Power Plant Engineering

Power Plant Engineering

(EE 4217)

ET
KU
E,
EE

Dr. Naruttam Kumar Roy
1
 ET
KU
Geothermal Energy
E,
EE

Dept. of EEE 2
 Introduction
• Geothermal energy is the heat from the

ET
Earth. It is clean and sustainable.

KU
• Geothermal power plants use superheated
fl id from
fluids f the
h earth’s E,
h’ geothermal
h l resources
to generate electricity.
EE

Source: http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/geothermal‐energy/tech.html

Dept. of EEE 3
 How a Geothermal Plant Works
How a Geothermal Plant Works
• Thee natural
atu a heat
eat oof tthee ea
earth
t ccreates
eates geot
geothermal
e a

ET
resources.
• This heat comes from molten rock, called magma,g

KU
located at the earth’s core deep below the
geothermal resource.
E,
• Over thousands of years, rainwater seeps through
cracks in the earth’s surface and collects in
EE

underground reservoirs.
reservoirs
• The magma heats the water until it becomes a
superheated fluid.
fluid
Dept. of EEE 4
 How a Geothermal Plant Works…
How a Geothermal Plant Works…
• To reach the superheated fluids wells are

ET
drilled 5,000 to 10,000 feet below the surface
of the earth.
earth

KU
• These wells, called production wells, bring the
superheated fluids to the earthearth’ss surface
E,
where it can be used to generate electricity for
EE

homes and business.

business

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjpp2MQffnw

Dept. of EEE 5
 Advantages
• Clean fuel source

ET
• No health hazards like thermal (coal) power

KU
• No fuel
f l costs
• Provides predictable, constant power (not
intermittent like wind or solar)
E,
EE
• High
g load factor like thermal and nuclear
power

Source: A Smart Energy Future 20 Unit 1: Benefits of a Smart Grid © Education Development 
Center, 2015, 3rd Edition 
Dept. of EEE 6
 Disadvantages
1. Not Widespread Source of Energy: Since this type of energy is not widely
used therefore the unavailability of equipment, staff, infrastructure,
training pose hindrance to the installation of geothermal plants across the

ET
globe. Not enough skilled manpower and availability of suitable build
location pose serious problem in adopting geothermal energy globally.

KU
2 High Installation Costs: To get geothermal energy,
2. energy requires installation of
power plants, to get steam from deep within the earth and this require
huge one time investment and require to hire a certified installer and
skilled staff needs to be recruited and relocated to plant location.
E,
Moreover, electricity towers, stations need to set up to move the power
from geothermal plant to consumer.
EE
3. Can Run Out of Steam : Geothermal sites can run out of steam over a
period of time due to drop in temperature or if too much water is
injected to cool the rocks and this may result huge loss for the companies
which have invested heavily in these plants. Due to this factor, companies
have to do extensive initial research before setting up the plant.
Source: http://www.conserve‐energy‐future.com/disadvantages_geothermalenergy.php
Dept. of EEE 7
 Disadvantages…
4. Suited to Particular Region : It is only suitable for regions which have hot
rocks below the earth and can produce steam over a long period of time.
F this
For hi great research h is
i required
i d which
hi h is
i done
d b the
by h companies i before
b f

ET
setting up the plant and this initial cost runs up the bill in setting up the
geothermal power plant. Some of these regions are near hilly areas or

KU
high up in mountains.
mountains
5. May Release Harmful Gases : Geothermal sites may contain some
poisonous gases and they can escape deep within the earth, through the
holes drilled by the constructors.
constructors The geothermal plant must therefore be
E,
capable enough to contain these harmful and toxic gases.
EE
6. Transportation : Geothermal Energy can not be easily transported. Once
the tapped energy is extracted,
extracted it can be only used in the surrounding
areas. Other sources of energy like wood, coal or oil can be transported
to residential areas but this is not a case with geothermal energy. Also,
there is a fear of toxic substances getting released into the atmosphere.
Source: http://www.conserve‐energy‐future.com/disadvantages_geothermalenergy.php
Dept. of EEE 8
 ET
Hybrid Power Systems
Hybrid Power Systems

KU
E,
EE

Dept. of EEE 9
 Introduction
Hybrid power are combinations between different
technologies to produce power.

