BaZant, Z.P., and Panula, L. (1978-79). 'PracticaI prediction of tilTlEHlependent defonnations of concrete.

" Materi8/s 8nd Structures (RILEM,

Paris): Part IV, 'Temperature effect on basic creep" Vol. 11 (1978),425-434

Part IV: Temperature effect on basic creep

Development of the model for basic creep in Part II is followed here by a prediction model for
creep at various temperatures that are kept constant during creep. The model, which preserves
the form of the double power law, reflects two opposing effects of temperature: the increase of
creep rate due to heating, and the reduction of creep due to thermally accelerated hydration.
Prediction of material parameters from mix composition is studied and extensive comparisons
with test data indicate a good agreement.

INTRODUCfION maturity) [5] e), which is defined as the period at

The double power law for basic creep, developed in
Part II, will now be extended to model creep at various
temperatures that are kept constant during creep.
Unlike the preceding parts of this study, here we must
not only model the composition influence but also
decide on the proper form of the temperature effect
because the model for variable temperature that we
are going to investigate has not yet been proposed.
. Realizing that the choice of reference temperature To
is subjective and largely arbitrary, we must conclude
that the creep formula for any temperature (within a
certain range) should have the same basic form. In
particular, the form of double power law should be
preserved for heated sealed concrete.
FORMULAS PROPOSED FOR TEMPERATURE
EFFECf ON BASIC CREEP
Preserving its basic form, we may generalize the
double power law as
reference temperature To needed to achieve the same
degree of hydration as period t' at temperature T.
Equation (36) results from assuming that the tempe-
rature effect on hydration is governed by an activation
energy, Q. In equation (36), T and To must be absolute
temperatures. The constant 40000K (representing Q
divided by gas constant) has been derived empirically
from the data fitted in the sequel.
Following a theoretical analysis by Wittmann [58],
function CT was previously [4] suggested to also obey
the activation energy concept. However, an in-depth
analysis of test data revealed that this is true only for
a limited range of temperatures, from about 35 to
about 75°C. Beyond this range significant deviations
occur, which maybe due to phase changes and chemical
changes, as well as simultan~ous operation of several
processes controlled by different activation energies.
Therefore, function CT has been identified empirically,
although the basic, product form of equation (36)
for CPT' as indicated by activation energy effects, has
been retained. Function CT' which is plotted in figure 26 a
in comparison with the activation energy dependence,
has the form

J (t, t')= ~o +Co (t, t'), } (37)

(34) CT = 1+(I00/(T-253.2»3.5 -1,
1
!T= 1+60lt~o.69 +0.78, (38)
where
t' where Co is a composition parameter, t~ is the age of
t~=
f 0 PT (t")dt", (35) concrete when temperature T is applied and T is. abso-
lute temperature. Note that C T is defmed not only as
a function of temperature but also as ,a funf,~ion oft~.
(36) According to the activation energy model for power-
type creep functions [58], exponent nT would be a
Here CT, nT and PT are functions of temperature, (') Reference numbers not listed at the end of this part are
and t~ represents the equivalent hydration period (or found in the preceding parts.

