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1. Purpose:
Perform a variation of the historic Franck‐Hertz experiment to demonstrate the existence of
discrete energy levels in argon and determine the minimum excitation energy of argon.
2. Apparatus:
Argon Franck‐Hertz apparatus Model P67103 (from Pacific Science Supplies, Inc)
Oscilloscope
3. Description of experiment [1‐10] :
The Franck‐Hertz‐Tube is an evacuated glass cylinder with four electrodes (a “tetrode”) which
contains argon. The four electrodes are: an indirectly heated oxide‐coated cathode as an
electron source, two grids G1 and G2 and a plate A which serves as an electron collector (anode
A). Grid 1 (G1) is positive with respect to the cathode (K) (about 1.5V). A variable potential
difference is applied between the cathode and Grid 2 (G2) so that electrons emitted from the
cathode can be accelerated to a range of electron energies. The distance between the cathode
and the anode is large compared with the mean free path length in the argon gas in order to
ensure a high collision probability. On the other hand, the separation between G2 and the
collector electrode (A) is small.
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the Franck‐Hertz tube experiment
A small constant negative potential UG2A (“retarding potential”) is applied between G2 and the
collector plate A (i.e. A is less positive than G2). The resulting electric field between G2 and
collector electrode A opposes the motion of electrons to the collector electrode, so that
electrons which have kinetic energy less than eUG2A at Grid 2 cannot reach the collector plate A.
As it will be shown later, this retarding voltage helps to differentiate the electrons having
inelastic collisions from those that don’t.
A sensitive electrometer is connected to the collector electrode, so that the current due to the
electrons reaching the collector plate may be measured. As we increase the accelerating
voltage, we should expect the following to happen: up to a certain voltage, say V1, the plate
current IA will increase as more electrons reach the plate. When we reach V1, we note that the
plate current, IA, takes a sudden drop. This is due to the fact that the electrons just in front of
the G2 have gained enough energy to collide inelastically with the argon atoms. Having lost
energy to the argon atom, they do not have sufficient energy to overcome the retarding voltage
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between G2 and collector electrode A. This causes a decrease in the plate current IA. Now as
the voltage is again increased, the electrons obtain the energy necessary for inelastic collisions
before they reach the anode. After the collision, by the time they reach the grid, they have
obtained enough energy to overcome the retarding voltage and will reach the collector plate.
Thus IA will increase. Again when a certain voltage V2 is reached we note that IA drops. This
means that the electrons have obtained enough energy to have two inelastic collisions before
reaching the G2, but have not had enough remaining energy to overcome the retarding voltage.
Increasing the voltage again, IA starts upward until a third value, V3, of the voltage is reached
when IA drops. This corresponds to the electrons having three inelastic collisions before
reaching the anode, and so on. The interesting fact is that V3 ‐ V2 equals V2 ‐ V1, etc., which
shows that the argon atom has definite excitation levels and will absorb energy only in
quantized amounts.
When an electron has an inelastic collision with an argon atom, the kinetic energy lost to the
atom causes one of the outer orbital electrons to be pushed up to the next higher energy level.
This excited electron will within a very short time fall back into the ground state level, emitting
energy in the form of photons. The original bombarding electron is again accelerated toward
the grid anode. Consequently, the excitation energy can be measured in two ways: by the
method outlined above, or by spectral analysis of the radiation emitted by the excited atom.
At the end of your lab report’s Background Section, discuss the expected value of the
acceleration voltage, such that the inelastic collisions excite the Ar atoms on higher energy
levels. More precisely:
3.1 Write down the electronic structure of neutral Argon (see Ref [11]). This is the “ground
state configuration”.
3.2 Calculate the expected excitation energy, in eV, required to depart from the “ground
state configuration” (see Ref [12]), for the first 4 excitations. Give the electronic structure
corresponding to these excited states.
3.3 What are the required acceleration voltages to reach the above mentioned excited
states? (you will need those later on, to compare them with your findings)
4 Measurement procedure:
Caution:
1. During the experiment, pay attention to the output current indicator when the voltage UKG2
is over 60V. If the milliammeter’s reading increases suddenly, decrease the voltage at once to
avoid the damage to the tube.