ET
Hybrid systems, as the name implies, combine two or

KU
more modesd off electricity
l i i generation
i together,
h usually ll
using renewable technologies such as solar
photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines.
turbines Hybrid systems
E,
provide a high level of energy security through the mix
EE
of ggeneration methods,, and often will incorporate
p a
storage system (battery, fuel cell) or small fossil fueled
generator to ensure maximum supply reliability and
security.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_power Dept. of EEE 10
 PV‐Diesel
PV Diesel Hybrid System
Hybrid System

ET
KU
E,
EE

Source: D. P. Kothari and others, Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies, 2nd edition, PHI Learning Private Ltd., 2013
Dept. of EEE 11
 Wind‐Diesel
Wind Diesel Hybrid System
Hybrid System
WTG

ET
KU
E,
EE

Source: D. P. Kothari and others, Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies, 2nd edition, PHI Learning Private Ltd., 2013

Dept. of EEE 12
 Biomass‐Diesel
Biomass Diesel Hybrid System
Hybrid System

ET
KU
E,
EE

Source: D. P. Kothari and others, Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies, 2nd edition, PHI Learning Private Ltd., 2013
Dept. of EEE 13
 Wind‐PV
Wind PV Hybrid System
Hybrid System
• Wind and solar hybrid energy systems are

ET
located in open terrains away from multi‐
storey buildings and forests.
forests

KU
• LLocations
i are selected
l d in
i those
h E,
areas where
h
the sunshine and wind are favorable for more
EE

than
h 8 months h during
d i a year.

Source: D. P. Kothari and others, Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies, 2nd edition, PHI Learning Private Ltd., 2013
Dept. of EEE 14
 Wind‐PV
Wind PV Hybrid System…
Hybrid System…

ET
KU
E,
EE

Source: D. P. Kothari and others, Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies, 2nd edition, PHI Learning Private Ltd., 2013
Dept. of EEE 15
 Wind‐PV
Wind PV Hybrid System…
Hybrid System…
• Duringg the dayy when the sun shines,, the solar
PV plant generates dc electric energy.

ET
• The power conditioner converts dc to ac and

KU
supplies power to the load.
load
• During favorable wind speed, the wind turbine
generator produces ac electrical power. ItE,
supplies power to the load and excess energy
after conversion to dc is stored by the battery
EE

bank.
bank
• The plant may operate as stand‐alone or may be
connected to the grid.
g
Source: D. P. Kothari and others, Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies, 2nd edition, PHI Learning Private Ltd., 2013
Dept. of EEE 16
 Case Study: Demand and Generation
Case Study: Demand and Generation

ET
KU
E,
EE

Tongatapu typical weekday demand and diesel power output 
Source: Hybrid power systems, IRENA report, 2013 Dept. of EEE 17
 Variability of Renewable Energy
Variability of Renewable Energy

ET
KU
E,
EE

Tongatapu demand and diesel power output with 1MW PV 
Source: Hybrid power systems, IRENA report, 2013 Dept. of EEE 18
 Variability of Renewable Energy…
Variability of Renewable Energy…

ET
Fig. shows 15 minutes of
PV output near the

KU
noontime peakk and d
demonstrates how
typical RE output
E, variations can cause
rapid generator cycling
EE
even with a flat demand
profile
profile.

PV variability and diesel generator cycling

PV variability and diesel generator cycling 

Source: Hybrid power systems, IRENA report, 2013 Dept. of EEE 19
 Variability of Renewable Energy…
Variability of Renewable Energy…

ET
Generator cycling reduces efficiency and can cause
damage that increases maintenance costs and

KU
reduces the usable lifespan of the generator.

More significantly the RE variability can exceed the

E,
response ramp rate of the diesel engine leading to
EE

mismatches in power supply and demand that can

destabilize the grid and cause a black out.

Source: Hybrid power systems, IRENA report, 2013 Dept. of EEE 20
 Variability of Renewable Energy…
Variability of Renewable Energy…
The primary technique

ET
utilized to limit
generator cycling and
protect grid stability in

KU
medium penetration
hybrid systems is short‐
term energy storage.
E,
EE
PV output above the set
point is diverted from the
grid into the energy
storage system.
Short‐term energy storage function & reduced generator cycling 

Source: Hybrid power systems, IRENA report, 2013 Dept. of EEE 21
 ET
F l C ll
Fuel Cell

KU
E,
EE

Dept. of EEE 22
 Introduction
• It is an electro
electro‐chemical
chemical device which converts

ET
chemical energy directly into electrical energy.