424

constant. Again, for a broader range of temperatures
(-20 to 140°C) this is unacceptable. Nevertheless the
form of equation (34), conforming to the activation
energy model, may be retained and it suffices to take
n T as temperature-dependent. By data fitting, the
following empirical function has been found:
0.25
BT = 1 + (74/(T-253. 2)f +1. (39)
Equation (37) is approximately valid from about
- 200 e to perhaps 120°C. Near the ends of the range
the rise of CT with temperature is milder (fig. 26 a).
Function BT indicates that exponent nT increases
with temperature, i. e., the ratio of long-time to short-
time creep increases as temperature is raised. This
may be explained by the larger effect of the accele-
ration of aging during the early creep period.
Equations (35), (37), (38) reflect the fact that the tempe-
rature effect on creep is twofold ([60], [5]): (a) an
increase in temperature increases the creep rate, but
(b) it also accelerates hydration, i. e., aging. These
effects, modeled by coefficients cT , iT and t~, respectively,
oppose each other. When a young concrete is heated
well before it is loaded, the equivalent hydration
period t~ for the moment of load application may get
sharply increased, causing a reduction of the creep
increase due to heating. On the other hand, when an
old concrete is heated, the change in t~ has little effect
on subsequent creep, and so a strong increase of creep
with temperature takes place. Modeling of both these
opposing tendencies is essential for successful fitting
of test data.
The elastic modulus E is known to decrease with
temperature beyond 50oe, the drop reaching about
20% at 1000 e ([61], [62 D. Like the double power law
which gives proper age-dependence of elastic modulus,
equation (34) seems to give approximately correct
temperature dependence of the elastic modulus:
1 1
E(t ')=E (,)=J(t'+O.I,t')
stat t
EFFECf OF COMPOSITION ON BASIC CREEP
OF HEATED CONCRETE
By fitting of test data ([59], [23], [61], [63], [64],
,{65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [22], [70], [71], [72 Dit was
verified that:
(41)
where at accounts for the cement type and is the same
as in equation (18) of Part II; wi c= water-cement ratio;
al c= aggregate-cement ratio. An increase of creep rate
with the water-cement ratio, as given by equation (41),
is logical to expect. The increase of Co with the aggregate-
cement ratio means that the restraining effect of aggre-
gate on creep is stronger at lower temperatures. Equa-
Z. P. BAZANT - l. PANULA
u~----------------.,
>-
1.2
m 1.1
0.25 IT - 253.15)'
Br " 1 + 747+ IT _ 253.15)7
• exp(4000 _ 4())))
10 T, T
u
>-
5
.cr" 19,4 -1
100
1 + (T- 253.2
)3.'
a
20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature in "C
Fig. 26. - Coefficients Cy and BT as function of temperature.
tion (41) does not involve strength, but since the strength
depends on wi c and al c, the effect of strength is present
indirectly. .
COMPARISONS WITH TEST DATA ON HEATED
SEALED SPECIMENS
Fits of numerous test data shown in figures 27-34
indicate a reasonable agreement of the present model
with experiments. Basic information on the test data
used is given in Appendix IV ..
For some data sets important information was not
reported and, therefore, has had to be assumed. e. g.,
for England and Ross' data it has been assumed that
the heat was applied at the age of 10 days, simulta-
neously with load application (i. e., no heat stabilization
period before the test). Also, the initial "elastic" strains
at elevated temperatures have been assumed using
proportionality to the values of Marechal. For the
tests of Silveira and Florentino, it has been assumed
that the heat was applied three days before loading.
For Nasser and Neville's data ([68], [69 D, the sand-
gravel ratio was not available, and so exponent n has
been assumed. The initial elastic strains have had to
be assumed also (0.2 x 10 - 6 I psi). Papers [68] and [69]
mentioned that E was not a function of temperature;
therefore, the value of II Eo has been found by optimiza-
tion. The E-modulus was reported to increase by 22%
from t' = 14 days to t' = 365 days, and the value of
J (t' + 0.001, t') has been assumed to change in pro-
portion. Moreover, these data indicate, independently
of curing temperature, a 22% increase of elastic modulus
upon heating, which conflicts with references [61]
and [62]. The deviations from test data in figures 28
and 32 must be judged in the light of the preceding
remarks.
When unspecified, the unit weight of concrete has
been assumed as 2,400 kg/m 3 .
It is interesting to compare J (90 + 365,90) for the
data of Silveira and Florentino [67], McDonald [22]
and Kennedy [23]. At room temperature, the values
are 0.425, 0.285, O. 285 (all in 1O- 6 /psi), and at elevated
temperatures tested (45, 65.6 and 65. 6°e respectively),
the values are 0.748,0.400 and 0.445. This is a consi-
derable scatter in view of the fact that tlie mix' parameters
and test conditions were quite similar (see Appendix IV).
For temperatures beyond 95°e, the present model
gives only very crude estimates. Even though all
425
VOL. 11 :"0 66 - MATI:RIAUX ET CONSTRUCTIONS

o 0.9 Arthanari and Yu, 1967

Hannant.1967
O.B
6
liE. =0.097· 10 /psi lIE. = 0.111 . 1Cj~/psi
f, = 4.087 'fl
= 4.085
n = 0.181 0.8 n = 0.167
m = 0.295 m =0.321
0.7 01 = 0.053 0( =0.044
CT27 = 0.041 CT2o =-0.032
0.7 CT4Q= 0.232
Cr53= 0.551
CT57 = 0.652 CT62 = 0.711
0.6 Gr75= 1.123 CTIIO= 1.133
0.6

0.5
0.0;

0.4
0.4

•• ....
...A.
0.3

• ...- • .-- . ~

1', 180days
0.3
•
1"15 days
uniaxial test
00 0 ll.
• ••• biaxi al test
0.2
• 0.2
• (y,0.2)

I 10
10 100 1000
England and Ross, 19&2
1.1
l/E.= 0 .107 . 10'6 /ps i
Nishizawa and Okamura, 1970 0
0.9 <p, = 3.012 CT\26= 1.861
l/E.= 0.100 ·lQ'6/psi n =0.128 Cn4o =1.997
.iii IP, = 3.234 1.0 m = 0.317
0.. n = 0.147 0( = 0.056
....... 0.8 m = 0.303 0 Cr2o=-0.032
'"'0 0<. = 0.063 ~=0.499
CT20 = - 0.023 0.9
Cr77= 1.063
CT7O= 0.648 ~4=1.414
C 0.7 CT90 = 0.964 0 Cr114= 1. 725
::--
+'"
0.8

0.6
a
-, 0.7

0.5
O.b o

0.4 ,..... .., --

,..... ..,

0.3
o a
1',28 days

10 100
0.3
McDonald, lW,5 t',10cbys
0.40 1~=0.101·10 I psi •
'f, =3.272 10 100
n =0.147
m= 0.305 Johansen and Best, 1962
0'> = 0.059 li
l/E.=0.176 '10' /psi
CT23 =-0.OO6 0.6 Cf, =4.628 CT2o =-0.101
CTe6 =0.668 n =0.120 CT12 =-0.266
m =0.466 4t-121 =-0.407
0.30 0( =0.036 Crc-<Ol= -0.412
0.5 <)
<)

~8
•
0
.. cP
~~
r,90cbys
,#IJia
!lo
0.4

~(X)
0.20 o 600 psi. )22.8"C
.2400pso 0.3
• 2400 psi
10 100

t- t' in days

Fig. 27., - Fits of Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep by Hannant (1967) [61]. Artbanari and Yu (1967) [63]. Nisbizawa and Okamura
(1970) [64]. England and Ross (1962) [65]. McDonald (1975) [22] and Jobansen and Best (1962) [66]. CT optimized - solid line; subscript
number refers to corresponding temperatllre. CT witb.formula-dasbed line. 1/ Eo calculated from experimental E 28 or optimized from
basic creep data.

