Amitava Thesis PDF

STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND
MANAGEMENT OF SPONGE IRON FACTORY IN

DURGAPUR INDUSTRIAL ZONE (ANGADPUR)
Amitava Ghosh, M.Sc.
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN
BURDWAN – 713104
WEST BENGAL, INDIA
THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SCIENCE

(ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE) OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN (2014)
Department of Environmental Science
THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN
GOLAPBAG, BURDWAN-713104
WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Dr. Jayanta Kr. Datta

Professor of Environmental Science
&
Director of Rural Technology Centre
The University of Burdwan
Certified that Sri Amitava Ghosh, M. Sc., carried out the investigation during
the period between 2010 to 2014 incorporated in the thesis entitled “Studies on
Environmental Impact and Management of Sponge Iron Factory in Durgapur
Industrial Zone (Angadpur)” under my supervision and guidance. He has fulfilled all
the requirements (including course work and presentation of seminar talk) and
followed the rules and regulations relating to the Ph.D degree and prescribed period of
research as laid down by the University. The thesis embodied the result of original
investigation made up by Sri Amitava Ghosh is submitted in partial fulfillment of the
degree of Ph. D (Science) of the University of Burdwan. The work has not been
submitted previously anywhere for any degree whatsoever by either him or anyone
else.
It may please be noted that Sri Ghosh shares equal authorship for the research
papers inserted in the thesis.
JAYANTA KR. DATTA

Dedicated to my parents
and
all of
The Indians.
Acknowledgement
I am very much proud to know that I have an opportunity to recall all those
who in some way or other activity or passively set the track in right direction to
complete the research assignment. Dr. J. K. Datta, Professor, who was co-ordinator of
M. Phil course in Environmental Science for three years and founder Head of the
Department of Environmental Science of this University from May, 2004- May, 2006.
Prof. Datta is not only my guide but also primary driving force in conducting my
research work. He conceptualize the topic and his living inspiration impelled me to
move ahead through all problems. I express my deep sense of gratitude to him for his
affectionate encouragement, suggestions and guidance both in execution of
experimental works and preparation of manuscript.
I am grateful to Dr A. R. Ghosh, Reader, Department of Environmental

Science, Burdwan University for helping me in various ways to complete this Ph.D
thesis work.
I am indebted to Dr Srimanta Gupta, Lecturer, Department of Environmental

Science, Burdwan University for helping me in different air parameters analysis and
various ways to complete this Ph.D thesis work.
I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Naba Kumar Mandal, Lecturer, Department

of Environmental Science, Burdwan University for helping me in different
biochemical analysis and various ways to complete this Ph.D thesis work.
I also extend my sincere gratitude to Miss Sampa Dutta, contractual lecturer,

Department of Environmental Science, Burdwan University for helping me in
different soil microbial analysis and various ways to complete this Ph.D thesis work.
I also grateful to Prof. Alok Kumar Mukherjee, Department of Chemistry,

Burdwan University for helping me in heavy metal analysis from water samples in
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer.
I like to convey my hearty thanks to Mr. Gobinda Baidya, Mr. Shankar Nag
and Buddhadev Mukhopadhyay for their co-operation and active help.
I extend my thanks to all research scholars for helping me in my field work

and laboratory work.
Finally I recall the inhabitants of Angadpur area for sharing their knowledge
and cooperation about this area to complete my thesis work.
Date:
Place: Amitava Ghosh
iii
CONTENTS
Chapter Description Pages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii–iii
LIST OF TABLES vii–xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xvii
LIST OF IMAGES xviii
LIST OF DIAGRAMS xix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS xx
1 INTRODUCTION 1–8
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9–19
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 20–57
3.1 Description of the study area 20
3.2 Physiography 20
3.3 Climate condition 23
3.4 Experimental details 28
3.4.1 Title of the experiment 28
3.4.2 Experimental layout of study zones 28
3.4.3 Details of experimental treatments 30
3.5 Methodology 32
3.5.1 Water parameters study 32
3.5.1.1 Estimation of water pH 33
3.5.1.2 Measurement of water temperature 34
3.5.1.3 Measurement of electrical 34
conductivity
3.5.1.4 Total Dissolved Solid 35
3.5.1.5 Biological Oxygen Demand 36
3.5.1.6 Chemical Oxygen Demand 39
3.5.1.7 Estimation of heavy metal from water 40
sample
3.5.2 Ambient Air Quality 41
3.5.2.1 Estimation of NOx 41
3.5.2.2 Estimation of SOx 43
3.5.2.3 SPM measurement 45
3.5.2.4 Respirable Suspended Particulate 46
Matter (PM10) in ambient air
3.5.3 Measurement of noise 46
3.5.4 Estimation of Biochemical parameters from 47
plant samples
3.5.4.1 Estimation of Total Soluble Sugar 47
3.5.4.2 Estimation of Protein 48
3.5.4.3 Estimation of Ascorbic acid 49
3.5.4.4 Estimation of Chlorophyll 50
3.5.5 Determination of heavy metal from plant 52
sample
3.5.6 Clinical study by sputum cytological test 52
3.5.6.1 Papanicolaou staining 53
3.5.6.2 Non-specific esterase staining 53
3.5.6.3 Perl’s Prussian blue staining 54
3.5.7 Analysis of soil biological parameters 54

3.5.7.1 Standard Plate Count of Fungi from 54
Soil
3.5.7.2 N2 fixing bacterial colony count from soil 56
3.5.8 Socio- Economic background study 56
3.5.9 Air Pollution Tolerance Index on plants 56
3.5.9.1 Estimation of pH of leaf extract 57
3.5.9.2 Estimation of Chlorophyll 57
3.5.9.3 Estimation of Ascorbic acid 57
3.5.9.4 Estimation of relative water content in 57
leaf
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 58-158
4.1 Characterisation of Industrial waste water 58
4.2 Ambient air quality 59
4.3 Study of noise level in decibel unit 61
4.4 Biochemical parameters viz., protein, soluble sugar, 62
ascorbic acid, chlorophyll study from Mangifera indica
L. plant
4.4.1 Biochemical parameters study from leaf sample 62
4.4.2 Biochemical parameters study from shoot 63
sample
4.5 Biochemical parameters viz., protein, soluble sugar, 65
ascorbic acid, chlorophyll study from Alstonia
scholaris R.Br. plant
sample
4.6 Biochemical parameters viz., soluble sugar, protein, 68
ascorbic acid, chlorophyll study from Oryza sativa L.
plant:
sample
4.6.3 Biochemical parameters study from root sample 72
4.7 Detection of heavy metals inside Oryza sativa L. plant 73
tissues
4.7.1 Concentration of metals in plant leaf tissues 73
4.7.2 Concentration of metals in plant shoot tissues 75
4.7.3 Concentration of metals in plant root tissues 76
4.8 Assessment of surface water quality in study period 78
4.9 Soil biological parameters 80
4.9.1 Total N2 fixing bacterial population from soil 80
4.9.2 Standard plate count of fungi from soil 82
4.10 Clinical methodology 83
4.11 Socio Economic status of Angadpur area 83
4.12 APTI value of some plants 83
Photo Gallery 154-158
v
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 159-160

BIBLIOGRAPHY 161-172
PUBLICATIONS xxi-xxii
vi
LIST OF TABLES
No Particulars Pages
3.1 Climate condition of experimental station (polluted zone) 24
pertaining to the period (2010, 2011, 2012) of experimentation
3.2 Climate condition of experimental station (control zone) 25
pertaining to the period (2010, 2011, 2012) of experimentation
3.3 Operations protocol 30
4.1 Characterisation of Industrial Waste Water 2010 85
4.4 Air sampling in 2010 88
4.7 Study of noise level in decibel unit (2010, 2011, 2012) 91
4.8 Biochemical parameters concentration of Mangifera indica L. 92
plant in (mg/g) unit
4.9 Biochemical parameters concentration of Mangifera indica L. 93
plant in (mg/g) unit
4.10 Biochemical parameters concentration of Alstonia scholaris 94
R.Br. plant in (mg/g) unit
4.11 Biochemical parameters concentration of Alstonia scholaris 95
R.Br. plant in (mg/g) unit
4.12 Biochemical parameters concentration of Oryza sativa L. plant 96
in (mg/g) unit
4.13 Biochemical parameters concentration of Oryza sativa L. plant 97
in (mg/g) unit
4.14 Heavy metals concentration in different parts of paddy plant 98
(mg/kg) unit in 2010
4.17 Characterisation of surface water sample in 2010 101
4.20 N2 fixing bacterial colony count (2010, 2011, 2012) 104
4.21 Fungal population in soil (2010, 2011, 2012) 105
4.22 Socio economic status of Angadpur area 106
4.23 Some plant species with their APTI values in core region 106
(polluted) environment (2012)
4.24 Correlation between waste water pH, temperature, EC, TDS, 107
BOD, COD, Iron, Lead, Chromium and Cadmium in 2010
4.27 Correlations between SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX in control zone in 108
2010
4.28 Correlations between SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX in core zone in 108
2010
4.29 Correlations between SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX in buffer zone in 108
2010
4.30 Correlation between different air parameters of core and buffer 108
zone in 2010
2011
2011
2011
zone in 2011
2012
2012
2012
zone in 2012
4.39 Correlation between minimum noise level in core zone and 110
minimum noise level in buffer zone 2010
4.40 Correlation between maximum noise level in core zone and 110
maximum noise level in buffer zone 2010
4.45 Correlation between protein, sugar, ascorbic acid and 111
chlorophyll of Mangifera indica L. leaf sample in core zone of
2010
chlorophyll of Mangifera indica L. leaf sample in buffer zone of
2010
chlorophyll of Mangifera indica L. leaf sample in control zone
of 2010
4.48 Correlation between protein, sugar, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll of 112
Mangifera indica L. leaf sample from core and buffer zone of
2010
2011
viii
2011
of 2011
2011
2012
2012
of 2012
2012
4.57 Correlation between protein, sugar, ascorbic acid of Mangifera 114
indica L. shoot sample in core zone of 2010
indica L. shoot sample in buffer zone of 2010
indica L. shoot sample in control zone of 2010
indica L. shoot sample from core and buffer zone of 2010
4.69 Correlation between SPM, PM10, SOx, NOx with Sugar, Protein, 116
Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll of Mangifera indica L. leaf
sample in core zone of 2010
ix
sample in buffer zone of 2010
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. leaf sample in core zone of 2010
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. leaf sample in buffer zone of 2010
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. leaf sample in control zone of 2010
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. leaf sample from core and buffer zone
of 2010
of 2011
of 2012
4.87 Correlation between protein, sugar, ascorbic acid of Alstonia 121
scholaris R.Br. shoot sample in core zone of 2010
scholaris R.Br. shoot sample in buffer zone of 2010
scholaris R.Br. shoot sample in control zone of 2010
x
scholaris R.Br. shoot sample from core and buffer zone of 2010
Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll of Alstonia scholaris R.Br. leaf
Oryza sativa L. leaf sample in core zone of 2010
Oryza sativa L. leaf sample in buffer zone of 2010
Oryza sativa L. leaf sample in control zone of 2010
Oryza sativa L. leaf sample from core and buffer zone of 2010
xi
4.117 Correlation between protein, sugar, ascorbic acid of Oryza sativa 128
L. shoot sample in core zone of 2010
L. shoot sample in buffer zone of 2010
L. shoot sample in control zone of 2010
L. shoot sample from core and buffer zone of 2010
L. root sample in core zone of 2010
L. root sample in buffer zone of 2010
L. root sample in control zone of 2010
L. root sample from core and buffer zone of 2010
xii
Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll of Oryza sativa L. leaf sample in
core zone of 2010
core zone of 2011
core zone of 2012
buffer zone of 2010
buffer zone of 2011
buffer zone of 2012
4.147 Correlation between heavy metals viz. Fe, Pb, Cr, Cd present in 135
waste water with Sugar, Protein, Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll
of Oryza sativa L. leaf sample in core zone of 2010
4.150 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe present in leaf tissues of core 136
zone’s Oryza sativa L. plant in 2010
4.151 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in leaf tissues of buffer 136
4.152 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in leaf tissues of control 136
4.153 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in leaf tissues of core 136
and buffer zone’s Oryza sativa L. plant in 2010
xiii
4.162 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe present in shoot tissues of 138
core zone’s Oryza sativa L. plant in 2010
4.163 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in shoot tissues of buffer 138
4.164 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in shoot tissues of 138
control zone’s Oryza sativa L. plant in 2010
4.165 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in shoot tissues of core 139
4.174 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe present in root tissues of 140
4.175 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in root tissues of buffer 141
4.176 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in root tissues of control 141
4.177 Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in root tissues of core 141
xiv
4.186 Correlation between pH, Temperature, EC, TDS, BOD, COD 143
from control area’s surface water in 2010.
from core area’s surface water in 2010.
from buffer area’s surface water in 2010
from control area’s surface water in 2011
from core area’s surface water in 2011
from control area’s surface water in 2012
from core area’s surface water in 2012
4.195 Correlation between pH, Ascorbic acid, chlorophyll content of 145
Oryza sativa L.. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
4.196 Correlation between pH , Ascorbic acid, chlorophyll content of 145
Phaseolus mungo Roxb. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
Raphanus sativus L. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
Mangifera indica L. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
Albezia lebbek Benth. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
4.201 General standars for discharge of Environmental pollutants 146
(EPA, 1986 ).
4.202 Drinking water specification : IS: 10500, 1992 146
xv
4.203 National Ambient Air Quality Standards ,1997 147
4.204 Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise, 2010 147
(CPCB)
xvi
LIST OF FIGURES
4.1 Non specific esterase stain of a sputum slide from polluted 148
area’s sample shows heavy deposition of carbonaceous material
in alveolar macrophage
4.2 Non specific esterase stain of a sputum slide from control area’s 149
sample shows no deposition of carbonaceous material in alveolar
macrophage
4.3 Non specific esterase stain shows iron containing siderophore in 150
a sputum slide of polluted area’s sample
4.4 Necrosis of airway epethelial cell in a sputum slide of polluted 151
area’s sample
4.5 Perls Prussian blue stain shows carbonaceous material in a 152
sputum slide of polluted area’s sample
4.6 Perls Prussian blue stain shows no carbonaceous material in a 153
sputum slide of control area’s sample
LIST OF IMAGES
No. Description Pages

