcd 76.5 55.8 135.7 198.2 80.7 cd -5.9 6
acd -5.5 7
bd 3.5 8
bcd 8.7 9
acd 18.3 10
d 38.1 11
b 80.5 12
abcd 80.7 13
ab 155.3 14
abcd 315.7 15
2. Calculate
fi 
i 3 8
n 1 4 
zi  4.91 f i 0.14
 1 f i 
0.14

Exp. Contrast i fi zi
c -123.7 1 0.041 -1.742
a -74.5 2 0.107 -1.244
ad
bc

-34.7
-23.5
3
4
0.172
0.238
-0.944
-0.712
abd -8.9 5 0.303 -0.513
cd -5.9 6 0.369 -0.333
acd -5.5 7 0.434 -0.164
bd 3.5 8 0.500 0.000
bcd 8.7 9 0.566 0.164
acd 18.3 10 0.631 0.333
d 38.1 11 0.697 0.513
b 80.5 12 0.762 0.712
abcd 80.7 13 0.828 0.944
ab 155.3 14 0.893 1.244
abc 315.7 15 0.959 1.742
n  15
3. Plot zi  func(Contrasts)
2.000
1.500
abcd abc
1.000 ab
0.500 b
0.000
z
-0.500 insignificant
-1.000 a
-1.500
c
-2.000
-150 -50 50 150 250 350
Contrast
c, a, b, abcd, ab, abc significant contrast

OR
Plot fi  func(Effects)
Exp. Contrast i fi zi Effects
c -123.7 1 0.041 -1.742 -15.46
a -74.5 2 0.107 -1.244 -9.31
ad -34.7 3 0.172 -0.944 -4.34
bc -23.5 4 0.238 -0.712 -2.94
abd -8.9 5 0.303 -0.513 -1.11
cd -5.9 6 0.369 -0.333 -0.74
acd -5.5 7 0.434 -0.164 -0.69
bd 3.5 8 0.500 0.000 0.43
bcd 8.7 9 0.566 0.164 1.09
acd 18.3 10 0.631 0.333 2.29
d 38.1 11 0.697 0.513 4.76
b 80.5 12 0.762 0.712 10.06
abcd 80.7 13 0.828 0.944 10.09
ab 155.3 14 0.893 1.244 19.41
abc 315.7 15 0.959 1.742 39.46
- significant effects / probability plot -
1.020
abcd
0.820 ab abc
b
0.620
f
0.420
insignificant
0.220
a
c
0.020
-25.00 -15.00 -5.00 5.00 15.00 25.00 35.00 45.00
Effects
c, a, b, abcd, ab, abc significant contrast

4. Lump the remaining SSQ into an ERROR term (SSE)
Exp. Value 1 2 3 Contrast Effect SSQ

1 47.7 96.3 219.9 380.9 799.9 99.99
a 48.6 123.6 161.0 419.0 -74.5 -9.31 346.9
b 70.2 74.9 241.9 -19.9 80.5 10.06 405.0
ab 53.4 86.1 177.1 -54.6 155.3 19.41 1507.4
c 63.4 108.6 -15.9 38.5 -123.7 -15.46 956.4
ac 11.5 133.3 -4.0 42.0 18.3 2.29 20.9
bc 19.1 79.9 -30.5 82.1 -23.5 -2.94 34.5
abc 67 97.2 -24.1 73.2 315.7 39.46 6229.2
d 46.3 0.9 27.3 -58.9 38.1 4.76 90.7
ad 62.3 -16.8 11.2 -64.8 -34.7 -4.34 75.3
bd 89.9 -51.9 24.7 11.9 3.5 0.43 0.8 Error
abd 43.4 47.9 17.3 6.4 -8.9 -1.11 5.0
cd 79.9 16.0 -17.7 -16.1 -5.9 -0.74 2.2  236.0
acd 0 -46.5 99.8 -7.4 -5.5 -0.69 1.9
bcd 20.7 -79.9 -62.5 117.5 8.7 1.09 4.7
abcd 76.5 55.8 135.7 198.2 80.7 10.09 407.0
9 of them grouped together d.f. = 9

5. ANOVA table
Component SSQ d.f. Mean SQ f SSQ

ABC 6229.2 1 6229.2 237.55 MSQ 
AB 1507.4 1 1507.4 57.49 d. f .
C 956.4 1 956.4 36.47
ABCD 407.0 1 407.0 15.52 MSQ
B 405.0 1 405.0 15.44 f 
A 346.9 1 346.9 13.23
SSE
Error (SSE) 236.0 9 26.2
Total (SST) 10087.9 15
From F-distribution table:
f0.01(1,9)  10.56
All the above components have f  f0.01(1,9)
Conclusion: ALL THESE EFFECTS ARE SIGNIFICANT AT 1% LEVEL