426
 Z. P. BAZANT - l. PANULA

specimens considered here were sealed, moisture may that is sometimes observed upon passing 100°C; see
have moved out of concrete and collected under a the curves near 100°C in figure 28 for Nasser and
bulged jacket. Also, rapid redistribution of moisture Neville's data, and the reversed order of temperatures
within the heated specimen may have had considerable for the curves near 100°C in figure 27 for England
effect on creep. In particular, the present model does and Ross's data.
not describe the decrease in creep rate (i. e., in CT )

0.50 r-------------------------.p,....,
York, Perry, Kennedy, 1970 I Do Silveira and Florentino, 1968
()
o I
0.9
IIE.= 0.150. uj6,psi
IIE,= 0.0s7· 10 'psi
If, = 3.410 / =2.987 'P, CT20 =0.0. f=28.90.36Sdays
n =0.'53 I o n =0.122 CT4,=0.903.t'=28days ()

m =0.303 I 0.8 m=0.326 - CT4 ,=0.957, t'=90days

0'.=0.059 / '" = 0.050 Cr45 =0.875. t'= 36Sdays
0.40 ~ CT24 = 0.0 ::.. _ CT24 = 0.003 / CT20 =-0.026. f= 28doys
CT&. = 0..257 CT66 = 0.667 / Cr20 =-0.030. t'=90d0ys
/ 0.7 Cr20 =-0.036. t'=36Sdoys
/ --Cr4,=0.J.45. t'=28doys
/
o 600psi .]24'C ,/ Cr4,=0.509. t'=90doys
• 2400 psi ,/ Cr4,.0.620. t'=365ooys
0.6
o 6oops! ] 65 6'C ,/
• 2400 psi . ,/
0.30 ,/
,/
,/ O.SL
./
./
./
./
()
0.4

0.20
•
10 100 •
r------~---------/----,
Nasser and 1'I:~iUe, 1965 I 0 8 0.2 • • • ••
11E.= 0.085 ·10 Ipsi /
'Ii
=4.308 /
o 10 100
0.7
n=0.140 /
o
Nasser and Neville, 1967 ,/
m=0.302 / 6
0< =0.042 / llE.= 0.085' 10 , psi ,/
II)
CT2I = 0.0 / 0.7 'P, =4.308 C'21=O.O./
Cl
..,....... 0.6 - CT7I = 1.122 / n = 0.140
m = 0.302 -
C'46=1.023
CT71 =2.112
'0 CT21 =-0.OL3 /
- -C Tn =1.700 0.6 d. = 0.042 /' Cr... =2.496
,/ CT2I =-O.Of:l8/
C ,/ CT4 • = 1.023
,/ o ••tII -C Tn = 2.712
0.5 ,/
C_ =4.263

..
:...
.,
' /'
./
,/
00
o 'I.'
.,.
••
/'
/',/

.0·. ;.--/
./ /'
./
./ ocP . , •• /'/'
0.4 ./ o /'
./
rSJOO • • /'
/'

100

Zielinski and Sadowski, 1973

0.5 I/E o =0.110·10-6/psi

¢I = 2.989 C T20 =0.0 CT20 =-0.029
= 0.123
CTGO =0.542 C T60 = 0.601
m =0.326
0.4
a =0.055

... .. -,...
0.3

-.--.- ----
20'e
o
0.2 • • t' = 123 days

100 10 100

t - t' In days

Fig. 28. - Fits of Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep by York, Kennedy and Perry (1970) [23]. Da Silveira and Florentino (1968) [67].
Nasser and Neville (1965) [68]. Nasser and Neville (1967) [69]. Seki and Kawasumi (1970) [70] and Sielinski and Sadowski (1973) [71].
CT optimized - solid line, CT with formula - dashed line. 1/ Eo optimized from basic creep data.

427
 VOL. 11 - N° 66 - MATERIAUX ET CONSTRUCTIONS

1.2 Browne. 1967

1',7 days
1.0 11 E. ' 0.124 . 10· 6/psi
'!, '3.511
n ,0.156
O.B m '0.307
rI. '0.060
Vl
a. 0.6
<0
.......
°
o °
'0
c:

:... 0.2 e
.... 1.2 Browne. 1967
--, t',7days
l/E.'0.124.10-6lpsi
1.0
'lI '3.511
n ,0.156
m .0.307
0.8 '" '0.060

0.6

0.4

0.2
10 100 10 100 10 100 10 100

t-t' in days

Fig. 29. - Fits of Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep by Browne (1967) [59]. C r optimized-solid line in figure!-}. Cr with formula-
solid line in figure a-e. 1/ Eo optimized from basic creep data. Experimental datas are smoothed mean values.

