Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
CÁLCULO VECTORIAL
CAPÍTULO I
Vectores Unitarios
k
b = (2, 7, 4)
VECTORES UNITARIOS Z
j
b = 2i + 7 j + 4k
i
T ′(t )
N (t ) = ; T ′(t ) ≠ 0
T ′(t )
P0
T ′(t ) = T ′(t ) N (t )
P0
Determine el vector T(t) en el punto:
P=1
2
( 2 ,− 2 ,−1 )
el producto vectorial de dos vectores unitarios es otro vector unitario
0.5
-0. 5 1.5
1
7π 2
0.5
Y 0
2 -0.5
, 0
-1
T =
-1
, X
4 2 2
curvaCERRADA
ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 9 ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 10
20 velocidad v (t ) = r' (t )
15
10
Z
a (t ) = r' ' (t )
5
0
1
aceleración
0.5 1
0.5
0
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1 -1
Y
X
VIDEO: Triedro
Espiral
ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 13 ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 14
r' (t ) T (t ) =
r' (t ) r' (t ) = r' (t ) T (t )
T (t ) =
r' (t )
r' (t ) = r' (t ) T (t ) r' (t )
velocidad v (t ) = r ' (t ) T (t ) a (t ) =
d
r' (t ) = [ r' (t ) T (t )
d
]
dt dt
d r' (t )
T (t ) + r' (t ) T ′(t )
r' (t ) = [ r' (t ) T (t ) ]
d d a (t ) =
a (t ) = dt
dt dt
T ′(t )
d r' (t ) N (t ) = → T ′(t ) = T ′(t ) N (t )
a (t ) = T (t ) + r' (t ) T ′(t ) T ′(t )
dt
d r' (t )
a (t ) = T (t ) + r' (t ) T ′(t )
dt a (t ) = s′′(t ) T (t ) + s′(t ) T ′(t ) N (t )
= aT T (t ) + aN N (t )
2 2 2
a (t )
N
a
aT = s′′(t )
2
= aT + a N
2 2
a N = s′(t ) T′(t ) a
a (t )
T T
plano
aN = − aT
2 2
osculador a (t )
ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 23 ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 24
r'
N (t ) = B(t ) x T (t ); ∀ t ∈[a, b]
r ′(t ) ( 2 , 2 t, t )
2
B (t ) =
r' (t ) × r' ' (t )
=
(t 2
, − 2 t, 2 )
T (t ) =
r ′(t )
=
(t + 2 )
2
r' (t ) × r' ' (t ) (t 2
+2 )
B (t ) =
( t , − 2 t, 2 )
2
N (t ) = B (t ) x T (t ) =
(t 2
, − 2 t , 2 ) (2, 2 t , t 2 ) (t + 2 )2
(t + 2) 2
(t 2 + 2) x (t 2 + 2)
(− 2t 3
− 4t , 4 − t 4 , 2t 3 + 4t ) N (t ) =
(− 2t 3
− 4t , 4 − t 4 , 2t 3 + 4t )
N (t ) =
(t 2
+ 2)
2 (t 2
+ 2)
2
Solución C : r (t ) = 2 t , t2,
t3
C : r (t ) = 2 t , t2,
t3
3 3
Curva
t r(t) T(t) N(t) B(t) 10
vector tangente
8 vector normal
binormal
6
2
1
1 P1(2, 1, 1/3) 1
(2, 2, 1)
1
( −2, 1, 2) (1, − 2, 2 ) 0
3 3
3 -2
10
1 1
2 P2(4, 4, 8/3) (1, 2, 2) ( −2, − 1, 2 ) 1
(2, − 2, 1)
5
3 3 3
0
6 8
Y 2 4
-5 0
-2
X
curvaregular6
ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 33 ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 34
EJEMPLO 3 Solución
Determine el vector Binormal de la curva plana r (t ) = (cos t + t sen t ) i + (sen t − t cos t ) j + 3 k ; t ∈ [0, 4π ]
Solución Solución
