Collapsible Soil - Part III PDF

06/06/1438
Soil Improvement Techniques

Many improvement techniques are used for treatment of
collapsing soils.
Improvement techniques differ in concept and
methodology to suit a certain problem, which include soil
type, site condition, and layer thickness and depth.
Some techniques involve forcing collapsing soil before
construction of foundation. This may be achieved by
subjecting soil to wetting, compaction, or vibration.
Other techniques deal with soil to prevent subsidence
before and after construction of foundation, such as
chemical treatment by injecting sodium silicate.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather
Dr. Asmaa – Soil –Improvement
Moddather – Spring
Problematic Soil 2017 2017
– Spring

1. Avoidance and minimization of wetting.
2. Removal and compaction
3. Prewetting
4. Controlled wetting
5. Compaction
6. Vibroflotation
7. Chemical stabilization or grouting
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
1
06/06/1438

1. Avoidance and minimization of wetting:
This measure involves sloping and contouring of the

ground surface to promote good site drainage and ensure
that water does not percolate the collapsible soil horizon.
This measure also involves the treatment of service

pipelines to minimize leaks.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

The application of this solution on its own may appear to

be not practical because there are various triggering
mechanisms in which water may penetrate the collapsible
horizon (e.g., rise of water table, leaking pipelines,
infiltration of rainwater, etc.).
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
2
06/06/1438

It is necessary to emphasize however that no matter which

solution is adopted for construction on collapsible soils
profile, it is always good practice to provide good site
drainage.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

This measure can be used when the depth of collapsible

soils are very shallow.
It requires the removal of material to some pre-determined

depth and then use the removed material or replacement
soils to form a stable compacted layer.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
3
06/06/1438

It is also recommended that replacement material be

compacted at moisture content greater than optimum to
overcome any difficulties that may be experienced with the
collapse of compacted material itself.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

3. Prewetting
Pre-wetting simply means that the collapsible soil is wetted

before the structure is built, so that the settlement due to
collapse will be small or negligible after the structure is
built.
The water is introduced at or near the surface with ponds

and trenches or both.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
4
06/06/1438

3. Prewetting
A variation of the wetting procedure described above

involves the use of infiltration wells or sand drains to
accelerate water percolation at depth and to control the
zone of wetting.
This technique also can be used under the weight of the

overburden or in combination with surcharge that is
removed prior to construction of structure.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring

3. Prewetting
The procedure has been used successfully to treat the
foundations for earth dams or dikes that fully load the soil
during construction and that can usually tolerate moderate
settlements.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
5
06/06/1438

3. Prewetting
However, it has not been so successful in connection with
foundations for buildings.
In this case, collapse cannot be induced by flooding alone,

but may require additional weight.
Furthermore, even if collapse occurs upon flooding, further

settlement must be expected as the load increases.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

3. Prewetting
The penetration of the water may occur too slowly to be
complete within the time available for pretreatment.
Moreover, the penetration may be so nonuniform before

construction is complete that subsequent settlements may
be extremely irregular.
Hence, except under rather unusual circumstances,

presettlement by flooding cannot be considered a suitable
procedure. Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring
6
06/06/1438

This technique is similar to prewetting, except that it is

performed with the structure in place.
In this case, wetting is performed progressively with

concurrent monitoring of the attitude of the structure to
assure that differential settlements are within tolerable
limits.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

It is recommended that control wetting be normally

performed when 80 to 90 percent of structural load is
applied and before sensitive structural components are
installed.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
7
06/06/1438

5. Compaction
Compaction by surface rollers.
Compaction by heavy tamping,
Compaction by displacement piles.
Compaction by dynamic consolidation.
Compaction by blasting.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

Impact roller
Vibratory roller
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
8
06/06/1438

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

Impact rollers
For types of sandy layers after 30 passes:
γdfield > 100%γd pmax for depth 0 – 1.0 m.
γdfield > 93%γd pmax at depth 4.0 m
Did not provide good results for Aeolian source silty sand
layers.
The shallow layer should be strong enough to prevent failure
under the compactor wheels.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring
9
06/06/1438