APPENDIX IV plastic emulsion paint. Loaded at age of 15 days, stress

Basic Information on Test Data Used
Hannant's Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep (1967)
t
[61 J. - Cylinders 4 x 12 inch (105 x 305 mm), cured for
24 hours in molds under wet rags, then 5 months under
water at 20DC, and then one month sealed in copper. Heating
rates about lODC/hr. For temperature stabilization all
specimens were heated for 24 hours .before loading. Stress
2,000 psi (13.8 N/mm'). Water-cement-sand-gravel ratio
0.47 : I : 1.845 : 2.655. Sulphate resisting Portland cement
with Plastocrete plasticizer. Coarse aggregate limestone
max. size 3/8 inch (10 mm). 28-day cube strength 9,350 psi
(64.5 N/mm').
Nishizawa and Okamura's Tests of Temperature Effect
on Creep (1970) [64]. - Specimens 15 x 15 x 55 cm, sealed
in copper, prestressed to compressive stress 120 kg/cm'
(11.8 N/mm') at the age of 28 days. After 7 days of loading
at 20DC, specimens exposed to temperature of 70 or 90DC.
Water-cement-ratio 0.40, cement content 377 kg/m" sand
percentage 36.5%. (In calculations water-cement-sand-
gravel ratio 0.40 : I : 1.85 : 3.22 was used.) Max. size of
coarse aggregate = 25 mm, normal cement. Cylinder
strength 459 kg/ cm' (45 N/ mm').
McDonald's Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep (1975)
[22]. - Cylinders 6 x 16 inch (152 x 406 mm) demolded
after 24 hours, coated with epoxy and returned to fog room.
After 24 hours another coat of epoxy, and sealed in copper.
At age of 83 days, specimens recoated with epoxy, sealed
in neoprene, and placed to environment of test tempe-
rature, loaded at age of 90 days. Water-cement-sand-gravel
ratio 0.425 : 1 : 2.03 : 2.62. Type II portland cement
(404 kg/m 3 ). Limestone aggregate, max. size 3/4 inch
(19 mm). 28-day average cyl. strength 6,300 psi
(43.4 N/mm'). . 83 days specimens sealed in neoprene jacket, and exposed
Arthanari and Yu's Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep
(1967) [63]. - Slabs 12 x 12 x 4 inch (305 x 305 x 102 mm),
cured under wet hessian for 7 days. For tests under mass-
concrete conditions sealed by epoxy resin and two coats of
1,000 psi (6.9 N/mm'). Heating began I day before loading.
Water-cement-sand-gravel ratio 0.564 : 1 : 1.125 : 2.625.
Thames river gravel of size 3116-3/8 inch (4.76-9. 5 mm),
ordinary portland cement. 28-day average cube strength
6,000 psi (41.4 N/mm').
England and Ross' Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep
(1962) [65]. - Cylinders 4.5xl2inch (1l4x305mm),
demolded at age of I day, placed under water for additional
3 days, after which stored at 17°C and 90% R.H. until
tested at age of 10 days in a sealed state. The seal was a
polyester resin, with fibre glass reinforcement. Water-
cement-sand-gravel ratio 0.45: I : 2 : 4. Compressive
strength of 4 inch (102 mm) cubes at age of 14 days = 5,500 psi
(37.9 N/mm'). Elastic modulus 5 x 10 6 lb/in'
(34,480 N/mm').
Johansen and Best's Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep
(1962) [66]. - Cylinders 10 x 30 cm and 15 x 30 cm cast
in steel molds and remolded at age of I day, then stored
at 100% reI. humidity and 20DC. At age of 42 days, specimens
were sealed and moved to test environment. At the end of
3 days stabilization period specimens were loaded at their
respective temperatures to 30% of their ultimate strength
in compression as measured at 20 De. Water-cement-sand-
gravel ratio 0.7 : I : 3.5 : 3.5. Normal portland cement.
Max. size of aggregate 3/8 inch (9.5 mm). Average compres-
sive strength 179 kp/cm' (17.6 N/mm') at the age of
42 days on cylinders 15 x 30 cm.
York, Kennedy and Perry's Tests for Temperature Effect
on Creep (1970)[23]. - Cylinders 6 x 16inch(152x406mm),
removed from molds 24 hours after casting. Then epoxy
coat applied and specimens stored in fog room. Next,
48 hours after casting, specimens sealed in copper and
placed in test environment at 73. 4DF (23 DC). At age of
to test temperature. Loaded at age of 90 days. Water-
cement-sand-gravel ratio 0.425 : I : 2.03 : 2.62. Cement
type II (404 kg/ m 3). Limestone aggregate, max. size 3/4 inch
(19 mm); 28-day cyl. strength 6,560 psi (45.2 N/mm').

428
 Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 1976 Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 1976
1/ Eo - 0.)03 . 10-s Ipsi IIEo -0.103 '10- 6 Ipsl
0.7 f-
"',
n
- 3.293
- 0.15 I
"',
n
- 3.235
- 0.147
0.6 I- m - 0.303 m - 0.305
a -0.066 a - 0.065
0.5~ Cu. - 0.0 Cu. - -0.004 C u ! - 0.0 C TU - -0.004
- Cu. - 0.01 - - - C T4 • - 0.162 - - Cu. - 0.086 --- C T45 - 0.153

0.4 L c U , -0.468 c u , -0.512 Cu, -0.424 CT7' - 0.483

03
0.3

--- • ~'--'

0.2.
0.2 • o 0

0 1'= 28 doys (mix B)

, "I" I , ,!"! , ! , I I'! I I ! tIl , 'I'll ! ! !! " 0.1 I ! ! , II'! ! , 11'1 I I , 'III ! I ! "I I , , , ".! ! , !, !~

Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 0.7f- Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 1976

07 f-
IIEo - 0.103· 10-s/psi IIEo - 0.103' 10- 6 Ipsl
If)
a. 0.6 "',
n
- 3.293
- 0.15 I
0.6f- "', - 3.235
- 0.147
"-
coI m m
- O. 303 - 0.305
05
0 0.5 a - 0.066 a - 0.065
Cu! -0.0 C T25 - -0.004 C u ! -0.0 Cu. - -0.004
C - - C u ! -0.211 --- C T45 -O.186 04 - - C u ! - 0.278 - -- Cu. - 0.175
0.4