F-distribution table
APPROACH 2: SSQ analysis -
1. Rank the SSQ in increasing order and rank them (No.)
Exp. SSQ No. = d.f

bd 0.8 1
acd 1.9 2
cd 2.2 3
bcd 4.7 4
abd 5.0 5
ac 20.9 6
bc 34.5 7
ad 75.3 8
d 90.7 9
a 346.9 10
b 405.0 11
abcd 407.0 12
c 956.4 13
ab 1507.4 14
abc 6229.2 15
Cumulative SSQ
2. Calculate Cumulative SSQ & MSQ MSQ 
d. f .
Exp. SSQ No. = d.f Cumulative SSQ MSQ
bd 0.8 1 0.8 0.8
acd 1.9 2 2.7 1.3
cd 2.2 3 4.8 1.6
bcd 4.7 4 9.6 2.4
abd 5.0 5 14.5 2.9
ac 20.9 6 35.4 5.9
bc 34.5 7 70.0 10.0
ad 75.3 8 145.2 18.2
d 90.7 9 235.9 26.2
a 346.9 10 582.8 58.3
b 405.0 11 987.8 89.8
abcd 407.0 12 1394.9 116.2
c 956.4 13 2351.2 180.9
ab 1507.4 14 3858.6 275.6
abc 6229.2 15 10087.8 672.5
(0.8+1.9) (0.8+1.9+2.2)
3. Get f-values from F-distribution table for each d.f.
Exp. SSQ No. = d.f Cumulative SSQ MSQ f table

bd 0.8 1 0.8 0.8 4052.0
acd 1.9 2 2.7 1.3 98.5
cd 2.2 3 4.8 1.6 34.1
bcd 4.7 4 9.6 2.4 21.2
abd 5.0 5 14.5 2.9 16.3
ac 20.9 6 35.4 5.9 13.8
bc 34.5 7 70.0 10.0 12.3
ad 75.3 8 145.2 18.2 11.3
d 90.7 9 235.9 26.2 10.6
a 346.9 10 582.8 58.3 10.0
b 405.0 11 987.8 89.8 9.7
abcd 407.0 12 1394.9 116.2 9.3
c 956.4 13 2351.2 180.9 9.1
ab 1507.4 14 3858.6 275.6 8.9
abc 6229.2 15 10087.8 672.5 8.7
f 0.01(1, d. f )
4. Calculate Critical SSQ Critical SSQ  MSQ ftable

Exp. SSQ No. = d.f Cumulative SSQ MSQ f table Critical SSQ
bd 0.8 1 0.8 0.8 4052.0 3102.3
acd 1.9 2 2.7 1.3 98.5 130.8
cd 2.2 3 4.8 1.6 34.1 54.9
bcd 4.7 4 9.6 2.4 21.2 50.7
abd 5.0 5 14.5 2.9 16.3 47.3
ac 20.9 6 35.4 5.9 13.8 81.2
bc 34.5 7 70.0 10.0 12.3 122.4
ad 75.3 8 145.2 18.2 11.3 204.4
d 90.7 9 235.9 26.2 10.6 276.8
a 346.9 10 582.8 58.3 10.0 585.2
b 405.0 11 987.8 89.8 9.7 866.6
abcd 407.0 12 1394.9 116.2 9.3 1084.5
c 956.4 13 2351.2 180.9 9.1 1640.4
ab 1507.4 14 3858.6 275.6 8.9 2442.0
abc 6229.2 15 10087.8 672.5 8.7 5837.5
Compare SSQ if SSQi  Critical SSQi1

Critical SSQ
From this term all terms are significant
Exp. SSQ No. = d.f Cumulative SSQ MSQ f table Critical SSQ
bd 0.8 1 0.8 0.8 4052 3102.3
acd 1.9 2 2.7 1.3 98.5 130.8
cd 2.2 3 4.8 1.6 34.1 54.9
bcd 4.7 4 9.6 2.4 21.2 50.7
abd 5.0 5 14.5 2.9 16.3 47.3
ac 20.9 6 35.4 5.9 13.75 81.2
bc 34.5 7 70.0 10.0 12.25 122.4
ad 75.3 8 145.2 18.2 11.26 204.4
d 90.7 9 235.9 26.2 10.56 276.8
a
b Significant effects
abcd
c
ab
abc
c, a, b, abcd, ab, abc
Conclusion: ALL THESE EFFECTS ARE SIGNIFICANT AT 1% LEVEL