3.1 Google earth image of polluted zone 21
3.2 Google earth image of control zone 22
3.3 Google earth image of polluted and control zone 22
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
3.1 Temporal variation of wind direction (%) in Angadpur area 26
(2010-2012)
3.2 Temporal variation of wind direction (%) in Burdwan University 27
Farm (2010-2012)
3.3 Schematic diagram of study area 29
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS
Ascorbic A. Ascorbic Acid
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectometry
AM Alveolar Macrophage
AR Analytical Reagent
BSA Bovin Serum Albumin
BUFF Buffer Zone
BPEP Best Practice Energy Price
CFU Colony Forming Unit
CONT Control Zone
o
C Degree Celcius
EC Electrical Conductivity
GDP Gross Domestic product
EAF Electric Arc Furnace
FE Frozen Efficiency
Fig Figure
Fw Fresh Weight
GJ Giga Joule
g Gram
IEA International Energy Agency
IISI International Iron and Steel Institute
l liter
µg Microgram
mg/g Miligram/Gram
mg.g-1 Miligram per gram
mg/kg Miligram/kilogram
mg.kg-1 Miligram per kilogram
Min Minute
ml mililiter
Mt Metric ton
NA Not Applicable
NS Not Significant
(P=0.05) 5 % level of significance
(P=0.01) 1 % level of significance
PJ Peta Joule
ppt precipitation
Pt Platinum
r Correlation coefficient
SEC Specific Energy Consumption
SEm Standard Error of Mean
TCA Trichloro Acetic Acid
tcs Tons
TERI Tata Energy Resource Institute
US United States
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
W orldwide there is an increasing emphasis on environmental issues. Iron and

Steel industry is growing globally and so are its related environmental issues.
The sponge iron industry emits gaseous pollutants. In the area of gaseous emissions,
the Kyoto protocol and recently held Copenhagen Summit 2009 has put great pressure
on the industrialized countries to reduce emissions and almost all nations are in
agreement. Although iron and steel is one of the most important industries in the
Indian manufacturing sector, India is only the 15th largest steel producer in the world.
Originating from the first set up of a single steel plant in 1911-12, the iron and steel
sector included 7 integrated iron and steel plants in 1995-1996. Due to the regulatory
and political development of the sector only one of these plants is in private hands
accounting for about 15% of total steel production. The integrated steel units usually
use the blast furnace-basic oxygen/ open hearth furnace process route for iron and
steel production. In addition there are about 180 secondary producers employing the
electric arc furnace process. Another 500 mostly smaller units rely on other processes
such as induction furnace process, melting by re-rollers and ship breaking units. The
economics of steel production in a conventional integrated steel plant is largely
dictated by the iron making operations. This is due to the high energy requirements
for the conversion of iron ore into pig or sponge iron at the iron making stage. Sponge
Iron, a very good raw material for steel making process is obtained from the direct
reduction of iron ore, containing about 92% of Iron, the whole mass is porous and
spongy in appearance, hence the name sponge iron. Most of the sponge iron units in
India operate through coal based rotary kiln process. The growth in demand for steel
in our country continues to be robust, with an 8.9% growth in GDP in the first quarter
of 2007-08 and India is currently the largest sponge iron producer in the world,
growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 24% in the last 5 years.
Primary sources of energy utilized in the iron and steel sector encompass
coking coal, non-coking coal, liquid hydrocarbons, and electricity. Out of these
coking coal holds the major share of energy used (65-80%). While coking coal, non-
coking coal and liquid hydrocarbons are primarily used in integrated steel production,
electricity by far presents the major input for steel making in mini plants using electric
arc furnaces or induction furnaces. Specific final energy consumption in India has
reduced considerably in recent years. While in the 1980s final energy consumption
had been on average 45GJ/tcs (excluding energy used for coke making), in the early
1
INTRODUCTION
1990s it had already declined to around 35GJ/tcs and has since further decreased to an
average 33GJ/tcs in 1995-96. However, specific energy consumption in India is still
considerably higher than in the industrialized world (ranging from 17.1 GJ/tcs
(Netherlands) to 20 GJ/tcs (France) in 1994) (IISI,1996a). Besides technology and
process related factors there are several other general factors affecting specific energy
consumption in steel plants. The product mix, for example, has impact on energy use.
The manufacture of more complex and high quality products increases overall energy
intensity. In addition there are factors specific to India that should be taken into
account when trying to understand why specific energy consumption in Indian steel
plants is higher. They include the quality of raw material that is available in Indian
industries, the scale of operation, plant sizes and sizes of coke ovens, plant utilization
factors, economic and political incentive structures for adoption of technology
updates and modernization, and the installation of energy saving and recovery
systems. Potentials for energy efficiency improvements build to a large extent on
ongoing changes in the iron and steel sector. They arise from improvement in input
factors, from technology conversion and retrofitting as well as from recycling and
waste heat recovery, for example, is immense. Currently, over 50% of the energy used
in integrated steel plants in India is lost. Losses occur as exhaust and by product gases
that could be used for electricity generation or low heat steam production.
Although most of the measures for energy efficiency improvement are cost
effective and provide net benefits within a certain time period, only few measures
have been or are currently being implemented in the Indian iron and steel sector.
Barriers to energy efficiency improvement are of both general and firm process
specific nature thus occurring at the macro and micro level of the economy. In a
capital scarce country like India capital intensive industries generally focus on
reducing capital costs rather than being concerned about energy inputs that hold low
shares in overall input costs. In 1993-1994, energy costs in relation to total input costs
were as low as 6.5%. In contrast, energy costs in relation to production expenditures
which do not capture total capital requirements accounted for 30% in 1996
(TERI,1996). Lack of dissemination of information on energy efficient technologies
as well as specific information on savings and benefits of energy savings potentials
further contribute to the reluctance to energy efficiency improvement. High to
medium initial investment requirements associated with energy conservation
2
INTRODUCTION
measures place burden on the capital scarce economy. Lack of financing capabilities
(particularly for small and medium sized units), as well as lack of incentives and
investment programmes impede the implementation of such measures. Furthermore,
since most of the more efficient and modern technologies and equipment cannot yet
be manufactured in India, acquisition of such technology and equipment requires
foreign exchange. Substantial outflows of foreign exchange, however, would place
further pressure on the overall economy. In addition firm and technology specific
barriers to energy efficiency improvements can be observed. Most of the mini steel
plants are not operating on economics of scale implying that major investment
projects can not economically be implemented. Some of the inefficiency in electric
arc furnaces, for example, is only due to smaller furnace size, which on average only
1/10th of the US electric arc furnace size. For the same reason, cogeneration and
waste heat use facilities cannot be economically adopted in these plants. Public sector
integrated steel entities are usually old using obsolete and degraded technology. Many
particularly more advanced, energy efficiency options do not apply unless a complete
conversion or retrofit of these technologies takes place. Furthermore, considering
efficiency improvements in a broader context of the economy often reveals a tendency
to substitute labour (manual work) by automation. In a labour abundant country like
India, these negative “external” effects reduce the feasibility of these options
independent of cost benefit ratios.
Three scenarios for future energy intensity have been developed linking the
engineering and the economic analysis. The first frozen efficiency scenario assumes
no further improvements in energy intensity as of 1993, the last year of the economic
analysis. Using values for specific energy consumption for the industry and using
forecasts for future steel production, the engineers calculate energy use for the year
2001, 2005 as well as 2010. The second best practice scenario assumes the adoption
of world best practice technology in India by a) the year 2001, b) the year 2005 and c)
2010. Using specific energy consumption values for world best technology as of
today and forecasts for future steel production, the engineers calculate energy
consumption for the industry in the year 2001, 2005, 2010 respectively under this
scenario. The third best practice energy price scenario assumes that by the year 2001
(2005 and 2010 respectively) energy consumption will be reduced to today’s best
practice energy consumption, by means of energy price policies alone. The exercise
3
INTRODUCTION
shows how high a energy price change relative to other factor prices would need to be
to achieve this goal. The frozen efficiency case reveals that total final energy
consumption in the iron and steel sector will reach 1030 PJ by the year 2001, 1279 PJ
by 2005 and 1681 PJ by the year 2010, a more than 2.5 fold increase compared to the
1993 base year. Due to the assumption of no further improvements in energy intensity
this change is slowly driven by increases in crude steel production.
Energy is the single largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the iron and
steel sector contributing to global environmental problems. Reducing energy intensity
is therefore not only beneficial in saving scarce resources and input costs, but also in
reducing carbon emissions and thus mitigating global climate change. Carbon dioxide
emissions from different fuels depends upon fuel quality. For India, they are based on
total energy consumed in the iron and steel sector differentiated by fuel type (IEA,
1998). Best practice emissions calculations are based on best practice energy
consumption, assuming use of coke in sinter plants, blast furnaces as well as to 50%
in pellet plants. The remaining processed are assumed to use natural gas ( gas based
case), except for electric arc furnace- slab which is assumed to be based on the use of
natural gas (80%) and coal (20%).
Natural gas may not be sufficiently available to the iron and steel industry in
the short or even long term. Hence, the petroleum based case assumes the use of
petroleum products instead of gas for best practice iron and steel production.
Information on the fuels employed in different best practice production steps is
provided by Worrell et al., 1993. In India Carbon dioxide emissions amounted to
about 3.3 ton of CO2 per ton of crude steel in 1993 and 1994. In 1995, emissions were
slightly lower at 3.1t CO2 per ton of crude steel. The gas based case reveals a savings
potential for CO2 emissions of 41% to 48% for the three years under consideration.
Best practice CO2 emissions show an increasing trend leading to reduced savings
potentials. The petroleum based case shows savings potential in the range of 38% to
45%, slightly lower than in the gas based case. This is due to the higher CO2 intensity
of petroleum products.
Demand for steel products has almost continuously been higher than steel
production in the past causing India to be a net importer of steel. Due to various
restrictive government regulations regarding distribution, pricing and importing of
4
INTRODUCTION
steel, consumption has to be a significant extent been influenced by domestic
availability of steel. In a liberalized economy consumption is expected to grow
according to free market demand and no longer to be restricted by supply constraints.
Steel is an input to the production of major capital goods, such as automobiles,
railways, power plants etc. is highly dependent on the development of these sectors.
Steel demand is therefore not only determined by the aggregate level of investment
and industrial production but also by the allocation of resources across different
sectors and their shares in total industrial production (Pal,1997). Both gross domestic
capital formation in the construction sector and gross domestic capital formation in
machinery and equipment have been identified as major contributors to steel demand.
Further variables include sectoral as well as overall GDP and demand for consumer
durables. Based on these factors Pal (1997) predicts demand for finished steel
products to increase significantly at an average of 9.5% from 20.4 Mt in 1996-97 to
33 Mt in 2001-02.
It is observed that during the last few years, there has been phenomenal
growth of Sponge Iron units in Angadpur area (Burdwan, West Bengal, India) and
such growth has been accompanied by serious environmental impact in the
surrounding areas, resulting in, contamination of water resources and destruction of
food crops. The sponge iron units are thus critically air polluting in nature having
serious problem of emission of high concentration of particulate matter not only from
point sources (rotary kilns, cooler discharge, raw material handling and product
separation house) but also for high degree of defused secondary emission of the
particulate matter. Full proof air pollution abatement system for such units are yet to
be arrived at. In spite of installation of emission control system, the sponge iron units
are also causing environmental ecological disturbances.
In less developed countries large number of people draws their livelihood

from natural resources like agricultural land, forest, fallow land and water bodies.
Industrialization programme would be socially and environmentally sustainable only
if its long term and short term benefits to the society is at least as great as its total
social cost which include cost due to loss of environmental quality. The potential
positive impact of an industrialization programme on culture, social consciousness,
health and education of the people along with its economic benefits on employment
5
INTRODUCTION
and income should be valued against the enormous social cost involved with such
programmes. Apart from cost due to conversion of land from other uses to industrial
use, the negative externality of a rural industrialization programme arises due to its
impact on environment and quality of resources like agricultural land, forest, grazing
land, water bodies, livestock and human health. Emission of solid, gaseous and liquid
effluents cause damage to air, soil, water bodies, human health, livestock and
biodiversity . The burning of fossil fuel leads to emission of carbon-di-oxide, carbon-
mono-oxide, sulphur and many other harmful particulates.
During of solid and liquid waste results in air and water pollution, which is
aggravated by discharge of heavy metals and chemicals into water and drainage of
liquid effluents. Moreover use of water for industries leads to lowering of ground
water level creating scarcity of water, particularly in dry areas. The possible effect of
environmental degradation can be listed as,
i) The result of harmful impact of industrial pollution on human bodies is to

create health hazard leading to diseases of chronic and permanent nature,
sometimes even affecting the health of new born. There can be long run
adverse effect of standard of living of the affected people, deteriorating their
social and cultural life.
ii) The degradation caused to the ponds, river, and other water bodies on which
farmers depend for irrigation and other purposes leads to lowering of
agricultural productivity, value of cropland and agricultural income which
expose them to high risk and uncertainty.
iii) The degradation of other common property resources like forest and grazing
land has its adverse effects on like stock and livelihood of the people
depending on those resources.
The effect on ecology and bio-diversity creates condition for loss of life
support system both for the present and future generations.
India has emerged as the world’s largest producer of sponge Iron, accounting
for 20% of global output. India has a large deposit of iron ore, a low cost labour force,
a highly qualified technical manpower, and a geographically advantageous location in
south Asia. But it could not manage the technological change efficiently for enhance
6
INTRODUCTION
production and minimize pollution. So different management step can be taken to
combat pollution level there are as follows:-
i) Manufacturing operation by new technology such as

MIDREX/COREX/DIRECT Reduction process, etc.
ii) COREX technology may be beneficial in saving energy and investment costs,
while reducing environmental pollution. As of today, worldwide, only one
operating COREX plant exists.
iii) Minimize pollution by using differ instruments like ESPS, scrubbing rubber,
Gravity Setting chamber etc.
iv) Impose some policy instrument like taxes, tariffs, etc to the polluters.
v) Focused the Air pollution and water pollution control Act.
vi) Government will enforce, to the polluters for planting.
vii) Environmental training programmers will gives appropriate priority.
viii) Various environmental Awareness programmers like world Environment Day,

Earth Day, Environmental Month, Mines Environment and conservation week
etc will be observed.
ix) Solid wastes generated which are either being recycled inside the works or
being commercially disposed.
With a view to making various operations in steel industry environment

friendly, environmental audit and life cycle assessment of existing steel plants
(including sponge iron units) would be encouraged so that the relevant processes
reduce emissions and effluents, minimize and better manage solid waste generation,
and improve resource conservation such as energy and water. There are some fine
examples of high level environmental performance in the steel sector already.
However the steel sector would join the efforts of other industries to improve
environmental performance even more. The secondary steel producers would be
proactively assisted in shifting to processes that are more environment protective. So,
for observing the impact, different study is taken upon air, soil, water and different
environmental biological component.
7
INTRODUCTION
The aims and objectives of this study are to show the impact of sponge iron
factory upon the specified surround environment by observation and study the
different environmental component. One prime importance of this study is to manage
the environment from industrial pollution by discovering some new alternatives or
recommendation of different technology / tools/ some new way to minimize the
pollution level.
Previously, different workers work about sponge iron factory from different
angle but this mode of work has not been done earlier.
8
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A s per Dales (1968) imposition of taxes i.e. tariff and subsidies is a system of
conducting market operations with tradable pollution rights or pollution
permits with a view of achieving specified environment target .
Boulding’s (1970) studies on valuation of environmental and natural resources

