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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The most remarkable event that has reshaped the Philippine Education System is
the launching of K to 12 Program that was made into a law through Republic Act 10533
also known as the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 signed by former President
Benigno S. Aquino III. Furthermore, the Duterte admiration further fueled the
Department of Education by allotting the biggest budget stash to this agency to ensure the
The additional two (2) years in the basic education, particularly in the secondary
level is called senior high. This new level will help prepare the millennial learners
subjects. Immersions, simulations and capstone research projects are additional features
of the senior high that, after learning the theories of the different subjects, will expose the
students in different real-life scenarios to have first-hand experience of the world outside
High school students need professional advice in choosing careers. Choosing the
right career is one of the most important and crucial decisions a person has to make
because this can be one of the gauges whether an individual will be successful in the
The greatest barrier among students pursuing their own career and having
command over their life is the lack of in-depth knowledge of the said career. In addition,
lives and several factors influence them in making choices. Based on the interviews of
incoming senior high school students done at the Holy Cross College, the prevailing
In a Philippine school set-up, is the formal duty of the class advisers, in the
absence of a guidance counselor, to help students pick their careers. At present, the
(NCAE) to gauge the interests of students. The results will show what particular track
and strand the student will most likely perform well and what subjects the learners are
good at. Class advisers and guidance counselors can use the results of this pertinent paper
The first step that senior high school students must do is to choose the track and
strand that suit their individual profile. Results in the NCAE can also be very useful tool
in identifying the interests of students together with the Form-138 or the Report Card. As
per the DepEd Order No. 55, series of 2016, the NCAE results and the report card shall
also be used for entry assessment to specific senior high school tracks/strands in all
public and private schools. The aptitude of students in select programs shall be measured
in order to ensure that they will have the potential to complete the program.
Aside from the results in the NCAE and the report cards, what are the other
factors affecting the career choices among junior high school students?
should first become aware of the need for a career. So every grade 10 completer student
needs a wise choice in decision making, At this stage, a student must take important and
vital decision in the selection of a career which will determine his/her future success.
Studies about factors influencing career choices have been conducted around the
globe. On a research that was done for native and caucasian American high school
students, Doud (2009) said that different factors can influence senior high school students
on their career paths. The main factors that have major effect are the people around the
students.
Similar study was also made in Asia and according to La (2009), several factors
could influence the educational and career decision-making of the senior high school
students in the northern part of Vietnam that includes students and their parents’
perceptions of the contextual factors, gender and individual factors. All these mentioned
factors have different effects on the students’ academic performance. The findings of this
qualitative study were used in developing the Vietnam’s educational policy, practice and
Both global and Asian studies have the same factors that influence senior high
school students in making careers that can be classified under opportunity, environment
and people.
In the Philippines, a local study on the same career choice was made. The results
of the research explicitly mentioned that scholarship programs, social prestige of the
desired career, social influence and accessibility of the school are the factors that have
influenced Filipino senior high school students in choosing a career (Fabros et.al., 2011).
The real dilemma of the senior high school level students is choosing their tracks
and strands. Whatever factors that will influence them in picking a career can have
effects on their academic performances. In the past couple of years, there were several
reports forwarded by the Student Services Department of Holy Cross College to the
office of the senior high school. These reports are results of the interviews of dropped-out
students. One of the prevailing factors why they stopped studying is because of their
chosen careers. Upon learning this, the researcher is motivated to study what influenced
them in choosing their track/strand and if these factors have significant effects on their
academic performances
The result of this study can be used in formulating an enhanced career guidance
program that will greatly help students in making choices and parents in understanding
the K to 12 Program. In this way, both students and parents will be properly guided and
informed. Limited studies has been specifically made for the senior high school students
because the senior high level is new and its first batch of graduates will be on the year
2018.
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 illustrates the schematic diagram of the study. The researcher adopted
the input-process-output (I-P-O) model. The input includes the survey questionnaires on
the factors influencing career decisions, general averages and in-depth interviews of
students. The process shows how the data from the input phase will be treated or
the students’ general averages and translation of the conceptual framework model into
theories crated based on the results. The output is an enhanced career guidance program
Survey Interpretation of
questionnaires on the survey questionnaire
factors influencing results
career decisions
Enhanced career
Documentary guidance program in
General averages of
analysis of the choosing senior high
students
students’ general school career
averages
FEEDBACKS
The study will be conducted to determine factors that influence senior high school
students in choosing careers. It also aims to find correlation of the said factors to the
variables, in-depth interviews will be made by the researcher. The results of this study
can be used in formulating an enhanced career guidance program in choosing senior high
school career.
3. Based on the results of the study, what enhanced Career Guidance Program can be
Hypothesis
1. Different factors that influence students in choosing their career affect their
academic performances.
The findings of this study are intended to benefit the following stakeholders:
Students. This study will help them be aware of the different factors that can
influence them in choosing their senior high school career and the possible effects of
Parents. This may give them better understanding of the roles they play in
helping their children in choosing a career. Parents, if properly informed, can work with
the school hand in hand in giving support and advices their children.