- the model -
 After we decide the significant factors / combination of factors:

c, a, b, abcd, ab, abc
Exp. Value 1 2 3 Contrast Effect SSQ Coeff.
1 47.7 96.3 219.9 380.9 799.9 99.99 39990 49.99
a 48.6 123.6 161.0 419.0 -74.5 -9.31 346.891 -4.66
b 70.2 74.9 241.9 -19.9 80.5 10.06 405.016 5.03
ab 53.4 86.1 177.1 -54.6 155.3 19.41 1507.38 9.71
c 63.4 108.6 -15.9 38.5 -123.7 -15.46 956.356 -7.73
ac 11.5 133.3 -4.0 42.0 18.3 2.29 20.9306 1.14
bc 19.1 79.9 -30.5 82.1 -23.5 -2.94 34.5156 -1.47
abc 67 97.2 -24.1 73.2 315.7 39.46 6229.16 19.73
d 46.3 0.9 27.3 -58.9 38.1 4.76 90.7256 2.38
ad 62.3 -16.8 11.2 -64.8 -34.7 -4.34 75.2556 -2.17
bd 89.9 -51.9 24.7 11.9 3.5 0.43 0.76563 0.21
abd 43.4 47.9 17.3 6.4 -8.9 -1.11 4.95063 -0.56
cd 79.9 16.0 -17.7 -16.1 -5.9 -0.74 2.17563 -0.37
acd 0 -46.5 99.8 -7.4 -5.5 -0.69 1.89063 -0.34
bcd 20.7 -79.9 -62.5 117.5 8.7 1.09 4.73063 0.54
abcd 76.5 55.8 135.7 198.2 80.7 10.09 407.031 5.04
Y  49.99  19.73 ABC  9.71AB  7.73C  5.04 ABCD  5.03B  4.66 A

 A - Temperature  C - Flowrate
 B - Stirrer speed  D - Residence time
So, how about your
experimental / simulation data?
Q & A session
Have Fun and Good luck

with Factorial Experiment!

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FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT

Dr. Agus Saptoro

© Agus Saptoro, 2017

Walpole, R.E., Myers, R.H., Myers, S.L. and Ye, K.,

Montgomery, D.C., Design and Analysis of

After completing this lecture, I should be able

 Apply factorial experiment (Yates’s technique) in

Research Inputs Research activities Research outputs

RESEARCH PROPOSAL CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTAL AND/OR

• Temperature (T) in oC (45 – 55)

Case study 1: Supercritical Extraction of Black Pepper Oil

• Factors (input variables):

• Responses (output variables):

Case study 2: Rafiqul et al. (2000)

Ranges of data to be studied

Factors Level (-1) Level (+1)

X1: reaction temperature 350 oC 450 oC

X2: cool H2 pressure 300 psig 700 psig

X3: reaction time 15 min 45 min

Case study 2: Rafiqul et al. (2000)

then, what is next?

• How does each variable (x) affect

Can we perform any quantitative analyses and arrive at

Le us see these examples

 Response: yield (y)

 Results from factorial experiment

Supercritical CO2 (solvent)

Collected experimental data are as

• Temperature (T) in oC (45 – 55)

Model 1.71 10 0.17 26.23 < 0.0001

T 1.46 x 10-4 1 1.46 x 10-4 0.022 0.8826

P 0.85 1 0.85 130.19 < 0.0001

Q 0.036 1 0.036 5.57 0.0297

dp 0.73 1 0.73 112.01 < 0.0001

TP 4.112 x 10-3 1 4.112 x 10-3 0.63 0.4368

TQ 0.018 1 0.018 2.76 0.1142

Tdp 0.036 1 0.036 5.54 0.0302

PQ 0.013 1 0.013 1.93 0.1815

Pdp 0.065 1 0.065 9.94 0.0055

Qdp 4.656 x 10-5 1 4.656 x 10-5 7.161 x 10-3 0.9335

Residual 0.12 18 6.501 x 10-3

Lack of Fit 0.12 17 6.872 x 10-3 33.68 0.1348

Pure Error 2 x 10-4 1 2.04 x 10-4

P & dp are the most significant variables

Do you think that the approach here may be

 FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT – an experiment in which all

 Select factors for our experiments:

 Choose levels for factors:

 Challenge when levels are too close

 Experimental design strategy:

 Main effects (linear effects, …)

 Software: Excel (manual?), Design Expert, Minitab,

 2 factors (control variables) A, B

 Levels: high levels a, b

low levels (1)

 Combinations:  both A, B at high level ab

 Standard form of writing the combinations between

1 factor (A): (1) a

2 factors (A,B): (1) a b ab

All low All high

3 factors (A,B,C): (1) a b ab c ac bc abc

All low All high

• Co-liquefaction of coal and bagasse

High & Low Levels