‘Economics as science’ the idea of valuing environmental quality has developed
through a long process of research and development.
Arrow and Fisher’s (1974); Fisher and Krutilla’s (1985) treatment of the issue
of preservation of environmental quality and natural resources are considered as path
breaking.
Choudhury et al., (1977) defined that pollutants enter into the plants and react
in variety of ways before being removed or absorbed that may include accumulation,
chemical transformation and incorporation into the metabolic system. In the process
some plants are injured, while others show minimal effects.
Scholz and Reck (1977) have reported that in presence of an acidic pollutant,
the leaf PH is lowered and the decline is greater in sensitive species. A shift in cell sap
PH towards the acid side in presence of an acidic pollutant might decrease the
efficiency of conversion of hexose sugar to ascorbic acid.
Chaudhary and Rao (1977); Varshney and Varshney (1984) are of the opinion
that higher ascorbic acid content of the plant is a sign of its tolerance against sulpher
dioxide pollution.
According to Treshow (1981) the leaves are generally used as experimental

material for pollution measurement as they take up large amount of pollution. Some
plant species are so sensitive that they can be conveniently employed as biological
indicators or monitors of specific pollutants.
Singh and Rao (1983) opined that different plant species shows considerable
variation in their susceptibility to air pollution. The plants having high and low APTI
value can serve as tolerant and sensitive species. Sensitivity levels for different plants
to air pollution differ for herb, shrub and trees. Therefore the indices for different
plants should be considered separately.
According to Singh et al., (1985); Sharma et al., (1986) the discharge of

untreated industrial effluents is one of the most significant reasons for pollution of
9
environment ecosystem and irrigated lands. Most of the waste or effluent water
contains trace quantities of many heavy metals such as nickel, manganese, lead,
chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron, mercury as reported by above mentioned
workers.
Chopra et al., (1990) showed from their study that common property land
resources and its quality have deteriorated throughout India. Kadekodi and Parwaiz
(1998) observed similar phenomenon in Tamilnadu.
Ostrom (1990); Seabright (1993) have demonstrated both theoretically and

with the help of case studies , the working of co-operative behavior among the self
interested people is a great policy instrument for minimization of industrial pollution.
Ross and Liu (1991) reported that steel making based on external scrap (scrap
from outside the steel sector) requires less than half as much primary energy as steel
made from iron ore.
Ahmad and Dhillon (1991) informed that energy accounts for about 35 to 40%
of the cost of steel production in India, whereas it is about 28% in the developed
countries.
Pandey and Agarwal (1992) mentioned that when plants are stationary and
continuously exposed to chemical pollutants from the surrounding atmosphere, air
pollution injury to plants is proportional to the intensity of the pollution. Reduction in
plant height, canopy area, plant biomass and chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and nitrogen
content in plants growing at sites receiving higher pollution are some of the common
responses of plants.
Heck et al., (1988); Jager et al., (1994) clearly shown that significant crop
yield losses are due to high concentration of ambient air pollutant level in industrial
area.
Sharma et al., (1994) observed that in Arabidopsis thaliana RNA blot analysis
that mRNA levels for several defense related enzymes and of cytosolic Cu-Zn SOD
and neutral peroxidase are found to be higher in plants treated with 300nl 1-1 03 than
in ambient air treated controls.
A TERI study (1994) used the data on capital and revenue costs by coal
producing companies towards environmental protection. The study used the control
10
cost approach to arrive at estimates of environmental cost per tonne of coal produced
by mines.
Sharma et al., (1995) explained that the detrimental effect of high percentage
of Cr could be ascribed to poor growth of radicle and plumule of paddy plant.
Wahid et al., (1995) reported the decrease in wheat yield due to air pollution
in Pakistan and Punjab.
Ghajar (1996) explained that noise pollution is a major problem in the cities
with having negative affects on auditory system and other physiological parameters of
human body, thus the efficiency is decreased.
Nakra (1996) reported that there was expansion of the steel sector, after the
economic reforms. The new entrance as well as the existing manufacturers went for
technical tie-ups with leading steel producers of the world.
Chattopadhyay (1996) reported that leaves respond to pollution are undergo

quantitative changes in varying degree in a number of leaf surface
micromorphological characters.
According to Nakra, (1996) India has abundance of Iron Ore, many other raw
materials for Iron making and cheap Labour. It has the fourth largest iron ore reserves
(10.3 billion tones) after Russia, Brazil, and Australia.
Worrell et al., (1997) and world Energy Council (1995) described the most
advanced Corex technology using syngas from fossil fuels instead of coke, and using
smelt reduction; sponge iron is produced in small scale plants by direct reduction
(DR) process, and it is reduced at temperatures below the corex technology may be
beneficial in saving energy and investment costs, while reducing environmental
pollutions.
Hartman, Wheeler and Singh (1997) Gupta and Kumar (2003) have all
analysed and estimated costs for air pollution abatement for USA.
According to Wilhelm, (1998) today some of the top steel producing nations
are developing countries. China is now the largest steel producing country in the
world. India’s position is tenth.
11
Sairam et al., (1998) illustrate that heavy metals are known to cause stress in
the plants and lead to production of free radicals. The antioxidants catalyse the
reduction of superoxide radicle.
De (1998) stated that the technology policy of India could not generate the
desired thrust for a sustainable technological growth.
An information published in the Economic times that a recent survey (1999)

shows three steel producers from India in the list of top hundred steel manufactures
one is 12th position and the other two after 50th in the list.
Dasgupta (1999) has elaborately discussed social capital as alternative

instrument for management of environment and natural resources.
Government of India (1999) informed that for four decades since

Independence, the steel industry in India grew in protected and controlled
environment with administrative control over prices, distribution and allocation of
import resources, and high tariffs.
An information according to the centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (1999)

and Steel Scenario Yearbook (1998) the total saleable steel production, which was
only 0.9 million ton pert annum (mtpa) in 1947, raised to nearly 19 mtpa in 1997-
1998.
Environmental Protection Organisation (2001) determined the threshold limit

of sound for traffic areas, residential areas, commercial areas and city levels, 70, 55,
65 and 65 db respectively.
Korte et al., (2001) proved that unwanted noise effects on humans include:
sensitivity nerve, severe irritability, muscle cramps, fatigue and emotional physical,
stress and anxiety, dizziness, headaches and migrations, loss of balance, tendency to
suicide and killing, immortality, violence and lack of concentration, hormone
adrenaline, vision weakness, eyes being more open, sexual weakness, impaired
regulation of digestive system, inflammation and ulcers, constipation, indigestion,
intestinal inflammation, jumping out of sleep, decreased resistance of skin reaction,
asthma due to the rupture of blood vessels, changes in activity egg and contraction of
blood vessels, increased blood pressure and internal pressure vessels, infants born
preterm, temporary and even permanent hearing loss.
12
Nivane et al., (2001) opined that degradation of photosynthetic pigment of
plant sample has been widely used as an indicator of air pollution.
Pandit et al., (2002) showed that the sponge iron industries cause potential
health risk to the people living around them.
As per Clelland (2002) Generation of garbage is directly proportional to the

population growth in the best case and at worst it grows at an exponential rate within
specific locations. Clelland represented a detailed design, analysis and
implementation issues of environment friendly computer based waste management
system.
Behera and Reddy (2002) have carried out analysis of impact of industrial
pollution on agriculture production through deterioration in the quality of irrigation
water for a village in Andhra Pradesh in India.
According to Kopfle et al., and Clelland and Metius (2002) midrex process is
a very useful process to lower the Co2 emission. In midrex process natural gas is used
as a direct reduction technology such as a MIDREX(R) process as a reductant to
remove oxygen from iron and as a fuel to provide heat. Natural gas can also be used
to produce the electricity required for the EAF [Electric Arc Furnace]. The DR/EAF
combination has much lower carbon emission per ton of steel than does the BF/BOF
[Blast Furnace/Basic Oxygen furnace] process.
Saxena et al., (2003) and Cropper et al., (1997) opined that a number of
studies are carried out on this issue by NGOs, academic institutions or through
international activities. Impacts of air pollution is an important policy issue. Time to
time, CPCB assigns the health impact study to academic and research institutions.
Main focus is an urban air pollution, in particular impacts of particles.
Xue et al., (2003) showed that Air pollution impact of sponge iron units on the
state capital city, Raipur, Located 30 km south to these clusters become a high profile
issue for both the state and national Governments.
Gupta and Kumar (2003) have measured the resource use efficiency of the
electricity generating units in the USA under SO2 trading regime.
According to UN, SEEA (2003) United Nations system For Integrated

Environmental and Economic Accounting, environmental protection expenditure is a
13
measure of the value of preserving environment and is inferred from what people
spend to prevent its degradation or to restore it to its original state after it has been
damaged.
According to WBPCB (2004) the primary air pollutants are generated directly
from the sources, whereas secondary air pollutants are generated from the primary
pollutants by complex chemical reactions in presence of ultra-violate radiation
involving free radicle formation.
According to Singh (2005) high dust collecting capacity may be one of the
reasons for the sensitive plant species studied to become highly susceptible to the
auto-exhaust pollutants, making reduction or increase of different biochemical and
physiological parameters.
Barik et al., (2005) observed the relative efficiency of plant species Psidium
guyava has the maximum dust trapping efficiency followed by Ficus benghalensis. At
the same time Ziziphus mauritina has shown the minimum dust trapping efficiency.
The study of Reshu (2005) summarized the effect of air pollution on road side
wheat crop particularly through automobile exhausts discharged by high traffic
density on the main Bhagwanpur road of Saharanpur. The results showed great
variation in the development and number of spikelets in wheat plants present at 20 m
distance away from road side as compared to crop present at 200 m distance away
from road side.
Wanmare and Deshpande (2005) studied the effect SO2 on spore germination
of 14 fungal species from the phyllosphere of different ornamental plants. There was a
drastic reduction in spore germination of different fungal species under SO2
environment. Similarly effect of H2S was also studied on spore germination of 14
phyllosphere fungi, most of which were highly affected.
Jena et al., (2005) studied the need and procedure for Environmental impact
Assessment and Environmental Management plan. Some typical studied for a lime
stone mine, an iron ore mine and a coal mine have been described briefly. It is
emphasized that, for better management of the mineral resources and keeping the
mine area environmentally clean and also to make the area productive, it is necessary
to make EIA and EMP studied and implement the programmes.
14
Das et al., (2005) discussed Environmental management at the selected sponge
iron industry in Sundargarh-Jharsuguda area, Orissa, India. The cause of adverse
environment impact are identified and action for mitigation has been described
Besides regular pollution control measures, the industry has launched a pilot project
to implement CDM protocol which has dual advantage of waste based power
production and carbon Emission Reduction Credit.
Madhumala Sengupta’s (2005) study finds out the level of environmental

awareness of the trainee teachers and their altitude towards environmental education.
The sample consisted of teachers of ICSE schools. Their attitude towards inclusion of
environmental education in B.Ed syllabus is positive. They supported most of the
variables related to effective teaching of environmental education namely, activity
method of teaching, team teaching etc. Many of them even declared that teaching of
environmental education along with other subjects will not pose any difficulty.
Sharma et al., (2005) study showed that Bougainvillea is a pollution tolerant

plant and can help in the mitigation of air pollution besides its ornamental value in the
landscaping. From the rich germ plasma collection in NBRI Botanical Garden,
tolerant plants have been experimented for road side plantation in view of mitigation
the environmental pollution.
Sundar (2005) represented the importance of environmental impact assessment

in the context of environmental degradation in consequence of industrialization,
urbanization and agrochemicals. It analyses component of environmental baseline
study, in terms of survey of physical, environmental and biological environment,
various aspects of environment impact analysis, indicators used in impact analysis and
impact evaluation. Paper concludes with some policy measures to promote effective
environmental impact assessment methods.
Swar (2005) presented the growth of sponge iron units in Orissa, their
pollutions problems present environmental management practices, pollution control
regulating Framework and enforcement mechanism and strategies for further
improvement to prevent pollution.
Tamotia (2005) described the management of waste through new technology.

From their views the iron and steel industry while helping in the socioeconomic
15
development create a lot of pollution and waste management problem. An account of
various pollutants both solid and liquid produced in iron, steel and allied industries
have been described. In his paper methods adopted for processing those wastes have
been briefly described and discussed.
Bandhopadhyay et al., (2005) reported that Metallurgical and mineral

processing industries are always known to be major contributes to environmental
pollution. Amongst them the iron and steel sector finds predominance simply because
of the significant volume of effluents, emission and solid wastes generated from the
various process streams. A large number of innovations in waste management have
resulted in implementation of integrated waste management plans in the steel sector as
well as development of many value added products.
Krishnakumar et al., (2005) tried to show that if environmental degradation

happen in a place then it may be the reason for communicable diseases. A case study
was revealed by him about this topic in Kerala state.
Shivasankara et al., (2005) tried to carry out to understand the existing solid
waste management system in the area Kodigehally, Bangalore which is extended to an
area of 5.5sq.km. Solid waste samples were collected from 6 sampling stations, which
include residential, commercial and institutional areas. Physical and chemical
characteristics showed that solid waste are rich in compostable matter and are suitable
for vermicomposting.
According to Mandal (2006) roadside plant can easily avoid the effects of air
pollution by altering their physiological pathways pertaining to photosynthesis and
respiration. Stomatal closure in Boerhaavia, Amaranthus, Cephlandra and stomatal
clogging in Nerium and Tabernaemontana help these plant in preventing the entry of
poisonous gases. The increased activity of the enzyme Phosphoenol Pyruvate
Carboxylase (PEPCase) belonging to C4 pathway helps Nerium and Boerhaavia (both
C3 plants) in carbon fixation under stress condition.
The study of Mamta et al., (2006) revealed that diesel engines emission caused
appreciable changes in the number of epidermal cells and stomata per unit area.
According to OECD (2006) the chemical and engineering industries are at the
top of the Government’s list, since they are the major contributors to air, water and
16
waste pollution. These Industries include integrated iron and steel plants, non ferrous
metallurgical units, pharmaceutical and petrochemical complexes, fertilizers and
pesticide plants, thermal power plants, textiles, pulp and paper, tanneries and
chloralkali units.
Wath et al., (2006) observed that vegetation at roadside with heavy traffic and
markets was much affected by vehicular emission. Significant decrease in total
chlorophyll and protein content was observed with reduced leaf area. It is concluded
that plants can be used as indicators for urban air pollution, and there is need to
protect the roadside plants from air pollution.
Gupta et al., (2006) described in their paper that the Gaussian based air
pollution model for the IFFCO plant at Phulpar Allahabad implemented under GIS
environment, has been tested for various validation points to check its efficacy and
has been found to be suitable for prediction of air pollutants in future. Further a user
interactive modeling interface has been developed using visual Basic as a front end
implementing the Are objects of the Are GIS8-3 to make it more user friendly and
increase its acceptability among environmentalists, plannersand decision makers.
As per Hanse et al., (2006) today as global temp. is increasing at a rate of

about 0.2 degree centigrade (0.360 F) per decade, isotherms (a line of a given average
temp) are moving pole ward at a rate of about 50-60 km (35miles) per decade .
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) calculated a

sea level rise of only 21-51cm by 2095 for “business-as-usual” scenarios A2 and A1
B, but there calculation included only thermal expansion of the ocean and melting of
alpine glaciers, thus omitting the most critical component of sea level change that
from ice sheets.
As per Battacharjee (2007) as per the national steel policy issued by the
ministry of steel-India will produce 110million ton of steel by 2020 which will require
30 million ton of metallic sponge iron compared to 13.9million ton produced in 2006.
CPCB (2007) has introduced a subscheme i.e., environmental Statistics and