--
cu , - 0.938 Cu, - 0.587 C T71 - 0.760 CT7' - 0.554
0.3
0.3

0.2 o o
-:> 02 •
r~
(mix B)
'II!I' II'I'! ' I IIIII 111'1' '[1111 ""':0.1: I! III! ' I ! IIII ,! I"" I I [.,., ,! "'I I "'111,

Kamendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 1976

06 t- IIEo - 0.103· 10 I psi 0.6f- IIEo -0.103·10-s/psi

"', - 3.293
-0.15 I
"',
n
- 3.235
-0.147
05 f- 0.5
m -0.303 m -0.305
a- 0.066 a -0.065 N
0.41- C TZ3 -0.0. C TU--0.005 0.4 C n. - 0.0 C TU --0.005
- - C T45 -0.411 - - C T4 ! -0.515 - - - C T4 ! - 0.205
:-0
- - - CT4!-0.217
-1.132 c u , - 1.004 IJI
0.3 f- CT?I 03 l>
N
l>
0.2 0.2 o Z
-t
(mix A) •
0.1 I , ! "II
,,!.I,I I ' III,! II"'! ,! I'I'! "1'1'0.1'
IQ('(')
I
0.001
, ! 111,1 I' ! IIIIII ! IIIII! IIII1I1 111'11 "1111 r-
0.001 am 0.1 10 100 0.01 0.1 10 100 1000 "0
l>
Z
t-t I in days c
t!3
'-0
Fig_ 30_ - Fits of Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep by Komendant, Polivka and Pirtz (1976) [72l- CT optimized-solid line, CT with formula-dasbed line_ ~
1/ Eo optimized from basic creep data_
VOl. 11 - N° 66 - MATf:RIAUX ET CONSTRUCTIONS

Hannan!, 1967 0.9 Arthanari and Yu, 1967

llEo =O.OBO· 1O-6/psi 1IEa = 0.105 .1Q-6/psi
0.8
'1\ =4.087 Crz, =0.041 'f, = 4.085 CT2O'-0.032
rI =0.1S1 Cr53=0.SS1 0.8 rI =0.167 CT40 =0.232
m =0.295 Cr57 =0.652 m = 0.321 CT62 ,O.711
0.7 0< =c.053 CT75 =1.123 0( = 0.044 Creei' 1.133
CT20 =0,0
0.7
CT40 = 0.226
- CT62 =0.S98
CTBO =0.858
0.6

0.5
/0
0.5 ./
/
./ 0
0.4 ./
/'
0.4

0.3
t': 15 days
0.3
ooot> urliaxial test
t', 180 days • ••• biaxial test
0.2 •
0.2 L.L.....1.....L..l...J....I.~1~-"---'---'--J....J...J.-L..\,;!:0--:""--'--J.......I.....L...I..J
10 100 1000
England and Ross, 1962
o
Nishi zawa and Okamura, 1970 I 1.1 lIEa =0.105· 10 6/psi
'f, = 3.012 CT20 =-0.032
0.9 llE o' 0.110' 10- o/psi 9'
I. rI =0.128 ~ :0.499
IPI = 3.234 m : 0.317 CT77 :1.063
~/.
I/) 1.0
rI = 0.147
0. 0( : 0.056 - -CT94 =1.414
....... m ,0.303
CT20= 0.0 C1'I14 =1.725
<D 0.8 oC , 0.063 /
10 CT53 : 0.698 C1126: 1.861
...- CT20 = 0.0 / 0.9 CT77 = 1.254 CTl4 if 1.997
- cT70 = 0.368 / - CT94 =1,525
C
0.7 C190 = 0.919 / CT1I4 =1.864
/
CT20 =-0.023 ~26= 1.760
':...-0 - - C T70 =0.648
P 00 0.8 Cn4o= 1.977
...... 0.6
CT90 = 0.964
-,
0.7

0.5

./' 0.6 ./
../ /'
0.4 ,.- ./
....-
0.3
....- -- t'= 28days
0.5 ~./
?'
./

0.4

10 100
0.3
McDonald,1975 /
-6
0.40 IlEa =0.086' 10 Ipsi /
'i\ =3.272 CT22 .8 =0.0 / 10 100
n = 0.147 - CT65.6 =0.431 /
/ 0.7 Johansen and Best. 1962
m : 0.305 CT22 . =-0.006 /
e 1IE.:0.225·10-61psi
0<. = 0.059 - -C 5.6 = 0.668 /
T6 '1\ =4.628 CT20=0.0
/ ~c, n ",0.120 CT12 =-0.305. 1'=45 days
/' 1:;,<,. 0.6
0.30 / ·m =0.466 -Crt-12)' -0.312
/' 0( =0.036 C'J{-2())' - O. 314 _ --6
/'
'Co -- . / <:f>
• 1.1..8 0.5 Il
.1. "'6" --<>_\'2 -- --
•• ~~~v~~'2~
CO
OO
___ ~ -r-8·!.~~-
\'.90days
o 600 psi ] 0.4 ~~--- -20
0.20 • 2400 psi 22.8·C 6- - - __ CT20 =-0.101 Crc-12l =-0.407
• 2400 psi Cr12 =-{).266 ~-W) =-0.412
0.3~--~~~~~~'0~-~~~~LLLU~
, ,.
10 100
t-t' in days
Fig. 31. - Fits of Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep by Hannant (1967) [61]. Artbanari and Yu (1967) [63], Nisbizawa and Okamura
(1970) [64], England and Ross (1962) [65], McDonald (1975) [22] and Jobansen and Best (1962) [66]. Cr and 1/ Eo botb calculated witb
formula.