Impact rollers
If bonding material is fine material, compaction is

accompanied by wetting.
The layer below the collapsible soil is better to be of a solid
one to reflect energy of impact thus improve compaction

process.
For layers with high values of moisture content, the layer
below the collapsible soil is better to be of high permeability

to facilitate the dissipation of pore water pressure.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring

Vibratory rollers
Increase dry density down to 1.0 m depth only.
Efficient for removal and compaction technique.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
10
06/06/1438

Compaction by displacement piles technique are generally
used for deep deposits of collapsible soils.
This technique typically involves the driving of displacement
piles, such as steel pipe or precast concrete piles, and then

withdrawing the piles and backfilling the holes with locally
available soils.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

Densification using displacement piles results from two
effects:
Displacement of material equal to the pile volume
The effects of vibration during driving.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
11
06/06/1438

Additional densification of the surrounding profile can be
achieved if the backfilled soil used to fill holes created by the

displacement piles is compacted during placement.
In this case, not only is subsequent collapse reduced because
the surrounding soil is densified but also because the

compacted soil columns produce a stiffer profile.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

This technique (also known as heavy tamping or
dynamic compaction)
Involves the dropping of a very heavy (multi-ton)
hammer from great heights onto the collapsible soils.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
12
06/06/1438

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

The stress waves generated by the weight drops result in
the mechanical destruction of the natural structure and

densification of the collapsible soil.
The dropped weight range from 8 to 35 tons and the
height of the drop range from 7.5 to 30 m.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
13
06/06/1438

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

6. Vibroflotation
One of the techniques used for densification of deep

and thick loose deposits.
The use of the vibroflotation for collapsible soils is

essentially the same as its use for loose sand.
The general procedure for the vibroflotation can be

described by the following stages :
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
14
06/06/1438

Stage 1: The jet at the bottom of the vibro is turned on, and
the vibro is lowered into the ground.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

Stage 2: The water jet creates a quick condition in the soil,
which allows the vibrating unit to sink with a rate about 1

m/min to 1.8 m/min.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
15
06/06/1438

Stage 3: Granular material is poured into the top of the hole.
The water from the lower jet is transferred to the jet at the top
of the vibrating unit. This water carries the granular material
down the hole.
Stage 4: The vibro is gradually raised about 0.3 m lifts by a rate
about 0.3 m/min, and is held vibrating for about 30 seconds

at a time. Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring

6. Vibroflotation
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
16
06/06/1438

This process results in the compaction of soil to the desired
unit weight. Site improvement arises from the prewetting

effect as well as the reinforcement and stiffening due to
columns formed by backfilling with granular material.
Spacing between vibro holes of 2.0 m to 2.5 m is often
chosen.
Materials containing high silt and clay contents may
require closer spacing.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring

Involves the introduction of a chemical compound to add
cementation and strengthen collapsible soils so that

collapse is reduced if subsequent wetting occurs.
These enhanced characteristics are achieved due to the
reaction between soil and the chemical compound

introduced.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
17
06/06/1438

A large number of chemicals have been investigated for use
in soil stabilization. These chemical include sodium

silicate solution, lime, or phosphoric acid.
When sodium silicate solution is applied to the soil, the
solution interact with soil forming a silicate gel

immediately.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring

The soil then will behave as a material which is
characterized by its resistance to collapse
(incompressibility), increased strength, resistance to water
and saturation, and impermeability.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
18
06/06/1438

It should be noted that grouting using sodium silicate is
rather costly that may limit its use to remedial measures

where it is necessary to stabilize settlement of existing
buildings and structures without interrupting their use or
in the case of restricted access to the building.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