Mapping which can contribute towards improving monitoring capacity.
Environmental Statistics explicitly or implicitly involve measuring and monitoring of
pollution.
17
Asian Regional Research Programme on Environmental Technology (2007)
co-ordinated by Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok and funded by SIDA (2007),
carried out monitoring for fine and coarse particles continuously in 6 cities in Asia
which include Chennai in India (AIRPET, 2007).
Rao et al., (2009) informed that the air quality index was calculated in
Chattishgarh (central India) for all the sampling stations and compared with the 5
categories i.e. 0-25, 26-50, 51-75, 76-100 and greater than 100 representing clean air,
light, moderate, heavy and severe air pollution respectively.
Tripathi et al., (2009) suggested that the plants which are tolerant can be used
as scavengers for identification and impacts of combating air pollution in the city’s
polluted area where non ferrous smelting is done at a large scale. Workers are facing
so many health problems as they are directly exposed to toxic metal fumes in these
industries. Green belt plantation around the air polluting unit can never be a claim for
the removal of air pollutants at the region, but effectively planted trees in the green
belt may potentially remove the toxic gases in considerable amount.
Yap et al., (2009) reported that the most of the heavy metals accumulated in
the roots portion which was uptake by paddy plant in Kota Marudu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Cd was evenly distributed throughout the whole plant at very low concentration while
Pb was only detected in the paddy roots.
A fact finding team (2009) reported in the Gajasimul, Jhargram area, West
Medinipur, that how devastation in the name of industrialization. The nauseating
black discharge from Rashmi Ispat at Gajashimul was freely flowing on to the
adjoining fields and then in to a large adjacent water body. However a closer look
revealed the effect the effluent was having on the top soil. No wonder the number of
still born calves are increasing alarmingly, adversely affecting the bovine population
and the local economy. Besides water scarcity is hitting the villagers hard.
Kisku et al., (2011) proved that the effluents for irrigating the crops/ weeds for
longer period result in accumulation of heavy metal in soil. These are the reasons for
imbalances of nutrients in soil and plants and affect the animal and human health
adversely. Depending upon the accumulation ratio of metals in fruits/ seeds white
18
mustard, brinjal and chilli are preferable to cultivate than other studied crop species in
Kalipur village of Durgapur Industrial Belt, west Bengal, India.
Deb Dibakar et al., (2012) carried out a analysis for assessment of heavy
metals and physico-chemical parameters of water samples of the vicinity of the
municipality dumping sites of Karimganj district, Assam, India. It was shown that the
concentration of Mn, Cr and Cd have exceeded the allowable limit for drinking water.
Mohammed et al., (2012) analysed amaranth and cabbage sample from

Zanzibar for detection of heavy metal concentrations using Energy Dispersive x-ray
Fluorescence Spectrometry (EDXRF) of Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission
(TAEC) in Arusha and reported that amaranth sample had significant higher
concentration of Zn, Fe, Cr and Mn than Cabbage while Cd, Ni and Pb were
significantly higher in cabbage than amaranth.
19
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Description of the study area
F ield experiments during late winter to mid summer seasons of 2010, 2011, 2012
were conducted in a well-known polluted site (pollution due to sponge iron
factory), Angadpur area under Durgapur municipality, Burdwan district, West Bengal,
India. Now-a-days Angadpur area is widely spread of sponge iron industry. The
mineral based industrial development and rapid urbanization in this area has albeit
resulted in pollution and environmental degradation and its effects are being felt on a
wide scale. In many long days ago there were huge amounts of agricultural land but
now large amount of agricultural sector occupied by this type of industrial unit. A
control site Burdwan University farm area, under Burdwan University, West Bengal,
India was also chosen for comparative studies because there is no such type of
industry or any other pollution source and it is surrounded by dense canopy of trees.
The adjacent villages encircles the university farm.
3.2 Physiography
Angadpur is located in Burdwan district of West Bengal, on the bank of

Damodar River, just before it enters the alluvial plains of Bengal under Durgapur
Municipal Corporation Zone, West Bengal, Latitude- N 233010.9" Longitude- E
87°16'56.0" Altitude-70 meter. The topography is undulating. University farm is
situated at 2315'07.8''N latitude and 87°50'40.3''E longitude with an average altitude
of 30 meter above the mean sea level.
20
Image 3.1: Google earth image of polluted zone.
21
Image 3.2: Google earth image of control zone
Image 3.3: Google earth image of polluted and control zone
22
3.3 Climatic condition
Angadpur area falls under a transitional climate between the tropical wet and
dry climatic zones. Four prominent seasons are observed these are summer, winter,
rainy season, and autumn. Summers are extremely hot lasting from March to the
middle of June. The monsoon season starts immediately after summer till late
September. The southwest monsoon brings lot of rainfall during rainy season and
there is no draught in this area. The temperature starts decreasing from the month of
October. December is the coldest month. Mean maximum temperature during
December is 26.0ºC and mean minimum is 11.0ºC. The daily mean temperature starts
rising from the month of February and May is the peak summer month when mean
maximum temperature goes up to 39ºC and minimum temperature is 25ºC to 26ºC. In
severe heat condition temperature rises up to 43ºC. However temperature starts
reducing after May due to onset of monsoon, which last from June to September when
it is hot and humid. The average annual rainfall is about 1450-1500 mm. Average no
of rainy days is 60 to 65 through out the area. The relative humidity is very high
during monsoon season. The prominent wind direction is from south to north. In
summer the wind direction is from south to north and monsoon from southwest to
northeast. Winter, the wind direction changes from north to south and east. University
Farm is situated under monsoon-humid climate zone having a little extreme weather
condition. The average annual rainfall varies from 1500-1600 mm of which maximum
occurs in July-August. The details of the climate condition during the study period
(from 2010-2012) have been presented in the Tables 3.1 and 3.2.
23
Table 3.1: Climate condition of experimental station (polluted zone) pertaining to the period (2010, 2011, 2012) of experimentation
Month Standard Temperature (C) Total Rainfall Mean Relative humidity (%)
week Minimum Maximum (mm) Minimum Maximum
2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
February 3rd 15.7 14.4 16 30.4 29.7 29 35.7 0 7.7 24.7 28.7 29.8 77.4 73.8 84
4th 17 12.5 15.7 33.2 31.2 34.8 2.9 0 0 16.8 12.1 11.8 68.1 61.2 57.5
March 1st 19.2 14.4 16.2 37.2 35.1 35.2 0 0 0 11.4 10.1 9.5 57.1 47 50.4
2nd 19.1 17 17.8 36 33.5 33.4 0 14 12.6 12.4 20.2 15.5 49.1 77.4 56.8
3rd 20.2 18.8 18.5 37 38 35 21 0 0 21 9.7 17.8 73.5 76.8 74.1
4th 23 19.4 19.1 40.5 35.1 38.2 0 7.14 0 15.1 33.1 7.5 73.1 73.2 43.1
April 1st 25 18.1 20 41.4 35.1 35.7 0 0.14 21.7 8.7 27.8 31.7 73.1 82.8 82.8
2nd 25.4 19.4 21.2 42.4 36.7 35.4 0 26.6 0.35 14.5 17.8 36.4 72.5 73.8 82.7
3rd 26.7 21.2 23.5 43.4 36.8 40 0 29.4 0 14.5 30.2 14.7 76.7 83.1 80.8
4th 25.1 20 23.2 38.9 34.4 40.4 22.4 67.2 9.8 17 34.1 20.2 75.1 85.8 76
May 1st 23.4 19.7 21.8 35.1 35.8 37 52.5 76.3 6.6 42.8 41.8 30.1 85.5 88 77.1
2nd 25.5 22.2 23.7 39.4 36.8 39 11.9 1.05 17.5 30.5 39.4 30.2 85.1 85.5 75.1
3rd 24.4 21.8 24.8 36.1 35.4 41 16.8 28.7 17.5 41 47.2 26 82.8 86.2 78.8
4th 23.4 21.8 25 34.5 35.4 42.1 24.5 8.4 17.5 49.7 49.1 24.7 84.7 90.5 82.2
24
Table 3.2: Climate condition of experimental station (control zone) pertaining to the period (2010, 2011, 2012) of experimentation
Month Standard Temperature (C) Total Rainfall Mean Relative humidity (%)
week Minimum Maximum (mm) Minimum Maximum
2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
February 3rd 17.9 17.3 15.9 28.2 28.5 28 4.0 0 8.8 37 35 43 89 90 85
4th 16.0 15.7 16.1 30.0 29.4 31.9 0 0 0 32 29 28 90 89 78
March 1st 20.4 16.6 16.9 35.7 33.2 32.2 35.7 0 0 28 25 24 80 75 80
2nd 18.7 18.2 17.9 32.2 34.6 31.2 32.2 5.0 1 32 35 33 80 78 76
3rd 21.0 23.8 20.5 33.9 33.1 32.4 33.9 0 0 37 28 34 83 88 81
4th 24.3 21.7 20.1 38.3 35.9 35.3 38.3 11.0 0 34 49 27 87 89 86
April 1st 25.8 22.4 21.3 38.4 33.8 32.9 0 22.0 31.6 30 39 50 89 89 86
2nd 26.4 22.6 21.4 39.8 35.2 32.2 0 0 20 25 35 53 88 80 83
3rd 26.2 23.8 25.3 38.2 35.8 36.6 3.4 7.0 0 35 36 35 84 83 90
4th 25.9 23.1 24.5 34.8 36.2 37.7 32.4 41.0 17.4 31 40 36 80 91 75
May 1st 26.9 23.8 23.05 33.5 33.2 35.3 21.7 34.2 7.6 60 51 45 88 89 91
2nd 27.0 24.1 24.9 37.6 35.1 37.2 22.4 21.5 0 49 50 43 87 88 88
3rd 26.8 22.6 25.3 35.5 36.0 38.7 0 29.0 45.8 60 53 43 86 86 86
4th 26.2 26.2 26.4 36.5 35.3 37.8 54.6 17.0 12 58 56 47 88 90 90
25
Diagram 3.1: Temporal variation of wind direction (%) in Angadpur area (2010-
2012)
N
50
40
30
SW S
20
10
0
SE NW
NE
26
Diagram 3.2: Temporal variation of wind direction (%) in Burdwan University

Farm (2010-2012)
N
25
ESE S
20
SSE NW
15
SSW NE
10
5
WSW SE
0
ENE SW
W NNW
NNE WNW
CALM E
27
3.4 Experimental details
3.4.1 Title of the experiment
“Studies on Environmental Impact and Management of Sponge Iron Factory in

Durgapur Industrial Zone (Angadpur).”
3.4.2 Experimental layout of study zones
Field experiments were conducted in polluted zone and control zone. Again
polluted zone is divided into two subzones namely core and buffer zone. Core zone
extends upto 1 km periphery from factory clusters and buffer zone extends 2 km
periphery after core area. There were no any subzones of control zone. Different field
experiments were conducted in respective three zones.
28
Diagram 3.3: Schematic diagram of study area
Burdwan
University Farm
29
3.4.3 Details of experimental treatments
Table 3.3: Operations protocol
Operation name Parameter studied Studied zone Operation year

General characterisation of pH, temp, EC, TDS, BOD, COD, Fe , Pb, Only core zone
Sponge Iron Factories waste water Cr, Cd 2010, 2011, 2012
Assessment of surface water pH, temp, EC, TDS, BOD, COD Core, buffer and control zone 2010, 2011, 2012
quality (pond)
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX Core, buffer and control zone 2010, 2011, 2012
Measurement of noise level Sound pressure Core, buffer and control zone 2010, 2011, 2012
Biological impact measurement
through biochemical study of
different plant species
Mangifera indica L.
Plant parts--leaf Protein, sugar, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll
shoot Protein, sugar, ascorbic acid
Alstonia scholaris R.Br.
shoot Protein, sugar, ascorbic acid 2010, 2011, 2012
Oryza sativa L. var.I-R-36 Core, buffer and control zone
shoot Protein, sugar, ascorbic acid
root Protein, sugar, ascorbic acid
Heavy metal detection inside
Oryza sativa L. var.I-R-36 Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe
Leaf, shoot and root sample
contd. next page
30
Operation name Parameter studied Studied zone Operation year

Biological impact study upon
Human through
Clinical examination PAP stain, Perl’s Prussian Blue stain, Non
specific esterase stain. Core, buffer and control zone 2010, 2011, 2012
Questionnare survey questioning
Soil microbiological impact study N2 fixing bacterial colony count, Core, buffer and control zone 2010, 2011, 2012
through Fungal population count
Socio economic background study Male and female population, backward Core and buffer zone
population, slums population, jobs pattern, 2010, 2011, 2012
literacy rate.
Measurement of APTI value of
some crop plant and agricultural
plant Leaf extract pH, leaf ascorbic acid, leaf
Oryza sativa L. chlorophyll, relative water content of leaf. Only core zone
Phaseolus mungo Roxb. 2012
Raphanus sativus L.
Alstonia scholaris R.Br.
Mangifera indica L.
Albezia lebbek Benth.
31
3.5 Methodology
Any industrial activity is expected to cause impacts on surrounding

environment during its operation phases. The impacts may be adverse or beneficial. In
order to assess the impacts due to the industrial activity, an Environmental Impact
Assessment study has been conducted within an area of 3 km radius (core zone +
buffer zone) around the factory site. A comparative assessment study was also
conducted to compare with the industrial impact. So a control zone was chosen for
same study. The various steps involved in Environmental Impact Assessment study
are divided into the following phases:
 Identification of significant environmental parameters and assessing the

existing status within the impact zone with respect of water, air, noise, soil,
biological and socioeconomic components of environment.
 Measurement of impact on air quality.
 Measurement of impact on Water, Land, Biological and Socio Economic

Environment.
 Evaluation of total impacts over the baseline scenario to prepare an

Environmental Management Plan.
The methodology adopted for studying the various individual components of

environment are described below.
3.5.1 Water parameters study
Randomly surface water samples (pond) at eight different locations from each
of the three respective sites and industrial waste water samples from core zone were
collected for assessment of the existing physicochemical quality. Heavy metal
analysis from Industrial Waste Water samples were also performed. Methodologies
adopted for sampling and analysis were according to the IS methods. Field parameters
such as pH, Temperature, conductivity, TDS, BOD and COD were monitored. The
parameters thus analysed were compared with IS 10500.
32
3.5.1.1 Estimation of water pH by potentiometric method
Apparatus
a. pH meter with temperature compensating device, accurate and reproducible to

0.1 pH unit with a range of 0 to 14.
b. Reference electrode preferably with quartz liquid junction. Refill non-sealed

electrodes with correct electrolyte to proper level and make sure junction is
properly wetted.
c. Glass electrode
Reagents
a. Potassium hydrogen phthalate buffer, 0.05M, pH 4.00. Dissolve 10.12 g