2. If you want to change the value of UG1K, UG2A and UH during the experiment, rotate the “0 ~
100V” adjust knob counter‐clockwise to end, before making the changes.
3. The filament voltage of this instrument is 3V, 3.5V, 4V, 4.5V, 5V, 5.5V, 6.3V. Limit your
experiment at 5V filament voltages. If skewness occurred on the top of waveform (that means
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the anode output current is too strong and causes the amplifier to distort), the filament voltage
should be decreased.
4.1 Adjust operating voltages:
4.1.1 Switch on the power. The indicator will flash.
4.1.2 Turn the “Manual‐Auto” switch to “Manual”, rotate the Scan knob counter‐clockwise to
end, turn “Filament Voltage Selector” to 3.5V, “Current Multiple” selector to 10‐8.
4.1.3 Turn “Voltage Stepper” to 1.3 5V, and rotate 1.3 5V adjust knob until the voltmeter
reads 1.5V; this sets UKG1 1.5V.
4.1.4 Turn “Voltage Stepper” to 1.3 15V, and rotate 1.3 15V adjust knob until the
voltmeter reads 7.5V to set UG2A 7.5V (retarding voltage).
4.1.5 Turn “Voltage Stepper” to 0 100V, and rotate 0 100V adjust knob until the voltmeter
reads 0V. This sets UKG2 7.5V (accelerating voltage).
4.1.6 When you have finished steps (2) to (5), with UH=3.5V (Filament voltage), UKG1 = 1.5V
(the voltage between the first grid and cathode), UG2A =7.5V (voltage between the second grid
and anode – “retarding voltage”) you are ready to do the experiment. These are suggested
settings for the experiment, but other values could be tried.
4.2 Automatic measurement using oscilloscope:
4.2.1 Turn “Manual‐Auto” switch to “Auto” and rotate the scanning potentiometer clockwise
to end; this sets the maximum scan voltage to 50V. Turn on the oscilloscope.
4.2.2 Make sure the oscilloscope is into the “YT” mode, which is the usual mode of an
oscilloscope. The Franck‐Hertz instrument manual describes the Auto mode with the
oscilloscope in the XY mode, and you can try it at the end of the lab. But it turns out that the YT
mode allows you to average scans directly on the oscilloscope’s screen and use the vertical
cursors to measure voltages with much higher precision. Consequently, we use the YT mode.
4.2.3 Connect the instrument X output to channel 1 of the oscilloscope and the Y output to
channel 2 of the oscilloscope. Don’t forget that you also have to connect the instrument’s
ground to the ground of the oscilloscope (i.e. to the shield of the coaxial cable).
4.2.4 Set the trigger on X channel, negative slope. Set the acquisition to “Average 128 scans”.
Adjust sec/div such that you see only one period on the screen. Use vertical cursors to measure
the times Tstart and Tend corresponding to the start and end of the period. The time T=Tend‐Tstart
is the time it takes for the X channel to ramp up the voltage once. In your report give the values
of the sec/div and of measured Tstart, Tend and T. This T will then correspond to a 50 V ramp.
4.2.5 Using vertical cursors, measure the horizontal position of the peaks and dips (that is,
time values Tpeak1,2,.. and Tdip1,2,...). Subtract Tstart and multiply the values by 50V and divide by T,
to obtain the values in Volts.
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4.2.6 Vary the retarding voltage UG2A between 2 and 10 V and observe the oscilloscope image,
describe and explain your observations in your report. It is likely that you will get better dips at
higher UG2A, why? Give in your report values that may seem optimal for UG2A and (see below)
UKG1, UH. Use these values in 4.2.9 and in the “Manual Mode” part of the lab 4.3.
4.2.7 Vary the focusing/space charge suppression voltage UKG1 between 1 and 5 V and observe
the oscilloscope image, describe and explain your observations in your report.
4.2.8 Vary the filament voltage UH between 3 and 5 volts and observe the oscilloscope image,
describe and explain your observations in your report.