430
 Z. P. BAZANT - L. PANULA

O.~r---------------------------------------'----''-'
a
York. Perry. Kennedy. 1970 Do Silveira and Florentino, 1968
0.9
1Ie;.= 0.100·10.... /psi 1IE;, = 0.111 '1(j'6 /pSi
", =3.410 a 'f, = 2.9If1
n =0.153 a n = 0.122 o
m =0.303 O.B m = 0.326
~ =0.05J a 0\ =O.~
0.40 C,...= 0.003 • Cno = -0.026, t'= 28 days <> a

••
Crss=0.667 a <>
CT20 = - 0.030, 1'= 90days
0.7 <>
a •• Cno = -0.036, 1'= 365days a
CT45 = 0.445, r = 28 days
o 600 psi. ] 24"C CT4 5 = 0.509, r = 90 days
• 2400 psI
0.6 CT45 = 0.620. t' = 365 days
a 600 psi ] 65 60C
• 2400 psi .

....."
0.30

• • OOO.#'
• o 00
• 0
o
0.20
t', 90 days
a o
a
0.1 10 100

Nasser and Neville, 1965 SO

0.2
• •
lIE. = 0.096·llt/psi 0 ·1 10 100
0.7 <1\ =4.308 0
Ii = 0.140 Nasser and Neville, 1967
m = 0.302 0
0( =0.042
0 It= 0.096 '1Q·e/psi
'0 0.7 , =4.308
CT2I =-0.043 8
0.6 Crn=I.7
"G n = 0.140
pf 0.6
m =0.302
0( 0.042 = ~~
.£ Cr21 =-0.068

--
0
Cr46=1.023
..... O.S 0.5 Cr71 = 2.712
c-=4.
0.4

t·, 365 days

0.3
r,~~

0.2

10 100 10 100

Seki and Kawasumi. 1970

IIEo 00.102 '10-"' psi
0.7
., 03.354 Zielinski and Sadowski. 1973
n 00.151
0.5 1/ Eo =0.108 '10- 0 /psi
0.6 m 00.305
cp, = 2.989
a 00.063 =0.123
C T20 = -0.029
CTZO 0 - 0.0 2 5 (t' 028 days) C T60 = 0.601
m =0.326
0.5 Cuo 0 0.184 (t' 029 doy.)
0.4 a =0.055
Cno 00.713 (1' 0 29 doys)
Cno 0 ·0.029 (,' 096 doys)
0.4 Cr4O"0.211 (t'oICOdoy.)
CT7O"C.83I(,'olO5doys) 00$'>
0.3
0.3 too 20°C
0
•
0.2
• • " =123 days

0..1 10 100 10 100

t - t' In days

Fig, 32, - Fits of Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep by York, Kennedy and Perry (1970) [23], Da Silveira and Florentino (1968) [67].
Nasser and Neville (1965) [68], Nasser and Neville (1967) [69]. Seki and Kawasumi (1970) [70]. Zielinski and Sadowski (1973) [71].
CT and 1/ Eo both calculated with formnla.

431
VOL. 11 - N° 66 - MAT~RIAUX ET CONSTRUCTIONS

1.2 Browne, 1967

t':7days t'= 28 days 1': 60 days
lIEo= 0.102 '10-6/psi "C12O=-0.022 C12O: - 0.024
1.0 ~ =3.511 CT4O= 0.159 CT40 =0,172
n =0.156 C165: 0 .536 CT65 =0.S82
m:0307 C1"93.5= 0.958 ~3.5 :1.040
0.8 oc.:O.06O

0.6
o
c
C12O=-0.020
CT4;)= 0.144
C165= 0.487
CTlI3.5=0.870
c 0.2
10 100 1000 10 100 1000 10 100 1000
0

1.0 t'= 180 days 0 1'= 400 days

CT2O= -0.027 0
CT2O: -0.031
C140= 0.199 CT40: O. 223
CT65: 0.673
0.8
(193.5" 1.203

0
0.6 0 a a
I.().~ c c
a
c
0.4 c
a
a

0.2
i ~ •
10 100 1000 10 100 1000

t- t' in days
Fig. 33. - Fits of Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep by Browne (1967) [59]. Cr and 1/ Eo both calculated with formula. Experimental
datas are smoothed mean values.