KHC8H4O4 (potassium hydrogen phthalate) in 1000 mL freshly boiled and
cooled distilled water
b. 0.025M Potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.025M disodium hydrogen

phosphate buffer, pH 6.86. Dissolve 3.387 g KH2PO4 + 3.533 g Na2HPO4 in
1000 mL freshly boiled and cooled distilled water
c. 0.01M sodium borate decahydrate (borax buffer), pH = 9.18. Dissolve 3.80 g

Na2B4O7.10H2O in 1000 mL freshly boiled and cooled distilled water.
d. Store buffer solutions in polyethylene bottles. Replace buffer solutions every 4

weeks.
Procedure
a. Remove electrodes from storage solution, rinse, blot dry with soft tissue, place
in initial buffer solution and standardise pH meter according to manufacturer’s
instructions.
b. Remove electrodes from the first buffer, rinse thoroughly with distilled water,
blot dry and immerse in second buffer preferably of pH within 2 pH units of
the pH of the sample. Read pH, which should be within 0.1 unit of the pH of
the second buffer.
c. Determine pH of the sample using the same procedure as in (b) after

establishing equilibrium between electrodes and sample. For buffered samples
33
this can be done by dipping the electrode into a portion of the sample for 1
min. Blot dry, immerse in a fresh portion of the same sample, and read pH.
d. With dilute poorly buffered solutions, equilibrate electrodes by immersing in

three or four successive portions of the sample. Take a fresh sample to
measure pH.
e. Stir the sample gently while measuring pH to insure homogeneity
3.5.1.2 Measurement of water temperature by Mercury thermometer method
Mercury thermometer having a scale marked for every 0.1oC.
Procedure
a. Immerse thermometer in the sample up-to the mark specified by the

manufacturer and read temperature after equilibration.
b. When a temperature profile at a number of different depths is required a

thermistor with a sufficiently long lead may be used.
3.5.1.3 Measurement of electrical conductivity by conductivity cell

potentiometric method
Calibrate EC meter: procedure
EC meter with built-in temperature compensation
1. Rinse conductivity cell with three portions of KCl, 0.01 M
2. Immerse in the standard KCl solution
3. Adjust temperature compensation dial to 0.0191/ °C
4. Adjust meter to read 1412 µmho/cm
Calibrate EC meter: procedure
EC meter without built-in temperature compensation
1. Rinse conductivity cell with three portions of KCl
2. Note the temperature of fourth portion
3. Insert cell in the fourth portion & read resistance
4. Calculate cell constant
34
1412
KC   0.0191 t  25   1
CKCl 
KC = the cell constant, 1/cm
CKCl = measured conductance, µmho
t = observed temperature of standard KCl solution, °C
Measure sample’s conductivity: procedure
1. Rinse cell with one or more portions of sample
2. Adjust sample temperature about 25°C
3. Immerse cell in sample: sample level above vent holes
4. Read & note conductivity of sample
5. Measure temperature of sample & record to nearest 0.1°C
6. Calculate EC at 25°C
CM  K C
Calculation: EC (µmho/cm) =
0.0191 t  25   1
Kc = the cell constant, 1/cm
CM = measured conductance of the sample, µmho
t = observed temperature of sample, C
3.5.1.4 Total Dissolved Solid by Gravimetric Method
Principle:
Total dissolved solids are the material that passes through a standard filter disc
and remains after evaporation and drying to constant weight at 180C through water
bath.
Procedure:
Wash the suitable evaporating dish with milipore water and dry in the oven at
appropriate temperature. Then keep it in a dessicator for 20 minutes. Take the first
weight (A). Take 50 ml filtered sample in the evaporating dish. Keep the evaporating
dish in the 180±2C oven for an hour or more as may be required. After evaporation
35
water vapour may be deposited at the upper part of the beaker, wipe that water vapour
by using tissue paper. Take out the evaporating dish from the oven, keep in the
dessicator for 30 minutes and take the second wt. (B).
Calculating total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration:
TDS =
 B  A  1000
Volume of sample taken in ml.
B = weight of dried residue + dish, mg
A = weight of dish, mg.
3.5.1.5 Biological Oxygen Demand by BIS method IS 3205 Part 44:1993
Principle:
Biological Oxygen Demand is the measure of uptake rate of oxygen by

microorganisms in oxidation state. BOD is one of the most common measurement
methods of measuring pollutant organic material in water. The dissolved oxygen (DO)
level of a water sample is measured for three days which is stated as BOD3. The DO
level of the sample is measured on the same day of collection of sample and the
sample is incubated for three days in dark at a temperature of 27oC and DO level is
measured again. BOD3 is the difference between the DO levels of initial and final
value on 3rd day of incubation
Sampling and storage
Samples for BOD analysis may degrade significantly during storage between
collection and analysis resulting in low BOD values. Minimize reduction of BOD by
analysing sample promptly or by cooling it to near freezing point during storage.
Reagents:
1. Phosphate buffer solution
Dissolve 8.5g potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), 21.75 g

dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), 33.4g disodium hydrogen
phosphate (Na2HPO4.7H2O), 1.7g ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in distilled
water to makeup 1 litre of solution.
2. Magnesium sulphate solution
36
Dissolve 22.5g MgSO4.7H2O in distilled water to give 1 litre of solution.
3. Calcium chloride solution
Dissolve 27.5g anhydrous CaCl2 in distilled water to give 1 litre of solution.
4. Ferric chloride solution
Dissolve 0.25g FeCl3 6H2O in distilled water to give 1 litre of solution.
5 0.025N Standard Sodium thiosulphate solution:
Dilute 250 ml (0.1N) stock Sodium thiosulphate solution (Na2S2O3.5H2O) in

1litre distilled water.
6 Alkali-Iodide - azide solution:
Dissolve 500g NaOH and 140g of NaI to 1 litre of distilled water with
dissolved10g of NaN3 in 40ml distilled water.
7 Concentrated sulphuric acid:
8 Manganese sulphate solution:
Dissolve 364g MnSO4.4H2O in 1litre of distilled water.
9. Glucose-glutamic acid solution (prepare fresh). Dissolve 150 mg dry reagent

grade glucose and 150 mg dry reagent grade glutamic acid in 1L distilled
water
10. Starch Indicator:
Dissolve 2g of soluble potato starch in 100ml of distilled water heated and stir
to mix it well
Procedure:
Preparation of dilution water
Required volume of distilled water (1 L per sample per dilution)
Aerate by bubbling compressed air for 1-2 days
Add 1 ml each of phosphate buffer, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride and

ferric Chloride solution for each litre
Add seed (if necessary, 0.5% fresh seed)
37
Mix thoroughly
Dilution of Sample
Neutralise the sample to pH around 7
Siphon out small portion of seeded dilution water in a 1 litre volumetric flask
Then add sample as required and make up the volume upto 1000ml
Siphon the prepared sample in 3 BOD bottles
Keep 1 bottle for initial DO
Incubate 2 bottles at 27C for 3 days
Take 3 BOD bottles of dilution water for blank
Fix the bottles, keep for immediate DO determination and blank by adding 1
ml MnSO4.4H2O, 1ml Alkali-Iodide - azide solution
Shake well and allow the ppt. to settle then add 1 ml conc. Sulphuric acid. Mix
well
Take 201 ml of this solution for titration
Then titrate with 0.025N Sodium thiosulphate solution using starch as

indicator
After 3 days of incubation titrate the other 2 bottles with Sodium thiosulphate
solution using starch as indicator
Calculation:
 A  B    C  D  f 
BOD mg/l =
E
A= DO at ‘0’days
B= DO at ‘3’days
C= Seed at ‘0’days
D= Seed at ‘3’days
f = ratio of seed in diluted sample to seed in seed control = (% of seed in dilution

sample)
38
E = Decimal fraction of sample used
3.5.1.6 Chemical Oxygen Demand by open reflux method
Reagent
a. Standard potassium dichromate solution, 0.0417M (0.25N): Dissolve 12.259 g

K2Cr2O7, primary standard grade, previously dried at 103oC for 2 hours, in
distilled water and dilute to 1L.
b. Sulphuric acid reagent: Add 5.5g Ag2SO4 technical or reagent grade, per kg of
conc. H2SO4, keep for a day or two to dissolve.
c. Ferroin indicator solution: Dissolve 1.485g 1, 10-phenanthroline monohydrate

and 695 mg FeSO4.7H2O in distilled water and dilute to 100 mL. Commercial
preparation may also be available.
d. Standard ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS), titrant, 0.25M: Dissolve 98g Fe

(NH4)2 (SO4)2.6H2O in distilled water, add 20 mL conc. H2SO4, cool and
dilute to 1L, standardise daily as follows.
e. Standardisation: Dilute 10 mL standard K2Cr2O7 to about 100 mL, add 30 mL

conc. H2SO4, cooled and add 2 drops of ferroin indicator and titrate with FAS.
f. Molarity of FAS
Volume of 0.0417M K 2 Cr2 O7 ml

 0.25
Volume of FAS used, ml
g. Mercuric Sulphate, HgSO4, powder
Procedure
a. Add 50 mL of sample or an aliquot diluted to 50 mL with distilled water in a

500 mL refluxing flask. Add 1g HgSO4, few glass beads, and 5 mL sulphuric
acid reagent, mix, cool. Add 25 mL of 0.0417M K2Cr2O7 solution, mix.
Connect the flask to the condenser and turn on cooling water, add additional
70 mL of sulphuric acid reagent through open end of condenser, with swirling
and mixing.
b. Reflux for 2 hours; cool, wash down condenser with distilled water to double
the volume of contents, cool.
39
c. Add 2 drops of Ferroin indicator, titrate with FAS the remaining potassium
dichromate, until a colour change from bluish green to reddish brown. Also
reflux and titrate a distilled water blank with reagents.
d. Use standard 0.00417M K2Cr2O7, and 0.025M FAS, when analysing very low
COD samples.
Calculation: COD MgO2/l =

 A  B   M  8000
ml of sample
A = FAS used for blank, ml
B = FAS used for sample, ml
M = Molarity of FAS
3.5.1.7 Estimation of heavy metal from water sample by Nitric acid, Perchloric
acid digestion method from APHA.
Sample preservation and pretreatment:
Preserve samples immediately after sampling by acidifying with concentrated

nitric acid to pH < 2. Usually 1.5 ml conc.HNO3/l of water sample is sufficient for
short term preservation. Before collection of sample collecting containers and all
glasswares were rinsed with 1+1 HNO3 and milipore water.
Procedure:
Take 1000 ml of water sample in a conical flask, then the sample put in a hot
oven for evaporate to dryness. The volume of the water reduces with the time. When
the 1000ml reduce up to 15-20ml, add 18 ml of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and
digest the water in a hot plate until evaporate to dryness. The mixture was cooled.
After cooling add 6 ml of perchloric acid (HClO4) into the conical flask. Then the
flask was again put into hot plate for heated till the evolution of white fumes stop and
a clear solution was obtained. The flask was cooled and distilled water was added into
it and makes solution. The suspension was filtered with Whatman 42 filter paper and
the filtrate volume makes upto 50ml. Then the sample is ready for AAS.
40
3.5.2 Ambient Air Quality
The existing ambient air quality in the 3 respective study regions has been
assessed through a network of 8 ambient air quality stations in each of the study site
during the study period. The monitoring network was so designed such that
representative samples are obtained form the upwind direction, down wind and cross
wind directions from the study site. The existing Ambient Air Quality status (AAQ)
has been monitored for SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX. SPM & PM10 at each station has been
monitored on 24 hourly basis and all the gaseous sampling has been done on 8 hourly
basis. Pre-calibrated respirable dust samplers have been used for monitoring of the
existing AAQ status. Methodologies adopted for sampling and analysis were, as per
the approved methods of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
3.5.2.1 Estimation of NOx: [FOLLOWED BY IS 5182(Part VI): 1975]
Principal and Application
NOx is collected by bubbling air through a sodium hydroxide-sodium arsenite

solution .The nitrite ion produced during sampling is reached with phosphoric acid
sulphanilamide and N- (1- Napthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form an
azodye and then determined colourimatrically.
The method is applicable to collection of 8 hours samples in the field and

subsequent analysis in the laboratory.
Reagents
1. Sodium Hydroxide
2. sodium Arsenite
3. Sulphanilamide
4. N-(1-Naphthyl)-ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride(NEDA).
5. Hydrogen peroxide
6. Sodium nitrite.
7. Phosphorous Acid.
41
Standard Nitrite Solution
Dissolve sufficient desiccated sodium nitrite and dilute with distilled water to
1000 ml so that a solution containing 1000 mg NO2/ml is obtained. The amount of
NaNO2 to be used is calculated as follows:
G = (1500/A)  100
where, G =Amount of NaNO2 (400 mg), 1500 = Gravimetric factor in converting NO2
into NaNO2, A =Assay percent.
Analysis:
Replace any water lost by evaporation during sampling by adding distilled

water up to the calibration mark on the absorption tube. Pipette in 1 ml Hydrogen
Peroxide solution, 10 ml of Sulphanilamide solution and 1.4 ml NEDA solution with
through mixing after addition of each reagent. After 10 minutes of colour
development interval, measure the absorbance at 540 nm against the blank. Read g
NOx /ml from the calibration curve.
Calibration of standard curve for NOX
0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 ml of standard nitrate solution are taken in test
tubes followed by the addition of 1 ml H2O2 solution, 10 ml of Sulphanilamide
solution and 1.4 ml of NEDA solution with through mixing after the addition of each
reagent. Prepare the blank in the same manner using 10 ml unexposed absorbing
reagent. After 10 minutes of colour development interval, measure the absorbance at
540 nm against the blank. Then a standard calibration curve is formed.
Calculation: NOX value in (µg/m3) is measured by applying this formula
O.D value of sample  25

m value of standard curve  v  0.82
F1  F2
where V   T 103
2
V = Volume of air sample succeed
F1 = Initial flow rate
F2 = Final flow rate
42
T = Time of sampling
0.82= Efficiency of the method
3.5.2.2 Sulpher Dioxide [Followed By IS 5182(Part 11): 2001]
Principle :
SOx is absorbed from air in a solution of Potassium tetrachloro mercurate

(TCM). A dichlorosulphito mercurate complex which resists oxidation in the air, is
formed. This complex is stable to strong oxidants such as Ozone and oxide of
nitrogen and therefore, the absorber solution may be stored for some times prior to
analysis .The complex is made to react with Pararosaniline and Methyl sulphonic
acid. The absorbance of the solution is measured by means of suitable
spectrophotometer.
Reagents:
1. Formaldehyde solution (0.2%).
2. Potassium tetra chloromercurate.
3. Sulphamic acid (0.6%).
4. Rosaniline hydrochloride solution (0.2%).
5. Potassium dichromate solution (0.1 N).
6. Sodium thiosulphate (0.1 N).
7. Potassium iodide solution (100%).
8. Meta bisulphate solution.
9. Pararosaniline reagent (0.02%).
Procedure :
Collection of sample: 20 ml of absorbing reagent i.e., TCM is taken into impinger.