The stabilization mechanism for using of phosphoroc acid
and lime involves the reaction between clay minerals of

soil and phosphoric acid or lime to produce a water
insoluble cementing compound.
Iron slag and cement kiln dust, and bitumen are also used
to decrease the collapse potential.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
19
‫‪06/06/1438‬‬
‫
‬
‫ عندما تكون التربة ذات قابلية لإلنھيار ضعيفة إلى متوسطة بحيث يكون الھبوط المتوقع‬
‫نتيجة إنھيار التربة يمكن لألساسات مقاومته وتحمله بأمان فان االساسات تصمم فى ھذه‬
‫الحالة لمقاومة ھذا الھبوط المتوقع وتنفذ بدون أى من طرق معالجة التربة السالفة الذكر‪.‬‬
‫ وفى مثل ھذه الحالة يوصى عادة بتنفيذ ھيكل جاسىء للمنشأ أى بنظام الھيكل ذو‬
‫البالطات الكمرية وھناك أيضًا طريقة عملية تم استخدامھا محليًا للتأسيس على التربة‬
‫القابلة لالنھيار وفيھا يتم غمر حفر االساسات لفترة كافية غمرً ا تامًا بالماء قبل صب‬
‫خرسانة االساسات ‪.‬‬
‫‪Dr. Asmaa‬‬ ‫‪Moddather‬‬

‫‪Dr. Asmaa‬‬ ‫‪– Soil –Improvement‬‬
‫‪Moddather‬‬ ‫‪– Spring‬‬
‫‪Problematic Soil‬‬ ‫‪2017 2017‬‬
‫‪– Spring‬‬
‫
‬
‫‪ -١‬القواعد المنفصلة‬
‫ عند استعمال القواعد المنفصلة كأساسات على تربة ذات طاقة انھيارية ضعيفة‬
‫فانه يجب تصميم وتنفيذ ميد عالية الجساءة فى االتجاھين لمقاومة فروق الھبوط‬
‫المتوقعة نتيجة انھيار التربة ‪.‬‬
‫ ويفضل أن تكون ھذه الميد الرابطة فى منسوب القواعد حتى يمتد حديد تسليحھا‬
‫فى داخل القواعد واي ً‬
‫ضا لتفادى عمل رقاب أعمدة حيث تكون نقاط ضعف وفى‬
‫ھذه الحالة تكون الميد امتدا ًدا طبيعيًا للقواعد ويجب اخذھا فى االعتبار عند تصميم‬
‫االساسات ‪.‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪06/06/1438‬‬
‫
‬
‫‪ -٢‬القواعد الشريطية‬
‫ يفضل استخدام القواعد الشريطية من الخرسانة المسلحة فى كل من االتجاھين‬

‫الطولى والعرضى أى التى تكون على شكل شبكة وذلك نظرً ا لجساءتھا العالية‬
‫وفى حالة تنفيذ قواعد شريطية فى االتجاه الطولى فقط فإنه يلزم ربطھا فى االتجاه‬
‫العرضى بواسطة ميد عالية الجساءة ويجب أن يكون القطاع العرضى للقاعدة‬
‫الشريطية المسلحة جاس ًئا ذو عصب رأسى ‪.‬‬

‫
‬
‫‪ -٣‬أساسات اللبشة‬
‫ من المفضل عمومًا عند التأسيس على التربة القابلة لالنھيار تقليل االجھادات على‬
‫التربة بقدر االمكان ‪ .‬ويجب ان تكون اللبشة عالية الجساءة لمقاومة فروق الھبوط‬
‫الناتجة من انھيار التربة ولذلك يفضل استعمال اللبشة المنفذة بنظام البالطة‬
‫والكمرات المقلوبة وليس بنظام البالطة المستوية ‪.‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
‫‪06/06/1438‬‬
‫
‬
‫االساسات العميقة‬
‫ فى كثير من الحاالت وخاصة عندما تكون التربة منقولة فإن طبقات التربة القابلة‬
‫لالنھيار تكون ذات أعماق سطحية نسبيا ويقع أسفلھا غالبا طبقات مستقرة أو‬
‫صخرية‪ .‬وتحت ھذه الظروف فإن نقل االحمال االنشائية خالل طبقة التربة القابلة‬
‫لالنھيار بواسطة الخوازيق او اآلبار يكون حال اقتصاديًا فى الغالب ‪.‬‬