Da Silveira and Florentino's Tests of Temperature Effect
on Creep (1968) [67]. - Prisms 20 x 20 x 60 cm, in copper
jackets. Heat is assumed to be applied 3 days before loading.
Water-cement-sand-gravel ratio 0.5: I : 2.35: 3.84.
Granite aggregate, modified portland cement, similar to
ASTM type II. Cement content 314.6 kg/m" 8-day cube
strength 297 kp/ cm' (29. 1 N/ mm'),
Nasser and Neville'S Tests of Temperature Effect on
Creep (1965) [68]. - Cylinders 3 x 9 iinch (76 x 235 mm),
sealed in polypropylene jackets, stored from 24 hours
onwards in a water bath at the desired temperature and
loaded at age of 14 days. Water-cement ratio 0.6 and
aggregate-cement ratio 7.15. Max. size of aggregate
3/4 inch (19 mm). Aggregate was a mixture of dolomite
and hornblende. Cement type III (320 kg/m'). Strength
5,660 psi (39 N/mm') at 14 days measured on cylinders
3 x 9 t inch (76 x 235 mm). Stress/ strength ratio 0.35.
Nasser and Neville's Tests of Temperature Effect on
Creep (1967) [69]. - Cylinders 3 x 9 -bnch (76 x 235 mm),
stored in water at 70°F (21°C) up to 1 week prior to appli-
cation of load. Concrete 1: 7.15 mix; water-cement ratio
0["'0.6. Max. size of dolomite and hornblende aggregate
was 3/4 inch (19 mm), cement type III (320 kg/m3 ). Speci-
mens loaded at age of 1 year and remained under water
while loaded. Mean strength at the time of load application
(determined on specimens of same size) = 7,250 psi
(50 N/mm').
Browne's Tests of Temperature Effect on Creep (1967)
[59]. - Cylinders 6 x 12 inch (152 x 305 mm), sealed at
casting in 1/16 inch (1 .6 mm) polypropylene jackets, cured
at room temperature. Heat applied 1 day before loading.
Water-cement-sand-gravel ratio 0.42: 1 : 1.45 : 2.95.
Ordinary portland cement, crushed foraminiferal1imestone,
max. size 1.5 inch (38 mm). Average 6 inch (15.2 cm)
cube strength = 7,250 psi (50 N/mm').
Zielinski and Sadowski's Tests of Temperature Effect
on Creep (1973) [71]. - Cylinders 160 x 480 mm within
the first 70 days stored in atmosphere 100% relative humidity
and temperature 20-23°C, then sealed with rubber coat.
Specimens were heated at the age of 120 days and loaded
three days later. Water-cement-aggregate ratio
0.456 : 1 : 4.154. Sand/cement-gravel!cement ratio
assumed to be 1.9: 2.254. Cement ordinary Portland
Cement type I, 450 kg/m" aggregate crushed basalt and
river sand, max. size 20 mm. 120 day compressive cylinder
(160 x 160 mm) strength 430 kg/cm'.
Seki and Kawasumi's Tests of Temperature Effect on
Creep (1970) [70]. - Cylinders 150 x 600 mm were cast
into 0.2 mm copper jackets. Specimens loaded at room
temperature (20°C) at the age of 28 and 96 days. The tempe-
rature 40°C was applied at the age of 28 and 97 days and
loaded at the age of29 and 100 days. The temperature 70°C
was applied at the age of 27 and 104 days and specimens
loaded when they were 29 and 105 days old. Water-cement-
sand-aggregate ratio 0.4: 1: 1.761: 3.834. Normal
Portland cement 343 kg/m3, fine aggregate Fuji-Gawa
river sand, coarse aggregate from the river Ara-Kawa.
28-day cylinder strength 445 kp/ cm'.
Komendant, Polivka and Pirtz's Tests of Temperature
Effect on Creep (1976) [72]. - Cylinders 6 x 16 inch
(152 x 406 mm) sealed with butyl rubber against moisture
loss and cured at 73°F (23°C) until five days prior to the
age of loading. The specimens were then heated to test
temperatures 110 and 160°F (43 and 71°C) at a rate of
24°F/day (13. 3°C/ day) and remained for 1he dW"ation of
the creep test. Specimens were loaded at the age of 28,
90 and 270 days. Cement, Medusa type II. Mix A: water-
cement-sand-gravel ratio 0.381: 1 : 1.734: 2.605;
28-uay cylinder strength 6,590 psi (45.4 N/mm'). Cement
706 Ibs/cy (419 kg/m3). Max size of aggregate 1.5 inch.

432
 O~, ~I

Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 1976 0.71- Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 1976

0.7 ilEa ·0.101' 10-" Ips; II Eo ·0.101 ·IO·"/psi

0.6
"', ·3.293
• O.I~I
0.61- "',
n
• 3.23~

·0.147
m ·0.303 m • 0.30~
O~I-
a ·0.066 a ·0.065
O.~
Cu •• 0.00 Cu. ·0.00
CT •• ·0.162 0.4~ CH •• 0.1~3

0.4 ~ C TTl • 0.5 I 2 C TTI ·0.483

03
0.3

I' = 28 days (mi. A) 102r a• ~. 0 0 0 , I' = 28 days (mix 81

02 o
D

D
D
0.7
0.71· Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 1976 ,pf} Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 1976
D
IlEa ·0.101' 10·"/psi D IlEa ·0.101' 10·"/psi .iI
fJ 0.6
,pi
If)
a. "', • 3.293
·0.151
f} "', • 3.235
·0.147

·'f
.......
.
10

0
O.~
m
a
·0.303
·0.066
O.~ m
a
·0.305
·0.065
Cu • • 0.00 0.4 Cu • • 0.00
C 0.4 CT45 ·0.186 Cn • ·0.175
CT7' • 0.~87 C TTl • 0.5~4

... 0.3r
+-
D D a
0.2 ~
D
8
a a •
0 • 1'=90days (mix8)
J
0.1
a
DOlO
Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 1976 a a Komendanl, Polivka, Pirlz, 1976
a 0
0.61-
IlEa .0.101·10·"/psi D II Eo .0.101·10·l/psi
a

n'r "', • 3.235 09

~
• 3.293 o
o.H ""n • O.I~I I ,\'
.(j
O~ ·0.147 D

m ·0.303 m ·0.305

0.4r a .0.066 "rI'rP •. " , / 0.4 a !'"