Guidance Counselors. This study may provide them with data and information
regarding factors and effects in choosing career and academic performance of students
that will aid them in formulating an enhanced senior high school career guidance
programs.
Educational institutions. They can use the results of this study to come-up with
guided, students will be able to finish their senior high school programs on time. Thus,
Future Researchers. The results of this study may reveal insights that will help
them in realizing goals of their study. They may use the data presented in this study to
This study will focus on the determining the factors that influence 280 grade 12
senior high school students of Holy Cross College, Sta. Ana, Pampanga in choosing their
Holy Cross College has almost 2, 000 senior high school students in the school
Definition of Terms
2013 that added addition two (2) years in the basic education of students.
Senior High School – is the new level in the basic education composed of two (2)
Career – means the chosen track and strand of a senior high school student.
Track and strands – refers to career paths where a senior high school student can
Acronyms
CHAPTER 2
METHOD
In this chapter, the research design, key informants, instruments, data collection
procedure, ethical consideration and statistical treatment of data used in the study are
Research Design
This study will utilize the mixed method of research particularly the sequential
research that involves collecting, analyzing, and integrating quantitative and qualitative
research. The purpose of this form of research is that both qualitative and quantitative
By mixing both quantitative and qualitative research and data, the researcher will
gain in breadth and depth of understanding and collaboration, while offsetting the
weaknesses inherent to using each approach by itself. Thus, this method can be used to
look at a research question from different angels and clarify unexpected findings and / or
potential contradictions.
approach and the documentary analysis under quantitative method will be initially used in
data collection and then on the qualitative approach specifically the narrative technique
will be utilized.
practices, beliefs, processes, trends and cause-effect relationships and then making
adequate and accurate interpretation about such data with the aid of statistical methods
(Calderon and Gonzales, 1993) while documentary analysis involves gathering and
On the other hand, the narrative style of the qualitative process is detailed
description of experiences, has emphasis on events more than emotions and organized
and documents (Smith, 2013). Thus, qualitative approach provides an in-depth and
about their social and material circumstances, their experiences, perspectives and
Key Informants
The key informants of this study will be the Grade 12 Senior High School
In the quantitative phase of the study, the number of respondents derived using
the Slovin’s formula with a confidence level of 95 percent is 277 but the researcher will
add three (3) more to come up with a total of 280 because according to Boyd (2001) the
more you increase the number of respondents, the lesser the margin of error is.
After determining the number of respondents, the researcher will utilize the
sampling, is a probability sampling technique wherein subjects are initially grouped into
different classifications.
Since, the respondents of this study were already classified according to strands,
TOTAL 280
Given that this is a mixed-method study, it will use two (2) approaches.
In the qualitative phase, the researcher will use the non-probability sampling
technique particularly the purposive sampling method. In this type of sampling, subjects
are chosen to be part of the sample with a specific purpose in mind (Maxwell, 2012).
Furthermore, Creswell and Plano Clark (2007) wrote that in purposeful sampling,
the researcher intentionally select participants who have experience with the key concept
being studied.
The participants for the qualitative phase of the study, identified through
documentary analysis, will consist of six students wherein (1) three have the highest
general average and (2) three with the general average not higher than 80.
All participants will be from Grade 12 level during the School Year 2017-2018 in
the Senior High School Department of Holy Cross College regardless whether they were
1 96
2 97
3 96
4 77
5 76
6 75
The number of participants is relatively small but according to Boyd (2001), two
lived-experiences are enough to give clear views and insights. Thus, these participants are
enough to give all essential data that can be used in this study.
Instruments
The researcher will use a closed-ended questionnaire for the quantitative phase of
the study in gathering data. The questionnaire will be based on the work of La (2009) and
Doud’s (2009) unpublished masters’ theses, Factors Affecting Career Choice. Closed-
ended questionnaire are easier to analyze, quantify and compare across respondents. They
The questionnaire will included student’s gender, age and current track/strand.
Although there will be a portion for the name of student, it is optional in filling it out.
On the qualitative part of the research, the researcher will use an open-ended
questionnaire and structured interview to gain insight from the students with different
general averages. The research will be anchored on the specific questions to determine
written questions for which the participants has to provide the answer. Participants can
provide answers to open questions in their own terms or in a manner that reflects the
participant’s own perceptions rather than those of the researcher (Frey, 2004)
Data Collection
In the data collection process, the researcher will obtain the permission of the
dean of student affairs and services of the Holy Cross College to distribute
copy of the general averages of the key informants. The informed consent of each key
informant in the study will be secured and will be given a short briefing concerning the
nature and purpose of the study one week before the distribution of the open-ended
questionnaires. The researcher will distribute and retrieve the questionnaires personally to
After the questionnaires were retrieved, the research will get a copy of the general
averages from the student affairs and services department and will be analyzed to
determine the six key informants that will participate in the interviews.