‫
‬
‫األساسات العميقة‬
‫ وعند حساب حمل الخازوق يجب عدم االعتماد نھائيًا على مقاومة االحتكاك على‬
‫جوانب الخازوق فى التربة القابلة لالنھيار ‪ .‬بل على العكس فأنه من االصوب أن‬
‫تؤخذ مقاومة االحتكاك فى ھذه الحالة على انھا مقاومة احتكاك سالبة تضاف الى‬
‫حمل الخازوق أو البئر‪ .‬وفى بعض الحاالت التى يتم فيھا انھاء الخازوق داخل‬
‫الطبقة القابلة لالنھيار ذاتھا ولكن عند أعماق معينة ال يتوقع حدوث زيادة فى نسبة‬
‫رطوبتھا بعد االنشاء‪ .‬يمكن االعتماد على مقاومة االحتكاك فى الطبقات السفلية‬
‫التى ال يتوقع وصول المياه اليھا ‪.‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪06/06/1438‬‬
‫
‬
‫استبدال التربة‬
‫ فى حاالت ما تكون القابلية كبيرة لالنھيار فإنه ينصح بإستبدال التربة الطبيعية‬
‫القابلة لالنھيار‪.‬‬
‫ ويتوقف عمق الطبقات التى سيتم إزالتھا على درجة االنھيار المتوقع حدوثه عند‬
‫حمل التشغيل وعلى درجة تضاغط باقى التربة أسفل الجزء المستبدل‪.‬‬
‫ وعادة تستبدل بالطبقات السطحية رمل سليسى جيد التدرج‪ .‬وھذه الطريقة مكلفة‬
‫نسبيًا نظرً ا ألنھا تشتمل على تكاليف الحفر وأزالة التربة الطبيعية ونقلھا ثم‬
‫االحالل والدمك ويجب بالطبع دمك تربة االحالل على طبقات طب ًقا للمواصفات‬
‫لتعطى اجھاد تحمل التربة المطلوب‪.‬‬
‫
‬
‫ ويمكن استخدام المصنعات الجيوتكنيكية لتقوية طبقات اإلستبدال وفي ھذه الحالة‬
‫يقل السمك الكلى لطبقات االحالل وبحيث نحصل على نفس قدرة تحمل الطبقة‬
‫لالجھادات‪.‬‬
‫ ويتوقف قرار استعمال ھذه المصنعات )مع تقليل سمك طبقة اإلحالل( أو عدم‬
‫أستعمالھا ) مع زيادة السمك ( على دراسة مقارنة للتكاليف فى الحالتين‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫‪06/06/1438‬‬
‫
‬
‫ ويتوقف اختيار النوع المناسب للمصنعات الجيوتكنيكية على نوع التربة واالحمال‬
‫وقيمة الھبوط المسموح به للمنشأ‪ .‬وينصح بعمل اختبارات حقلية أو معملية‬
‫للمساعدة فى تعيين االمتداد الرأسى واالفقى لطبقات المصنعات الموضوعة فى‬
‫داخل تربة اإلستبدال ويؤخذ فى االعتبار مدى كفاءتھا مع الزمن ‪.‬‬

‫
‬
‫ ويفضل أن يحتوى التقرير وخاصة فى المناطق العمرانية الجديدة على توصية بأنه‬
‫فى حالة عمل طبقة احالل أن يتم تنفيذھا داخل حائط من المبانى يتم عزلھا جي ًدا‬
‫وباالرتفاع الذى يتناسب مع األعمال اإلنشائية للمبنى‪ ،‬وذلك حتى التتأثر طبقة‬
‫اإلحالل والحاملة ألساس المنشأ من أعمال الحفر او رشح المياه التى قد تتم فى‬
‫المواقع المجاورة‪.‬‬

‫‪24‬‬
06/06/1438
Foundation Design on Soils not

Susceptible to Wetting
If enough precautions are taken in the field to prevent
moisture from increasing under structures, spread
foundations and raft foundations may be built on
potentially collapsible soils.
However, the foundations must be proportioned so that the

critical pressure σvcr in the field is never exceeded.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