4.2.9 The oscilloscope provides for the option of saving the screen image to a flashdrive. Use it
and insert the photo in your report.
4.3 Manual measurements:
4.3.1. Use the optimal values from 4.1.6,7,8. Vary the accelerating voltage UKG2 (value read on
voltmeter) and record the collector current IA (read on “milliammeter”) as a function of the
accelerating voltage. Try to identify the “peak positions”, i.e. watch for those values of the
accelerating voltage UKG2 for which the current reaches a local maximum and begins to drop on
further increase of the accelerating voltage. Take 3‐4 data points (UKG2, IA) around these peak
positions. Try to identify the “valley positions”, so watch for those values of the accelerating
voltage UKG2 for which the current reaches a local minimum and begins to rise on further
increase of the accelerating voltage. Take 3‐4 data points (UKG2,IA) around these valley positions.
4.3.2. Take enough data points so as to allow you to determine the positions of the peaks and
valleys. Plot current vs. accelerating voltage. You should observe at least 4 full peaks and dips.
5 Analysis:
5.1 Estimate the precision with which you determine each peak/valley positions (explain/justify
your estimates). Note that the width of the peaks, the steepness of the drop‐off or rise, and
background height and shape, all play a role in this. Use the vertical cursors in Auto Mode and
the data points around peaks/dips in Manual Mode.
5.2 Plot the peak and valley position vs. running number (1,2,3,…) (so two plots for each Mode).
Use the uncertainties from 5.1 to show error bars on each data point and fit them with straight
lines. The slope of this straight line is an estimate of the excitation potential. Using the slope
uncertainty, calculate the uncertainty of your measurement of the excitation potential. You will
obtain two values and two uncertainties (from each plot): calculate their weighted average and
weighted uncertainty.
5.3 Take the average of the distances between the peaks and determine the standard
deviation. Compare with the values obtained in (5.2). Discuss.
5.4 Do these analysis steps for both the “manual” and the “automatic” data. Compare the two.
Compare your findings with the theoretical expectations from 3.3.
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6. Questions:
6.1 Should you use the positions of the peaks or of the valleys or both to determine the
excitation energy? Justify your answer.
6.2 Discuss how your results may be affected by the fact that the peaks are superimposed
on a rising background current. Note that if the same peak is added to different background
curves, the apparent position of the maximum may be different for the two cases, depending
on the shape of the background (e.g. imagine tilting a sine wave). What can you say about the
periodicity of peaks when a non‐periodic background is added? Analyze the case of a linear
background and of an exponential one. Can you estimate under what circumstances, the
peaks/dips can even disappear? (think about local first derivative).
6.3 Why are the peaks and valleys smeared out rather than sharp?
6.4 How would molecular contaminants in the tube affect your results?
7. References
[1] A. C. Melissinos 1966, Experiments In Modern Physics, pp.8‐17 (Academic Press Inc.)
[2] F. K. Richtmeyer, E. H. Kennard & C. Lauritsen 1955, Introduction to Modern Physics. pp. 275‐
278 (McGraw‐Hill, NY).
[3] Harnwell and Livingood, Experimental Atomic Physics, pp. 314‐323.
[4] Hoag and Korff, Electron and Nuclear Physics, Ch. 7, pp. 151‐158.
[5] Fano and Fano, Basic Physics of Atoms and Molecules, p. 40‐43
[6] Taylor, Advanced Undergraduate Experiments in Physics, pp. 410‐412
[7] Franck and Hertz, Verhand. Deut. Physik Ges., 16, 512, (1914). (The original experiment)
[8] Foote, Meggers and Mohler, Astrophysical Journal, 55, 145, (1922).
[9] Various documents from course website (Nobel lectures be James Franck and Gustav Hertz)
[10] for a discussion of the contact potential difference, see e.g. A. C. Melissinos 1966,
Experiments In Modern Physics, pp.19‐21 (photoelectric effect).
[11] http://www.webelements.com/argon/orbital_properties.html
[12] http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Handbook/Tables/argontable5.htm
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