Care is taken to avoid condensation of moisture in the sample inlet, which can
occurred when warmed. Humid air is brought into an air-condition location .Hence
the sampler and impinger should be kept near or above the ambient air temperature.
The duration of sampling is dependent on the concentration of SOx. For best results
rates and sampling time are arrange to obtain and absorber concentration of 0.5 to 1.0
43
µg/ml of SOx. The sampler is positioned shield the absorber from direct sunlight of
the impinger tube effectively. After completion of sampling, the sample is taken in
black bottle and put in 5C up to analysis.
Analysis:
i) Take 10 ml of sample of exposed sample in a 25 ml volumetric flask, and take

10 ml of unexposed TCM solution is taken another 25ml volumetric flask.
ii) Add 1 ml of 0.6% Sulphamic acid and kept it 10 minutes.
iii) Add 2.0 ml of 0.2% Formaldehyde and then 5.0 ml of Pararosaniline, and kept
for 30 minutes.
iv) Volume make up until 25 ml with addition of boiled and cooled distilled
water.
v) Take OD at 560 nm, using simple distilled water as an optical reference.
Calibration of Standard Curve for SOx :
i) Working Standard metabisulphite is pipetted in graduated amounts (such as

0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5 ml) into a series of 25 ml of volumetric flask.
Absorbing medium is added to volumetric flask to make the volume to 10 ml.
In the blank 10 ml absorbing medium is only added. Then 1.0ml Sulphamic
acid is added.
ii) 2.0 ml of formaldehyde solution is added.
iii) 5.0 ml pararosaniline hydrochloride solutions are added one by one.
The solution is shaken gently. The volume of each solution is maintain with
distilled water up to 25 ml, kept for 30 minutes, then read at 560 nm on
spectrophotometer. Then a calibration curve is formed.
Calculation: The concentration of Sulpher di oxide is measured by applying following

formula.
SOX (microgram/cubic meter) =

 A  Ai  * B
V
where A = O.D. value of sample.
Ai = O.D. value of T.C.M. with respect to water.

44
B = m value of calibration curve
Y = (mx+c) .
V = volume of Air sample succeed.
3.5.2.3 Gravimetric analysis for SPM measurement: [Followed By IS 5182(Part

IV): 1999]
Weight of exposed filter to the nearest milligram (mg) on the analytical

balance within 30 sec, after removing them from the equilibrium chamber. Examine
the filter if insects are embedded in the sample deposit, remove them with Teflon-
tipped tweezers but disturb the sample deposit as little as possible. If more than 10
insects are observed, refer the sample to the supervision for a dicision to accept or
reject it. Weight the filter in the conditioning environment if practical, if not, be sure
that the analytical balance is as close as possible to be conditioning. Chamber where it
is relatively free of air currents and where it is at or near the temperature of the
chamber. Record the weight in the laboratory data and on the hi-volume field data.
Calculation of sample air volume and SPM:
Calculate the volume sampled, by applying the following formula:
V = [(Qi+Qf)/2]  T
where, V= Air volume sampled, m3
Qi= Initial air flow rate, m3/min at STP
Qf= Final air flow rate, m3/min at STP
T= Sampling period in minutes (from time totalizer)
Calculation of SPM concentration by using the following equation
SPM (μg/m3) = [(Wf – Wi)  106] /V
where, V = Volume of air sample succeed in m3
Wf = Weight of exposed filter, grams
Wi = Tare weight of filter, gram
45
3.5.2.4 Cyclonic Flow Technique for measurement of Respirable Suspended
particulate matter ( PM10) in ambient air
Principle :
Air is drawn through a size selective inlet and through a 20.3 × 25.4 cm (8 ×
10 in) filter at a flow rate which is typically 1132 L/min. Particles with aerodynamic
diameter less than the cut-point of the inlet are collected by the filter. The mass of
these particles is determined by the difference in filter weights prior to and after
sampling. The concentration of PM10 in the designated size range is calculated by
dividing the weight gain of the filter by the volume of air sampled.
Calculation of sample air volume and PM10
Calculate the volume sampled, by applying the following formula:
V = [(Qi+Qf)/2]  T
where, V= Air volume sampled, m3
Qi= Initial air flow rate, m3/min at STP
Qf= Final air flow rate, m3/min at STP
T= Sampling period in minutes (from time totalizer)
Calculation of SPM concentration by using the following equation
PM10 (μg/m3) = [(Wf – Wi)  106] /V
where, PM10 =Mass concentration of particulate matter less than 10 micron diameter
in μg/m3
V = Volume of air sample succed in m3
Wf = Weight of exposed filter, grams
Wi = Tare weight of filter, gram
3.5.3 Measurement of noise by Noise Level Meter
Noise monitoring has been carried out randomly at eight locations in each of
the three respective sites to identify the impact due to the existing sources on the
surroundings in the study area. Noise levels were recorded at an interval of 30
46
minutes during the day times to compute the day equivalent level of industry
surroundings
Principle:
At the microphone, the sound wave energy is converted into an electrical

signal that is boosted in magnitude by the pre amplifier. The electrical signal may be
modified by the weighting through the amplifier. The rectifier converts the AC signal
to DC to cause the needle to display meter to registers the sound pressure level that
directly in dB.
Method:
The instrument used to measure and evaluate noise is Sound Level Meter
(model no Lutron Sl-4001). This is used for evaluation of sound pressure and a linear
or weighted scale. It normally indicates the rms value of the sound. The basic parts of
most Sound Level Meter include a microphone, amplifiers, weighting network and
display meter reading in dBs. Sound Level Meter should be mounted on a tripod and
the operator sound be at least 0.5 m away from the nearest edge and is open aid with
A weighting network for fast response. The minimum and maximum level of noise
were recorded from sound source.
3.5.4 Estimation of Biochemical parameters from plant samples
In core and buffer zone a comparative study was taken with respect to control
zone for detection of significant biomolecular change in plant system. Different wild
plant namely i) Mangifera indica L. ii) Alstonia scholaris R.Br. and one crop plant
Oryza sativa L. were chosen. From the different plant parts of these species different
biomolecules such as sugar, protein, ascorbic acid, and chlorophyll were measured.
3.5.4.1 Estimation of Total Soluble Sugar (Mc Cready et al., 1950):
Reagents:
a) 0.2% Anthrone Solution
b) Stock-Standard solution of sugar (1000 mg / lit)
c) Sample- Fresh leaf and shoot.
47
Procedure:
(A) Preparation of Calibration Curve:
A set of standard solution was prepared including blank in test tubes with
different aliquots of stock solution (sugar) along with water. After taking 1 ml each in
6 test tubes 4 ml of freshly prepared 0.2% anthrone reagent is added to each test tubes
and incubated in water bath for 8 minutes at 100 degree centrigade. Allow cooling to
room temperature. O.D. is measured for all the standard solutions at 630 nm.
(B) Preparation of Sample:
Weight out 1.0g of fresh plant sample and crush with a mortar pestle first with
3 ml and then with 7 ml of distilled water. Transferred in a centrifuge tube and
centrifuge for 10 minutes at 10000 rpm. The supernatant is collected. 1 ml from the
supernatant is pipette out in a test tube. 4 ml of freshly prepared anthrone reagent is
added and is incubated for 10 minutes at 100 degree centrigade. Then is allowed to
cool at room temperature.
(C) Measurement of O.D.:
The O.D. of the standard sugar solution as well as the unknown sample
solution was measured at 630 nm
(D) Calibration curve: A plot of absorbance against the concentration is drawn

using micro-soft excel.
(E) Calculation: From the calibration curve corresponding to the measured

absorbance, the concentration of the unknown was found to be  mg/ml.
3.5.4.2 Estimation of Protein (Lowry, 1952)
Reagents:
1) Protein Reagent A mixture (100:1:1)
a) 2 g of Na2CO3 and 400 mg of NaOH were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled

water.
b) 1 g of CuSO4 was dissolved in 100 ml distilled water.
c) 2 g of sodium- potassium tartarate was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water.
48
2) Protein Reagent B: Folin phenol solution was diluted in the ratio of 1:1 with
distilled water
3) Std. protein Solution: BSA (1mg/ml)
Procedure:
(A) Preparation of Calibration Curve:
A set of standard solutions including the blank was prepared into test tubes
with different aliquots of stock solution (protein) along with water using micro and
macro pipettes respectively 0.9 ml of reagent A was added to each of the 10 test tube
and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. Then 0.1 ml of reagent B was
added and allowed to stand for 30 minutes. After some time 5 ml of distilled water
was to each test tube and mixed well.
(B) Preparation of sample:
10 mg of the plant material was weighed out and crushed first with 3 ml and
then 7 ml of distilled water. This was transferred into a centrifuge tube and
centrifuged for 10 minutes at 10000 rpm. 0.25 ml from the supernatant liquid was
pipetted out in a test tube and the protein reagents were added respectively.
(C) Measurement of O.D.:
The O.D. of the standard protein solution as well as the unknown sample
solution was measured at 620 nm
(D) Calibration curve: A plot of absorbance against the concentration is drawn

using micro-soft excel.
(E) Calculation: From the calibration curve corresponding to the measured

absorbance, the concentration of the unknown sample was found to be x mg/ml.
3.5.4.3 Estimation of Ascorbic acid (Mukherjee and Choudhuri, 1983)
Reagent:
1. Trichloro acetic acid 6% (W/V)
2. 2% 2, 4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine reagent.
3. Thiourea 1.0% (W/V)
49
4. H2SO4 80% (V/V)
5. Standard ascorbic acid solution ( 6% TCA solution strength 1mg/ml)
Procedure:
Preparation of different standard (L-ascorbic acid) solutions including the

blank was prepared into test tubes with different aliquots of stock solution (l-ascorbic
acid) along with 6% TCA using macro and micropipettes respectively. From each of
the prepared standard solution 4ml of aliquot was taken into separate test tubes and
was mixed with 2 ml of 2% Dinitrophenyl hydrazine and then 1 drop of 10% thiourea
in 70% ethanol was added. The mixture was boiled for 15 minutes in a water bath and
after cooling to room temperature 5 ml of 80% (V/V) H2SO4 was added to the mixture
at 0C ( in an ice bath)
Sample preparation:
A required amount of plant material was macerated with 10ml of 6% (W/V)

trichloro acetic acid. The material was centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 10 minutes. Then
the supernatant was collected and made, to a known volume with 6% (W/V) trichloro-
acetic acid. 4 ml of aliquot was taken out form the sample solution and then respective
treatment of the sample aliquot with the reagents were done as in case of calibration
curve.
Measurement of absorbance: Absorbance of the standard ascorbic acid solution (L-

ascorbic acid) as well as unknown samples was measure at 530nm.
Calibration curve:
A plot of the absorbance against the concentration is drawn using Microsoft

excel
Calculation: From the calibration curve corresponding to the measured absorbance,

the concentration of the unknown sample was found to be  mg/ml.
3.5.4.4 Estimation of Chlorophyll (Arnon, 1949):
For estimation of chlorophyll content Arnon’s (1949) method was employed.

Chlorophyll is extracted in 80% acetone and the absorption at 645, 652 and 663 nm
are read in a Spectrophoyometer. Using the absorption co-efficient, the amount of
chlorophyll is calculated.
50
Materials Required:
 80% acetone.
 Plant leaf sample
 Test tube
 Pipette (5 ml,10 ml)
Procedure:
0.1g of finely cut and well-mixed representative sample of leaf from different
petridish was weighed out and thoroughly macerated in a mortar with a pestle in 2 ml
of 80% acetone. The homogenate was filtered through a sheet of Whatman filter paper
No. 1, and the filtrate was collected in a volumetric flask. The homogenate on the
filterpaper was washed with additional 2 ml of 80% acetone 3-4 times until it became
colourless. The volume of the filtrate was adjusted to 10 ml with 80% acetone. The
absorbance (A) OF the chlorophyll extract (filtrate) was measured on a
spectrophotometer at 645,652 and 663 nm.
Calculation:
Following formula were used for calculation of total chlorophyll.
Total Chlorophyll = (D652  1000)/34.5  V /1000  W mg g-1 f.w
where,
V =Final volume of CH3COCH3 =10 ml
W = Fresh weight of sample taken = 0.1 gm
D = Optical density
f.w = Fresh weight
51
3.5.5 Determination of heavy metal from plant sample by AAS (wet ashing
method) analytical service laboratory, Indian Rice Research Institute
Sample Preparation
Fresh plant samples are washed in demineralized water containing 0.1% teepol
and rinsed thrice in distilled water, dried in a forced draft oven at 80C and ground to
40 mesh in a stainless steel grinder.
Procedure:
One g of oven-dried (80C) ground sample is digested with 10 mL of a

mixture HClO4, HNO3 and H2SO4 (2:5:1) on a hot plate until the mixture becomes
clear and the acid liquid is largely volatilized. The digest is taken up with dilute HCl,
filtered into a 50 mL volumetric flask and made up to volume. Then filtered samples
were ready for analyzed in the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) for
determining concentration of heavy metals.
3.5.6 Clinical study by sputum cytological test
Sputum collection:
Sputum samples were collected from residents and workers of concerned site.
All of them were never-smokers. This was done in order to eliminate the known
modulatory influence of smoking on sputum cytology. The participants were
instructed to wash their mouth with saline water and to cough vigorously to
expectorate sputum. The samples were collected in a sterile plastic container. Four
smears were made on clean glass slides from the non-transparent high viscosity part
of each sample.
Fixation
The slides were semi-dried in air, and fixed in appropriate fixatives

immediately at the site of collection for staining. The smears were fixed for 30 minute
in ethyl alcohol for Papanicolaou staining, 20 min in buffered formalin (40%
formaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 3:1, v/v) for non-specific esterase, 10
min in 10% formalin for Perl’s Prussian blue reaction.
52
3.5.6.1 Papanicolaou (Pap) staining for cytology (developed by Hughes and Dodds
1966)
Papanicolaou is a multichromatic stain used principally on exfoliated

cytologic specimens to get information about the cellular integrity, differentiation and
functional state of different cell types.
Fixation and staining procedure:
The semi dried smears were fixed in ethanol for 30 min. The fixed slides were
then brought to 95% ethyl alcohol for 20 min, and ultimately to water through graded
ethanol. The slides were stained with Harris’ hematoxylin for 30 sec, subsequently
rinsed in distilled water and placed in Scott’s tap substitute for bluing. Thereafter, the
slides were washed in running tap water, dehydrated in 70% and 90% ethanol, stained
with Orange-G6 for 4 min, differentiated in 95% ethanol and subsequent staining with
EA-50 solution for 4 min. Differentiation with absolute ethanol followed it. Finally,
the slides were dehydrated in ethanol, cleared in xylene, mounted in DPX and
observed under light microscope (Leitz, Germany).
3.5.6.2 non-specific esterase staining :
Staining for non-specific esterase, a marker enzyme for macrophages, was

done by Fast Blue B method (Oliver et al., 1991)
Fixation and staining procedure
The semi dried slides were fixed in buffered formalin for 20 min. The
substrate solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of œ-naphthyl acetate in 0.25 ml
of acetone and then adding 20 ml of 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), mixed well
shaken well until most of the initial cloudiness disappeared. Thereafter 100 mg Fast
Blue B was added, stirred and the mixture was filtered directly on to the smears. The
slides were left undisturbed for 30 min at room temperature, then washed in running
water, dehydrated in graded ethanol, cleared in xylene, mounted in DPX and observed
under light microscope.
53
3.5.6.3 Detection of iron deposition in lung: Perl’s Prussian blue staining for
siderophages
Perl’s Prussian blue reaction was done to identify deposition of ferric iron
(hemosiderin) in airway and inflammatory cells, especially the AM, by the method of
Pearse (1985)
Fixation and staining
The staining was done in target sputum samples from respective sites. The
slides were fixed in 10% formalin for 10 min at room temperature. Then the slides
were brought to water and were exposed to a fresh mixture of equal parts of 2%
potassium ferrocyanide and 2% HCl for 45 minutes. The slides were then washed in
distilled water, dehydrated through graded ethanol, cleared in xylene and mounted in
DPX.
3.5.7 Analysis of soil biological parameters
Representative soil samples were collected randomly at four different

locations from each of the three respective study sites for analysis of the microbial
growth. Standard procedures were followed for sampling and analysis.
Soil biological parameters were analyzed in reference to “Experiments in