KU
Disadvantages:
Advantages: E, • Its cost is high.
• It is simple. • It has relatively short life particularly at high
EE
• It has high power to weight ratio. temperatures
• High
i h efficiency
ffi i • It is very essential to select proper materials for
components so that the reaction cannot attack
them .

Dept. of EEE 23
 Principle of Operation
Principle of Operation
• There are two chambers. In

ET
one chamber, hydrogen is
introduced and in other
chamber,, oxygen
yg is

KU
introduced.
• The two chambers are
separated by an electrolyte,
electrolyte E,
which may be solid or liquid.
EE
The various electrolytes used
are Potassium hydroxide,
hydroxide
Zirconia oxide porous
ceramic and solid polymers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell#/medi
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
a/File:Proton_Exchange_Fuel_Cell_Diagram.svg
G. R. Nagpal, Power plant engineering, 15th edition. Dept. of EEE 24
 Principle of Operation…
Principle of Operation…

ET
KU
E,
EE

Source: James A. Momoh, Electric Power Distribution, Automation, Protection, and Control, CRC Press, 2007.

Dept. of EEE 25
 Principle of Operation…
Principle of Operation…
• There are two chambers.
chambers In one chamber,
chamber

ET
hydrogen is introduced and in other chamber,
oxygen is introduced.
introduced

KU
• The two chambers are separated by an
electrolyte which may be solid or liquid.
electrolyte, E, liquid The
various electrolytes used are Potassium
EE

hydroxide Zirconia oxide porous ceramic and

hydroxide,
solid polymers.

Dept. of EEE 26
 Principle of Operation…
Principle of Operation…
• The electrolyte material acts as a sieve and
the hydrogen ions can migrate through the

ET
material.

KU
• The electrical load is connected between
anode and cathode.
E,
• Hydrogen ions are produced by the
EE

dissociation of hydrogen molecules at the

anode electrolyte interface.
 
2 H 2  4 H  4e
Dept. of EEE 27
 Principle of Operation…
Principle of Operation…
• The electrons so formed return to fuel cell at
cathode leaving a positive charge at anode.

ET
Te hydrogen ions diffuse through electrolyte

KU
and when they reach cathode they combine
with electrons and oxygen molecules and
form water.
E,
EE

4 H   4e   O2  2 H 2O

Dept. of EEE 28
 Energy Storage
Energy Storage

ET
KU
E,
EE

http://ateh.tk/battery/
www.shurikenonline.com Dept. of EEE 29
 Introduction
• A battery is defined as a combination of

ET
individual cells. A cell is the elemental
combination of materials and electrolyte

KU
constituting the basic electro‐chemical energy
storer.
storer E,
EE

Battery Storage container of electricity

Source: G. R. Nagpal, Power plant engineering, 15th edition
Dept. of EEE 30
 Components

ET
KU
E,
EE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iDl0jsMKnk Dept. of EEE 31
 Components…

ET
KU
E,
EE

Dept. of EEE 32
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iDl0jsMKnk
 Components…

ET
KU
E,
EE

Dry Cell Battery

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/dry‐cell‐battery‐working‐principle‐and‐uses.html

Dept. of EEE 33
 How a battery works…
How a battery works…

ET
KU
E,
EE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iDl0jsMKnk Dept. of EEE 34
 Lead‐Acid
Lead Acid Battery
Battery

ET
Very simply, an individual 2‐V cell in a lead‐acid battery
consists of a positive electrode made of lead dioxide (PbO2)

KU
and an negative electrode made of a highly porous, metallic
lead (Pb) structure, both of which are completely immersed in
an electrolyte
l t l t consisting
i ti off a dilute
dil t solution
l ti off sulfuric
E, lf i acid
id
and water.
EE

Source: Gilbert M. Masters, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2004.
Dept. of EEE 35
 Lead‐Acid Batteryy

ET
KU
E,
EE
The chemical reactions taking place while the battery discharges are as follows:

Source: Gilbert M. Masters, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2004.
Dept. of EEE 36
 Types of Battery Arrangements
yp y g

ET
Series arrangement

KU
E,
EE

Parallel arrangement

Source: G. R. Nagpal, Power plant engineering, 15th edition Dept. of EEE 37

 ET
KU
Thank You
E,
EE

Dept. of EEE 38