CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose ‘This manual is designed as a guide for military personnel engaged in the selection and operation of pits and quarries. 2. Scope @, This manual outlines methods and pro- cedures used in exploration for an operation of pits and quarries. b. It provides information on equipment required to operate pits and to supply crush- ed stone; however, it does not cover opera tion of this equipment. c¢. The information contained herein is ap- plicable to both nuclear and nonnuclear war- fare. 3. References ‘The reader should have a knowledge of en- gineer intelligence, engineer geology, control of soils in military construction, explosives and demolitions, and the utilization, capa- bilities, and limitations of engineer equip- ment. Appendix A lists appropriate texts. 4. Definitions ond Classifications @. Definitions. Pits and quarries are sites where select materials and aggregates suit- able for construction may be obtained in quantity. (1) Pits are sites from which materials can be removed, generally without blasting. (2) Quarries are sites where open ex- cavations are made for the purpose of removing rock which is suitable in quality and quantity for construc- tion, usually by drilling, cutting, or blasting. (3) Overburden is that waste material which often overlies pits and quar- Ties and which must be removed prior to excavation of the construc- tion materials below. The term is commonly applied only to loose ma- terials, but locally it may include solid rock lying above some desired material. (4) Burden is the construction material ‘on the face of a quarry. Depth of burden may be considered as the distance from a charge measured Perpendicular to the nearest free face and in the direction in which displacement will most likely occur upon charge detonation 0. Classifications. Pits and quarries are classified according to the type of material contained in them and the methods of ob- taining the materials as outlined in table 1. Table 1. Classification of Pits and Quarries Tope Materat Primary se condition PIT: Borrow Gelect soll other Embankment and Dry... - Earth moving equip- than gravel and ——subgrades. ment, dozer, power sand. shovel, rooter, front loader, or dragline. Gravel: (Bank-hill) Gravelandsand —_—Base courses, Power shovel, front with clay. Surfacing, and loader or hand. fillsTable 1. Classification of Pits and Quarries — Continued (alluvial) Clean gravel and sand. Aggregate for concrete and bituminous mixes. Wet ior dry) Miscellaneous Mine spoll, slag, Surfacing and (dumps) cinders, ete aggregates Quarry: Hard rock’ Aggregate Base courses, Dry. surfacing, and aggregate for conerete and bituminous mixes, Medium rock? Aggregate Base courses, surfacing Soft rock" Cementaceous Base courses material and surfacing on roads and airfields, ‘Hrd rook — ernie tra, cht, ent, te !Medtum rock — some limewtane, ‘oft rock — soft coral, tuft ea me limestone. seme sandstone, laterltr, ete. Earth moving equip- ment, dragline, power shovel, clamshell, or hand. Power shovel, front loader or hand. Drilling tools, blast- ing, power shovel, crushing, screen- ing (and washing) plant. Drilling tools, blasting, power shovel and crushing, screen- ing (and washing) plant. Rooter, power shovel, front loader, earth moving equipment. 5. Suggestions and Recommendations Users of this manual are encouraged to submit recommended changes or comments to improve the manual. Comments should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and line of the text. Reasons should be given for each comment to insure complete understand- ing and permit evaluation. Comments should be forwarded directly to Commandant, US. Army Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060.