The follow-up interviews will be scheduled on the most convenient time and
place of key informants who will be chosen after the documentary analysis. The in-depth
group interviews will be a particular kind of a round table discussion between the
researcher and the interviewees that will require careful questioning and listening.
The researcher will ask questions and each key informant will be will be given the
opportunity to answer and others may also add further information. The interview will be
audio-recorded. After the follow–up interviews are completed, the recordings will be
Figure 1 will illustrate the data gathering procedure which shall be used in this
study.
• .Give a short briefing concerning the nature and purpose of the study.
Step 3
• .Analyze the given copy of the general averages of the key informants to determine
Step 6 the prospective interviewees.
Ethical Consideration
To ensure that the study will be conducted as thoroughly and ethically as possible,
the respondents and concerned persons for this study will be made aware that their
identities and answers will remain confidential. In case of the students, very sensitive
subjects, it is best not use or discuss their actual names and if they wish to withdraw their
The key informants will be given a consent form regarding the nature and purpose
of the study because according to Smith (2013), “The federal standard is that the person
must have all of the information that might reasonably influence their willingness to
participate in a form that they can understand and comprehend”. The respondents’
cooperation will be eagerly sought after, with the assurance that the data gathered from
them would be treated with the strictest confidence, so that they would be more open.
This will be done with the hope that this would promote trust between the researchers and
the respondents.
Data Analysis
The basis of this study will use quantitative research on the first phase through the
collection of scores in questionnaires via Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
This involves preparing data collected into clear, useful and understandable information.
The T-test paired and independent samples will be utilized to examine the
significant difference between the sex and age with academic performance.
T-tests are used to compare two means to assess whether they are from the same
population. T-tests presume that both groups are normally distributed and have relatively
relationship between the factors that will affect the career decision of senior high school
between two variables. It is a technique for investigating the relationship between two
Since the study is a sequential explanatory, the second phase is a qualitative type
of research.
interpretative philosophy. The researcher used this process to make sense of or explain
the data collected during the research process and suitable data analysis requires one to
stay close to his data and interpret it from a position of empathic understanding.
Data analysis in this study commenced with the researcher carefully reading the
transcribed data line by line. Data were then divided into meaningful analytical units.
Key point coding was used to apply key terms through the detailed examination of
passages of text. Codes to be assigned for key points were in the form of words or
phrases (Usman, 2011). Coding involves going through the data for themes, ideas and
categories and then marking similar passages of text with a code label so that they can
easily be retrieved at a later stage for comparison and analysis (Gibbs &Taylor, cited in
Nicdao, 2015).
Codes with commonalities were grouped into concepts since they share certain
qualities that signify a pattern. The researcher used classification reasoning together with
insight and perception to discern which data are alike when grouping them together
comparative method, which involves repeatedly comparing one unit of data with another
(Merriam, 2002), was used to create themes. DeSantis and Ugarriza (cited in Saldaña,
2009) proposed that a theme is an intangible unit that brings meaning and identity to an
of data into a subject that covers a group of repeating ideas (Auerbach & Silverstein,
2003).
To illustrate the conceptual framework which this study produced, the emergent
research, categories are drawn diagrammatically to show their connections (Allan, cited
in Usman, 2011).
Conclusion drawing involves stepping back to consider what the analyzed data mean and
to assess their implications for the questions at hand (Qualitative Analysis Handout,
2017).
•.Note all the data that had been gathered and group answers with the different factors
Step 2 influencing career decision of students.
•.Data will be transcribed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
Step 3
•.Read the transcribed data line by line and then divide the data into meaningful
Step 6 analytical units.
•.Note all the data that had been gathered and categrized them into a meaningful
Step 5 analytical group.
REFERENCES
viewcontent.cgi? article=1168&context=esm_pubs
Creswell, J. & Plano Clark, V. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods
prodecure-interpretation-examples.html
Doud, C. (2009). Factors influencing career choices of Native American and Caucasian
from https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/40809?show=full
Fabros, M., Sarmiento, N., Perez, C., Palabasan M., (2011). Career decisions of senior
La, T. (2009). Factors influencing the educational and career choices of senior high
school students: A case study in Vietnam Retrieved on May 17, 2017 from
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED531169
daldaa-the-coding-manual-for-qualitative-researchers-2009
Smith, Deborah (2013) Five principles of research ethics. Retrieved on May 20, 2017
from http://www.apa.org./monitor/principles.aspx
http://www.ehr.nsf.gov/EHR/REC/pubsc/NSF97-153/CHAP_4HTM
Usman, A. (2011). A grounded theory on the making of great educational leaders. The
UWE Bristol, (2009). Pearson's correlation coefficient. Retrieved on June 5, 2017 from
http://learntech.uwe.ac.uk/da/Default.aspx?pageid=1442
CURRICULUM VITAE
MARTY S. MALLARI
#65 Guemasan, Arayat, Pampanga 2012
Contact No.: 0906-367-09-68
E-mail Address: marty_s_mallari@yahoo.com
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