σvcr is critical at which the cohesive bonds between the
particles begin to break down and the soil to crush.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
25
06/06/1438

A factor of safety of about 2.5 to 3.0 should be used to
calculate the allowable soil pressure, or:
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
Modeling of Collapsible Soils

The principles associated with collapse mechanisms
indicate that the soil must be initially unsaturated and
the pore pressure must be negative.
The fact that soils must be unsaturated to exhibit collapse

encourages the consideration of unsaturated soil
mechanics principles.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring
26
06/06/1438

Finite Element Model.
Distinct Element Method (DEM) Simulation.
Artificial Intelligence in Prediction of Collapse Potential.
Theory of Catastrophe.
Theory of Monte Carlo.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

– Spring

UNSTRUCT Finite Element Program
This program is intended for the stress-strain analysis of a

small earth dam under transient saturated-unsaturated
flow, while assuming plain strain condition.
It is used to calculate the stress-strain states of

embankment at the end of construction, after the reservoir
filling while the transient saturated-unsaturated water flow
through dam is taking place.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring
27
06/06/1438

Distinct Element Method (DEM) Simulation
Individual particles are presented as rigid bodies.
Each particle can be in contact with neighboring particles

or structure boundaries.
The contact between two particles, or a particle and a

boundary, is modeled with a spring and dashpot.
The influence of suction is reproduced by introducing an

inter-particle adhesive force.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring

Distinct Element Method (DEM) Simulation
While the collapse behavior of unsaturated soil are

simulated by means of releasing the inter-particle adhesive
forces from the initially incorporated values to zero at
constant stress state.
The applicability to analyze the collapse behavior of

unsaturated soils at relatively high suction where
meniscuses are dominant.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring
28
06/06/1438

Artificial Intelligence in Prediction of Collapse
Potential
This model is basically trained with field observation data

or experimental data using soil parameters as input
variables.
While, the model output variable is the collapsibility

(whether the soil is collapsible) or the collapse potential (if
the soil is judged collapsible).
Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring

Artificial Intelligence in Prediction of Collapse
Potential
The input parameters are: water content, dry density,

degree of saturation, void ratio, wetting pressure,
overburden pressure, sand percentage, clay percentage, and
particle size distribution.
Based on knowledge of these factors, several empirical

methods have been developed.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather
– Spring
29

Collapsible Soil - Part III PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Collapsible Soil - Part III PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

06/06/1438

Soil Improvement Techniques

Soil Improvement Techniques

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

This measure involves sloping and contouring of the

This measure also involves the treatment of service

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

The application of this solution on its own may appear to

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

It is necessary to emphasize however that no matter which

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

This measure can be used when the depth of collapsible

It requires the removal of material to some pre-determined

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

It is also recommended that replacement material be

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

Pre-wetting simply means that the collapsible soil is wetted

The water is introduced at or near the surface with ponds

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

A variation of the wetting procedure described above

This technique also can be used under the weight of the

Soil Improvement Techniques

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

In this case, collapse cannot be induced by flooding alone,

Furthermore, even if collapse occurs upon flooding, further

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

Moreover, the penetration may be so nonuniform before

Hence, except under rather unusual circumstances,

Soil Improvement Techniques

This technique is similar to prewetting, except that it is

In this case, wetting is performed progressively with

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

It is recommended that control wetting be normally

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

Compaction by surface rollers.

Compaction by heavy tamping,

Compaction by displacement piles.

Compaction by dynamic consolidation.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Improvement Techniques

For types of sandy layers after 30 passes:

γdfield > 100%γd pmax for depth 0 – 1.0 m.

γdfield > 93%γd pmax at depth 4.0 m

The shallow layer should be strong enough to prevent failure

under the compactor wheels.

Soil Improvement Techniques

If bonding material is fine material, compaction is

The layer below the collapsible soil is better to be of a solid