r' (t ) × r'' (t ) r (t ) = (cos t + t sen t ) i + (sen t − t cos t ) j + 3 k ; t ∈ [0, 4π ]
B(t ) =
r' (t ) × r'' (t )
Vector Binormal constante B(t ) = k
B(t ) =
(0, 0, t ) = ( 0, 0, 1) = k;
2
t≠0 dB
t2 NOTA: = B′(t ) = 0
dt
CURVA PLANA
3.8
VECTORES UNITARIOS
3.6
3.4
3.2
3
CURVA REGULAR DE RAPIDEZ UNITARIA
Z
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2 u' ( s ) = 1
2
10
5
0
-5 10
5
0
CurvaPlana -10
-15 -10
-5
-15
Y
X
VECTOR TANGENTE
Rapidez unitaria u′( s) =1
T ( s ) = u' ( s )
s : longitud de arco
u' ( s ) = 1 u' ( s ) = 1
VECTOR BINORMAL
VECTOR NORMAL PRINCIPAL
B ( s ) = T ( s) × N ( s )
T ′( s ) u' ' ( s )
N (s) = =
T ′( s ) u' ' ( s )
u' ( s) x u'' ( s)
B( s) =
u'' ( s)
ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 43 ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 44
(1+ s )2 2
T ( s) =
1
1+ s2
(
1, 2 s, s 2 ) u′′(s) =
2
1 + s2
ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 47 ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 48
T ′( s)
u' ( s) x u' ' ( s)
N (s) = =
u'' ( s) B( s ) =
T ′( s) u'' ( s) u' ' ( s)
(1 + s ) (− ( ) )
1
)( s , − )
N ( s) = 2 s, 1 − s 2 , 2 s 1
B ( s) = 2
(
2
2 s, 1
1+ s 2
(1 + s ) ( s , − )
z = s − arctan s B( s) =
1 2
2 s, 1
2
T ( s) =
1
(
1, 2 s , s 2 )
1+ s2
B' ( s ) =
1
( 2s, 2 (s − 1), − 2s )
2
( ) (1 + s ) 2
(1 + s 2 ) − 2 s, (1 − s ), 2 s
2
1
N (s ) = 2
2
lim B' (s) = 0
)( s , − )
1 B' ( s) =
B( s) =
( 1+ s2
2
2 s, 1 s→∞
1 + s2
ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 51 ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 52
(1 + s ) ( s , − )
B( s) =
1 2 Solución
Solución 2
2 s, 1
Curva
u(0)
3
u(1)
||B’(1) || =1
0
||B’(2) ||=0,4
2 (1.11,1.14,0.89) 1/5(4,-2√2,1) 1/25(4,3√2,-4) 2/5=0.4 -0.5 ||B’(3) ||=0.2
2.5
2
1.5
RECTAS RECTAS
Recta Binormal RECTA TANGENTE A C EN P0 (x0, y0, z0) esta dado
por
C
l T : { P = P0 + λ T (t 0 ) / λ ∈ ℜ }
B
P0
N
T
Re
te c ta
en No
ng rm
Ta al
ta
R ec
RECTA PLANOS
RECTA NORMAL A C EN P0 (x0, y0, z0) esta dado Recta Binormal
por:
l N : { P = P0 + λ N (t 0 ) / λ ∈ ℜ } no te C
B
Pla ican
c tif
Re Plan
P0 Norm o
N al
T
Os Plan
cu o
lad Re
cta
nte or No
ge rm
T an a l
cta
Re
ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 57 ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ 58
10
t=
7π
4
, P= 1
2 ( 2,− 2,−1 )
Vector Binormal
7π
7π
r'
4
7π
× r' '
4
B (7π / 4) =
1
( 2, − 2, 1 )
B = 5
4 7π 7π
r' × r' '
4 4
t=
7π
4
, P= 1
2 ( 2,− 2 ,−1 ) Plano Osculador
2 2 1 7π
P: ( x, y, z ) −
,− ,− ⋅ B
2 4
=0 2 x − 2 y + z = 32
2 2
11
0.5
0 1
Z
0.5
-0.5
1
0
0.5
0 -0.5
curvaCERRADA1 -0.5 X
-1
Y
ROSA NIQUE ALVAREZ -1 67
12