Cu • • 0.00
CT45
:u
0.3 IJl
03[ CTTI :to

Q2~
N
:to
0.2 0 a 0
Z
8 ·0 -I

01
0.1
10 100 1000 1000 :-
"tI
t - t' in days :to
Z
~
C
w
w Fig. 34. -. Fits of Tests of Temperature Effect 00 Creep by Komeodant, Polivka and Pirtz (1976) [72]. CT and 1/ Eo both calculated with formula. ~
VOl. 11 - N° 66 - MATI:RIAUX ET CONSTRUCTIONS
REFERENCES
~[59] BROWNE R. D. - Properties of concrete in reactor
vessels. Proceedings, Conference on Prestressed Con-
crete Pressure Vessels, Institution of Civil Engineers,
London, England, group C, paper 13, 1967, pp. 11-31.
[60] BAZANT Z. P., Wu S. T. - Thermoviscoelasticity of
aging concrete. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics
Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. EM3, Proc. Paper
10621, June, 1974, pp. 575-597.
[61] HANNANT D. J. - Strain behaviour of concrete up
to 95°C under compressive stresses. Group C, paper 17.
Conference on Prestressed Concrete Pressure Vessels,
Institution of Civil Engineers, London 1967, pp. 57-71.
[62] MARECHAL J. C. - Variations in the modulus ofelasticity
s
and Poisson ratio with temperature. Paper SP34-27.
Concrete for nuclear reactors, Vol. I, ACI Special
Publication SP-34. American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, Michigan, 1972, pp. 495-503.
[63] ARTHANARI S., Yu C. W. - Creep of concrete under
uniaxial and biaxial stresses at elevated temperatures.
Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol. 19, No. 60,
September 1967, pp. 149-155.
[64] NISHIZAWA N., OKAMURA H. - Strength and inelastic
properties of concrete at elevated temperature. Paper
SP34-22. Concrete for nuclear reactors, Vol. I, ACI
Special Publication SP-34 American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, Michigan 1972, pp. 407-421.
[65] ENGLAND G. L., Ross A. D. - Reinforced concrete
under thermal gradients. Magazine of Concrete
Research, Vol. 14, No. 40, March 1962, pp. 5-12.
Un modele de preVISion pratique des deformations
du beton en fonction du temps. m. Fluage en secbage. -
Le modele pratique de determination du fluage et du
retraitexpose dans les parties I et II de ce mhnPire est
.a present applique au fluage en ambiance seche et a
temperature constante. £augmentation du fluage due
au sechage est reliee au retrait. On donne les formules
pour determiner les parametres des materiaux a partir
de la resistance du beton et de la composition du 'melange,
et on les verifie par des comparaisons nombreuses avec
les resultats d'essai publies.
IV. Influence de Ia temperature sur Ie flUage de base. -
Le developpement d'un modele pour Ie (luage de base
434
[66] JOHANSEN R, BEST C. H. - Creep of concrete with
and without ice in the system. Bulletin RILEM, No. 16.
September 1962, pp. 47-57.
[67] DA SILVEIRA A., FLORENTINoC. A. - Influence 0)
temperature on the creep of mass concrete. Paper
SP25-7. Temperature and concrete. ACI Publication
SP-25. American Concrete In~titute, Detroit, Michigan,
1971, pp. 173-189.
[68] NASSER K. W., NEVILLE A. M. - Creep of concrete
at elevated temperatures, Journal of the American
Concrete Institute, Vol. 62, December 1965, pp. 1567-
1579.
[69J NASSER K. W., NEVILLE A. M. - Creep of old concrete
at normal and elevated temperatures, Journal of the
American Concrete Institute, Vol. 64, February 1967,
pp. 97-103.
[70] SEKI S., KAWASUMi M. - Creep of concrete at elevated
tempera!ures. Paper SP34-32. Concrete for nuclear
reactors, Vol. I, ACI Special. Publication. SP-34,
American Concrete Institute, Detroit', Michigan, 1972,
pp. 591-638.
[7IJ ZIELINSKI J. L., SADOWSKI A. - The influence of
moisture content on the creep of concrete at elevated
temperatures, 2nd International Conference on Struc-
tural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, 1973, paper
H6/3, pp. 1-8.
[72J KOMENDANT G. J., POLIVKA M., PIRTZ'D. - Study of
concrete' properties for prestressed concrete reactor
vessels, Final report-part II, Creep and strength cha-
racteristics of concrete at elevated temperatures, Report
No. UC SESM 76-3, Structures and Materials Research,
Department of Civil Engineering, Report to General
Atomic Company, San Diego, California Berkeley,
California, April 1976.
qui est ['objet de la deuxieme partie de ce memoire est
suivi ici par un modele de determination du fluage a
dijJerentes temperatures maintenues constantes durant
Ie phenomene. Ce modele qui preserve la loi de double
puissance traduit deux ejJets contraires de la tempera-
ture : ['augmentation de la vitesse du fluage due a la
chaleur et la diminution du fluage due a ['acceleration
de l'hydratation par la chaleur. L'etude comprend la
determination des parametres des materiaux a partir
de la composition du melange et de nombreuses compa-
raisons avec les resultats d'essai indiquent une bonne
concordance.
To be continued by Parts Vand VI.