Microbiology and Plant Physiology – Tissue culture and Mushroom Production
Technology” (Aneja, 2002)
3.5.7.1 Standard Plate Count of Fungi from Soil
Requirements:
1. Martin’s agar medium (Peptone – Dextrose- Rosebengal Agar Medium)
i) Agar 20g
ii) KH2PO4 1.0g
iii) MgSO4, 7H2O 0.5g
iv) Peptone 5.0 g
v) Dextrose 10.0g
vi) Distilled water 1ltr
54
vii) Rose Bengal (1%) 3.3 ml
vii) Streptomycein 30mg
pH 5.0-5.5  1
2. Soil sample
3. Distilled water
4. Petridishes
5. Conical flasks
6. Pipettes (1ml)
7. Incubator
8. Autoclave
9. Laminar air flow
Procedure
1g of soil was dissolved in 9ml of sterile glass distilled water and was taken in
each test tube kept in a test tube stand. 1 ml of soil solution was added to 9 ml of
sterile distilled water to give a dilution of 10-1. Similarly, 1 ml of solution from this
test tube was transferred to 9 ml sterile distilled water in the next tube to prepare a
dilution of 10-2. Thus, dilution of 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6 were prepared. About 25 ml of
molten Agar was plated in petridishes and 1 ml of soil mixed with water from each
dilutions was added to the Martin’s agar plates in three replicates. The plates were
gently shaken so as to spread soil suspension uniformly on the medium. The
inoculated plates were incubated at 251C for 96-120 hrs. The fungal colony
forming units counted at a mean dilution after 96 hrs. Dry weight of the 1g soil
sample was also recorded subsequently.
Calculation:
Colony Forming Units (C.F.Us) g-1 dry soil
= Average number of colonies / Amount plated × Dilution factor
55
3.5.7.2 N2 fixing bacterial colony count from soil
Principle:
N2 fixing bacteria can be isolated by the soil dilution plating methods with the
use of Ashby’s medium. After incubation of 3-4 days at 28c N2 fixing bacterial
colony appear on the agar medium.
Procedure:
At first serial dilution of soil suspension was done upto 10-2, 10-4, 10-5.
Ashby’s medium was prepared and sterilized it.
Add approximate 15 ml of Ashby’s medium, (melted and cool 45c) to each

petridish containing the diluted sample.
The contents of each plate was mixed by rotating gently to distribute the
material throughout the medium.
The plates were allowed to solidify.
Then the plates were incubated in a inverted position at 28c for 3 days.
Calculation
Colony Forming Units (C.F.Us) g-1 dry soil
= Average number of colonies / Amount plated × Dilution factor
3.5.8 Socio- Economic background study
Details on social status of Angadpur area around the project site have been
collected. Information were collected from door to door survey and secondary data
source (Durgapur Municipal Corporation Office, West Bengal, India).
3.5.9. Air Pollution Tolerance Index on plants, proposed by Singh and Rao,1983
Different agricultural plants and some wild plants were monitored for APTI
study. Agricultural plants were Oryza sativa L., Phaseolus mungo Roxb., Raphanus
sativus L., and wild plants are Alstonia scholaris R.Br., Mangifera indica L., Albezia
lebbek Benth.
56
Principle:
Air pollution tolerance index on plants is used as a guideline for the

determination of the different effects of air pollutants on plants. The tolerance species
are ideal for use as scavenger (i.e. the 2nd and 3rd ) categories of phytoindicators in
biomonitoring air pollution. In the proposed APTI formula P, the leaf extracted pH
and T, the total chlorophyll have been added together and then multiplied with A,
ascorbic acid content and the derived result is added with R, relative water content of
leaf. Then the achieved result was divided by 10.
A T  P  R
APTI =
10
3.5.9.1 Estimation of PH of leaf extract (Singh & Rao, 1983)
Procedure:
Leaf pH was determined by using leaf extract. From the leaf sample 0.6g leaf
sample and 30 ml distilled water were taken and soaked for overnight. The readings
were taken by using digital pH meter.
3.5.9.2 Estimation of Chlorophyll method by Arnon, 1949 was described earlier

(page no. 50).
3.5.9.3 Estimation of Ascorbic acid by Mukherjee and Choudhuri, 1983 was

described earlier (page no. 49).
3.5.9.4 Estimation of relative water content in leaf (Barrs and Weatherley, 1962)
Procedure:
From a single subplot of physiologically active leaves plucked randomly.

Composite samples for each leaf was made. Separately detouching petiole and seed
ground respectively. Fresh weight (w) immediately recorded of the composite
samples and were immersed in distilled water under diffused light to get turgid weight
for 4 hours. Finally the samples kept in an oven at 75C for accessing dry weight.
Fresh weight  dry weight

Relative water content (%):
Turgid weight  dry weight
57
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
T his chapter represents a cumulative discussion of the research work conducted

for three years, to find out the Environmental Impact caused by the sponge iron
factory and its management steps. To fulfil such purpose, the physico-chemical
characteristics like pH , temperature, EC, TDS, BOD, COD, Fe, Pb, Cr and Cd in the
industrial waste water of the sponge iron factory was examined. The air (viz., SPM,
PM10, SOX and NOX) and noise quality were also monitored in study zones.
Biochemical parameters (soluble sugar, protein, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll) from
different plant species were studied in respective zones to check out the impact.
Different heavy metals detection was done inside Oryza sativa L. plant tissues.
Characterisation of surface water (pond) quality was also examined in respective sites.
Standard plate count of nitrogen fixing bacteria and fungal colony were the two parts
of soil microbiological parameters. Sputum sample analysis was performed from non
smoking persons of study zones. APTI value of some wild and crop plants were also
studied for pollution mitigation and to recommend the suitable crop plants in
agriculture field with high Pollution Index Value. All those parameters were studied
on the basis of field analyse and laboratory analyse for last three years (2010-2012).
4.1 Characterisation of Industrial waste water
Waste water were generated for cooling rotary kiln, power plant, wash of coal
washers and sprinkling water in the air. Waste water characterisation was studied in
2010, 2011 and 2012 in only core zone.
In 2010, during study of waste water it represented a pH value 6.52-7.28 and

temperature range varied from 25.2C to 26.7C. EC, TDS and BOD value range
varied between 125.5-171.2 µs/cm, 336.1-427.5 mg/l and 1.95-2.87 mg/l respectively.
COD value range lies from 16.59 to 19.54 mg/l. Fe, Pb, Cr and Cd exhibits their value
range from 2.14 to 6.91 mg/l, 0.19 to 0.28 mg/l, 0.13 to 0.20 mg/l and 0.006 to 0.015
mg/l respectively. BOD value was found to be significant positive correlation with
COD and negatively correlated with temperature at 5 % level (Table 4.24).
The waste water in 2011, which showed its pH range 6.38 to 7.68 and its
temperature range varied from 23C to 24.5C. Electrical Conductivity range varied
between 129.1 to 180.2 µs/cm. TDS value range lies from 302.2 to 428 mg/l. BOD
value exhibits his range 1.52 to 2.63 mg/l. Effluent COD value extends from 15.16 to
19.62 mg/l. Different heavy metals present in effluent water namely Fe, Pb, Cr and Cd
58
exhibits their value range from 1.48 to 6.89 mg/l, 0.17 to 0.29 mg/l, 0.14 to 0.20 mg/l
and 0.006 to 0.019 mg/l respectively. Temperature was found to be positively
correlated with Pb, Cr, and Cd whereas in case of Cd this correlation was significant
at 1 % level. Similar findings were reported by Iwashita and Shimamura (2003). EC
was found to be negatively correlated with temperature. Pb showed a negative
correlation with TDS and BOD whereas Cd was significantly positively correlated
with temperature at 1 % level (Table 4.25).
In 2012, during study of waste water it represented a pH value 6.52-7.24 and

temperature range varied from 24.5C to 25.3C. EC, TDS and BOD value range
varied between 120.7-167.5 µs/cm, 340.1-420 mg/l and 1.95-2.43 mg/l respectively.
COD value range lies from 17.56 to 19.26 mg/l. Fe, Pb, Cr and Cd exhibits their value
range from 2.74 to 6.78 mg/l, 0.17 to 0.26 mg/l, 0.13 to 0.21 mg/l and 0.004 to 0.016
mg/l respectively. EC was found to be positively correlated with Cd at 1 % level and
negatively correlated with BOD (Table 4.26).
4.2 Ambient air quality
Ambient air quality was monitored during the study period of 2010, 2011,
2012 on the basis of four parameters namely SPM, PM10, SOx, NOx. The SPM
concentration in 2010 of core and buffer zone varied between 1595.21 to 1703.52
µg/m3 and 1239.75 to 1276.44 µg/m3 respectively whereas control zone exhibited
SPM value range between 126.19 to 140.41 µg/m3. PM10 value in 2010 varied
between 590.21 to 702.68 µg/m3, 480.37 to 529 µg/m3 and 88 to 115.93 µg/m3 in
core, buffer and control zone respectively. SOx value in 2010 specified its range
between 13.21 to 18.53 µg/m3, 11.73 to 15.45 µg/m3 and 1.87 to 3.5 µg/m3 in core,
buffer and control zone respectively. In 2010 year 820.12 to 835.01 µg/m3, 738.16 to
833 µg/m3 and 9.15 to 11.4 µg/m3 value range were observed in case of NOx
parameter in core, buffer, and control zone respectively. SPM represented a good
significant correlation with PM10 in core and buffer zone (Tables 4.28–4.29). SPM
was correlated significantly with NOx in control zone (Table 4.27) whereas in core
zone PM10 was significantly correlated with NOx at 1 % level (Table 4.28). There was
a good significant correlation in between SPM value in core zone and SPM value in
buffer zone and another positive significant correlation of PM10 value in between its
core and buffer zone’s value (Table 4.30).
59
The SPM concentration in 2011 of core and buffer zone varied between
1471.2 to 1633 µg/m3 and 1176.54 to 1280 µg/m3 respectively whereas control zone
exibited SPM value range between 110.21 to 141.32 µg/m3. PM10 value in 2011
varied between 585 to 712 µg/m3, 473.55 to 538 µg/m3 and 76.28 to 104.3 µg/m3 in
core, buffer and control zone respectively. SOx value in 2011 specified its range
between 14.61 to 18.03 µg/m3, 10.25 to 15.72 µg/m3 and 1.84 to 4.16 µg/m3 in core,
buffer and control zone respectively. In 2011 year 788.16 to 879.17 µg/m3, 695.37 to
832.19 µg/m3 and 9.28 to 12.62 µg/m3 value range were observed in case of NOx
parameter in core, buffer, and control zone respectively. In three study sites SPM and
PM10 value represented a positive correlation among them (Tables 4.31-4.33). There
was a positive correlation in between SPM value in core zone and SPM value in
buffer zone and PM10 value in core zone and PM10 value in buffer zone (Table 4.34).
The SPM concentration in 2012 of core and buffer zone varied between
1483.19 to 1617.84 µg/m3 and 1196.66 to 1302.04 µg/m3 respectively whereas
control zone exhibited SPM value range between 112.25 to 132.5 µg/m3. PM10 value
in 2012 varied between 495.56 to 579 µg/m3, 445 to 512.63 µg/m3 and 67 to 87.39
µg/m3 in core, buffer and control zone respectively. SOx value in 2012 specified its
range between 14.12 to 18.09 µg/m3, 12.95 to 15.79 µg/m3and 1.79 to 4.09 µg/m3 in
core, buffer and control zone respectively. In 2012 year 795.37 to 839 µg/m3, 755.14
to 839.44 µg/m3 and 9.32 to 14.12 µg/m3 value range were observed in case of NOx
parameter in core, buffer, and control zone respectively. SPM was found to be
positively correlated with PM10 in core and buffer zone (Tables 4.36-4.37). In core
and buffer zone PM10 value was negatively correlated with NOx. In buffer zone this
significant negative correlation was found at 1% level. There was positive correlation
in between SPM value in core zone and SPM value in buffer zone and another
positive correlation of PM10 value in between its core and buffer zone’s value. The
SPM values in core and buffer zone’s were found significant correlation among them
at 5 % level (Table 4.38).
60
4.3 Study of noise level in decibel unit:
Noise parameter was studied during the study period of day time of three
respective zones to measure the sound level of respective sites.
In 2010: During day sampling in core zone the minimum average and maximum
average value were 67.63 db and 89.96 db. In buffer zone average noise value was
varied between 53.92 to 77.35 db. 54.3 to 76.7 db average noise value were observed
in control area.
The average of equivalent sound level are higher in specially core zone than
permissible limit recommended by Environmental Protection Organization for
industrial area. Here major source of noise pollution occurred from workers, industrial
operation, and goods loading and unloading. Besides there are limited number of
scattering type of vegetation which can not reduce noise pollution. Similar types of
observation were found by Makhdoom (1990) in Tehran city.
In 2011: Core zone represented a minimum average and maximum average value
were 74.45 db and 91.81 db. In buffer zone average noise value was varied between
51.86 to 75.33 db. 53.92 to 75.41 db average noise value were observed in control
area. There was a positive correlation exists in between minimum noise level in core
zone and minimum noise level in buffer zone and a negative correlation was found in
between maximum noise level in core zone and maximum noise level in buffer zone
(Tables 4.41–4.42).
In 2012: During day sampling in core zone the minimum average and maximum
average value were 70.78 db and 90.36 db. In buffer zone average noise value was
varied between 52.76 to 80.15 db. 53.72 to 74.66 db average minimum and maximum
noise value were observed in control area. There were different distinct sources for
creating noise in respective sites. In core zone maximum noise value was shown
greater in comparison to other two sites due to Industrialization nature in this
particular zone.
61
4.4 Biochemical parameters viz., protein, soluble sugar, ascorbic acid,
chlorophyll study from Mangifera indica L. plant:
Protein, Sugar, Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll parameters were studied during
the study period in 2010, 2011, 2012 from leaf and shoot sample (excluding
chlorophyll in case of shoot sample) of Mangifera indica L. plant.
4.4.1 Biochemical parameters study from leaf sample
In 2010: Protein estimation in core zone from leaf sample of Mangifera indica L.
plant showed average value of 0.623 mg/g whereas buffer and control zone’s showed
44.78% and 81.05% increasing value in comparison to core zone’s plant sample. This
may due to high concentration of air pollutants in core area which enters into plant
leaf and breakdown protein molecule. The result is in conformity with the findings of
Constantinidou and Kozlowski (1979). Sugar concentration of this plant in core and
buffer zone showed a slight increase trend than control zone. 2.32% and 1.16%
increasing trend were observed in comparison to control. Ascorbic acid concentration
of this plant in core and buffer zone showed a decreasing trend than control zone.
92.62% and 26.97% decreasing trend were observed in comparison to control sample
due to high exposure of pollution level. Similar findings was reported by Pandey and
Agarwal (1992). Chlorophyll molecule degradation was observed in core and buffer
area’s leaf sample due to SOx exposure (though SOx amount is very little) so a
25.53% and 14.89% chlorophyll reduction occurred in core and buffer zones
respectively in comparison to control zone. This incident was proved earlier by Rao
and Leblanc (1966). Sugar concentration was found to be positively correlated with
ascorbic acid in core and buffer zone whereas negatively correlated with ascorbic acid
in control zone (Tables 4.45, 4.46, 4.47). Sugar concentration exhibited a positive
correlationship with chlorophyll in core zone whereas chlorophyll concentration was
found to be positively correlated with protein in respective three zones (Tables 4.45,
4.46, 4.47).
In 2011: Estimation of protein content (average value) was recorded 1.072 mg/g in
control area’s leaf sample. In core and buffer areas 37.40% and 16.04% protein
content reduction was occurred respectively in comparison to control zone. Increase
of sugar concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s leaf sample than control
sample. 9.52% increase in core zone and 5.95% increase in buffer zone were also
62
observed in comparison to control zone. Ascorbic acid of leaf sample in core and
buffer zone showed its decreasing trend than control’s leaf. Core and buffer zone’s
leaf ascorbic acid reduction was occurred at a rate 92.85% and 26.94% respectively in
comparison to control leaf sample. Sometimes in stress condition the hexose sugar of
leaf cannot convert into ascorbic acid. Similar findings were reported by Datta et al.,
(2010). Chlorophyll molecule degradation was occurred in core and buffer area’s leaf
sample so a 33.33% and 15.55% chlorophyll reduction occurred in core and buffer
zones respectively in comparison to control zone. Sugar concentration was found to
be positively correlated with ascorbic acid in core and buffer zone whereas negatively
correlated with ascorbic acid in control zone (Tables 4.49, 4.50, 4.51). Sugar
concentration was also found to be positively correlated with chlorophyll content in
core zone. Ascorbic acid represented a negative correlation with chlorophyll content
in respective three zones. There was a significant negative correlation (5 % level)
exists in between core and buffer zone’s sugar concentration (Table 4.52).
In 2012: Estimation of protein content (average value) was recorded 1.133 mg/g in
control area’s leaf sample. In core and buffer areas 45.71% and 18.88% protein
content reduction was occurred respectively in comparison to control zone. Increase
of sugar concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s leaf sample than control
sample. 5.49% increase in core zone and 3.29% increase in buffer zone were also
observed in comparison to control zone. Ascorbic acid concentration of this plant in
core and buffer zone showed a decreasing trend than control zone. 94.24% and
37.07% decreasing trend were observed in comparison to control sample. Loss of
Chlorophyll molecule constituent was happened in core and buffer region in
comparison to control region. 25% and 15.90% chlorophyll molecule loss was
occurred in core and buffer zone’s respectively in comparison to control area’s leaf
sample. Sugar concentration was found to be positively correlated with ascorbic acid
in core and control zone (Tables 4.53, 4.55) whereas negatively correlated with
ascorbic acid in buffer zone (Table 4.54). Sugar concentration exhibited a positive
correlationship with chlorophyll content in core and buffer zone (Tables 4.53, 4.54).
4.4.2 Biochemical parameters study from shoot sample
In 2010: Protein concentration in control area’s shoot sample showed average value
(0.843 mg/g) which is greater than core and buffer area’s shoot sample. 15.42% and
63
10.79% reduction was happened in core and buffer zone’s sample in comparison to
control zone’s sample. Reduction of sugar concentration was noticed in core and
buffer area’s shoot sample than control sample. 71.73% reduction in core zone and
73.91% reduction in buffer zone were also observed in comparison to control zone.
Ascorbic acid of shoot sample in core and buffer zone showed its decreasing trend
than control’s shoot. Core and buffer zone’s shoot ascorbic acid reduction was
occurred at a rate 36.58% and 4.87% respectively in comparison to control shoot
in buffer and control zone (Table 4.58, 4.59) whereas negatively correlated with
ascorbic acid in core zone (Table 4.57). In buffer’s zone this correlation was
significant at 5% level. Protein concentration was found to be positively correlated
with ascorbic acid in three respective sites whereas in control zone the correlation is
significant at 5 % level (Tables 4.57, 4.58, 4.59).
(0.845 mg/g) which is greater value than core and buffer area’s shoot sample. 12.66%
and 9.82% protein reduction was happened in core and buffer zone’s shoot sample in
comparison to control zone’s shoot sample. Reduction of sugar concentration was
noticed in core and buffer area’s shoot sample than control sample. 70.25% reduction
in core zone and 73.84% reduction in buffer zone were also observed in comparison
to control zone. Estimation of Ascorbic acid content was recorded 0.0207 mg/g in
control area’s shoot sample. From core area’s shoot sample 35.74% reduction was
observed in comparison to control zone whereas buffer zone showed a too little or
negligible reduction (0.48%) than control zone. Sugar concentration was found to be
positively correlated with ascorbic acid in control zone (Table 4.63) whereas
negatively correlated with ascorbic acid in rest of the two zones (Tables 4.61, 4.62).
In buffer’s zone a strong significant negative correlation was found in between protein
and ascorbic acid concentration at 5% level (Table 4.62).
(0.841 mg/g) which is greater than the value of core and buffer areas shoot sample.
11.53% and 8.56% protein reduction was happened in core and buffer zone’s shoot
sample in comparison to control zone’s shoot sample. Reduction of sugar
concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s shoot sample than control sample.
64
72.05% reduction in core zone and 73.52% reduction in buffer zone were also
observed in comparison to control zone. Estimation of Ascorbic acid content was
recorded 0.0223 in control area’s leaf sample. From core area’s leaf sample 40.8%
reduction was observed in comparison to control zone whereas buffer zone showed
21.97% reduction than control zone. Sugar concentration was found to be positively
correlated with ascorbic acid in buffer and control zone (Tables 4.66, 4.67) whereas
negatively correlated with ascorbic acid in core zone (Table 4.65). In buffer’s zone
protein concentration was found to be significant positive correlation with ascorbic
acid at 5 % level. There was a strong significant correlation exists in between protein
conc. in buffer region and sugar conc. in core region at 5 % level (Table 4.68).
4.5 Biochemical parameters viz., protein, soluble sugar, ascorbic acid,

chlorophyll study from Alstonia scholaris R.Br. plant:
Protein, Sugar, Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll parameters were studied during the
study period in 2010, 2011, 2012 from leaf and shoot sample (excluding chlorophyll
in case of shoot sample) of Alstonia scholaris R.Br. plant.
In 2010: Average protein concentration in core area’s leaf sample showed lesser
value (0.2115 mg/g) than buffer and control areas leaf sample. 4.01% and 38.72%
protein increasement was happened in buffer and control zone’s leaf sample in
comparison to core zone’s leaf sample. Too little increase of sugar concentration was
noticed in buffer area’s leaf sample than control sample. 0.28% increase in buffer
zone and 3.24% reduction in core zone’s leaf sugar were also observed in comparison
to control zone. Leaf ascorbic acid concentration of this plant in core and buffer zone
showed a decreasing trend than control zone. 91.69% and 89.62% decreasing trend
were observed in comparison to control sample. Chlorophyll molecule degradation
was observed in core and buffer area’s leaf sample so a 30.43% and 15.21%
chlorophyll reduction occurred in core and buffer zone’s respectively in comparison
to control zone. Sugar concentration was found to be positively correlated with
ascorbic acid in core and control zone whereas negatively correlated with ascorbic
acid in buffer zone (Tables 4.75, 4.77, 4.76). Sugar concentration exhibited a negative
correlationship with chlorophyll in core zone (table 4.75). Protein concentration was
also found to be negatively correlated with ascorbic acid in respective three zones
65
whereas a significant negative correlation was found in control zone at 1 % level
(Table 4.77).
In 2011: Estimation of average protein content was recorded 0.2891 mg/g in control
area’s leaf sample. In core and buffer areas 26.35% and 26.32% protein content
reduction was occurred respectively in comparison to control zone. Increase of sugar
concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s leaf sample than control sample.
16.64% increase in core zone and 10.88% increase in buffer zone were also observed
in comparison to control zone. Ascorbic acid concentration of this plant in core and
buffer zone showed a decreasing trend than control zone. 90.25% and 89.89%
decreasing trend were observed in comparison to control sample. Loss of Chlorophyll
molecule constituent was happened in core and buffer region in comparison to control
region. 45.28% and 39.62% chlorophyll molecule loss was occurred in core and
buffer zone’s respectively in comparison to control area’s leaf sample. In core and
buffer area’s leaf sample ascorbic acid and chlorophyll molecule reduction was
happened due to high concentration of NOx exposure. Similar findings was reported
by Tiwari and Bansal, 1993 on a evergreen species like Mimusops elengi L. Sugar
concentration was found to be negative correlation with ascorbic acid in core, buffer
and control zone (Tables 4.79, 4.80, 4.81). Sugar concentration exhibited a negative
correlationship with chlorophyll in buffer and control zone whereas positive
correlation in core zone.
reduction was occurred respectively in comparison to control zone. Increase of sugar
concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s leaf sample than control sample.
17.12% sugar increase in core zone and 5.96% sugar increase in buffer zone were also
observed in comparison to control zone. Ascorbic acid concentration of this plant in
core and buffer zone showed a decreasing trend than control zone. 91.41% and
90.06% decreasing trend were observed in comparison to control sample. Loss of
Chlorophyll molecule constituent was happened in core and buffer region in
comparison to control region. 30.76% and 21.15% chlorophyll molecule loss was
occurred in core and buffer zone’s respectively in comparison to control area’s leaf
66
in core, buffer and control zone (Tables 4.83, 4.84, 4.85). Sugar concentration was
also found to be positively correlated with chlorophyll content in core and control
zone whereas negatively correlated in buffer zone. Ascorbic acid represented a
negative correlation with chlorophyll content in core and buffer zones whereas
positively correlated with chlorophyll content in control zone. There was a significant
positive correlation (1 % level) exists in between core and buffer zone’s chlorophyll
concentration (Table 4.86). Protein concentration in core zone and sugar
concentration in buffer zone also represented a significant positive correlation
between them at 5 % level (Table 4.86).
In 2010: Protein concentration of this plant from control area’s shoot sample showed
average value (0.1246 mg/g) which is greater than core and buffer area’s shoot
sample. 94.06% and 22.39% protein reduction was happened in core and buffer
zone’s shoot sample in comparison to control zone’s shoot sample. Reduction of
sugar concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s shoot sample than control
sample. 17.84% reduction in core zone and 5.94% reduction in buffer zone were also
observed in comparison to control zone. Estimation of Ascorbic acid content in
control shoot sample was recorded 0.0020 mg/g. From core area’s leaf sample 4.85
times ascorbic acid increasement and buffer area’s 4.3 times ascorbic acid
increasement were observed in comparison to control zone. Pollution load increases
the ascorbic acid content of this plant species which may be due to the increased rate
of production of reactive oxygen species during photo oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
Similar results were found by Varshney and Varshney (1984). Sugar concentration
was found to be positively correlated with ascorbic acid in control zone (Table 4.89)
whereas negatively correlated with ascorbic acid in core and buffer zone (Table 4.87,
4.88). In core and control zone protein concentration was found to be significant
positive correlation with ascorbic acid (Tables 4.87, 4.89).
In 2011: Protein concentration of this plant from control area’s shoot sample showed
average value (0.1201 mg/g) which is greater than core and buffer areas shoot sample.
95.50% and 22.14% protein reduction was happened in core and buffer zone’s shoot
sample in comparison to control zone’s shoot sample. Reduction of sugar
concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s shoot sample than control sample.
67
21.32% reduction in core zone and 7.47% reduction in buffer zone were also observed
in comparison to control zone. Estimation of Ascorbic acid content in control shoot
sample was recorded 0.0019 mg/g. From core area’s leaf sample 4.52 times ascorbic
acid increasement and buffer area’s 4.68 times ascorbic acid increasement were
observed in comparison to control zone. Sugar concentration was found to be
negatively correlated with ascorbic acid in respective three zones (Tables 4.91, 4.92,
4.93). In core, buffer and control zone protein concentration was found to be positive
correlation with ascorbic acid whereas significant positive correlation was found in
buffer zone at 5 % level (Table 4.92).
reduction was occurred respectively in comparison to control zone. Reduction of
sugar concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s shoot sample than control
sample. 23.11% reduction in core zone and 12.36% reduction in buffer zone were also
observed in comparison to control zone. Estimation of Ascorbic acid content in
control shoot sample was recorded 0.0013 mg/g. From core area’s leaf sample 7.61
times ascorbic acid increasement and buffer area’s 6.69 times ascorbic acid
increasement were observed in comparison to control zone. Sugar concentration was
found to be negatively correlated with ascorbic acid in buffer and control zone
whereas positively correlated with ascorbic acid in core zone (Tables 4.96, 4.97,
4.95). Protein concentration was found to be positively correlated with ascorbic acid
in core and buffer zones whereas in control zone this correlation was negative. There
was a significant negative correlation exists in between sugar concentration in core
zone and sugar concentration in buffer zone at 1 % level (Table 4.98).
4.6 Biochemical parameters viz., soluble sugar, protein, ascorbic acid,

chlorophyll study from Oryza sativa L. plant:
Sugar, Protein, Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll parameters were studied during
the study period in 2010, 2011, 2012 from leaf, shoot and root sample (excluding
chlorophyll in case of shoot and root sample) of Oryza sativa L. plant.
68
In 2010: Reduction of sugar concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s leaf
sample than control sample. 90.46% reduction in core zone and 59.33% reduction in
buffer zone were also observed in comparison to control zone. Estimation of average
protein content was recorded 0.2263 mg/g in control area’s leaf sample. In core and
buffer areas 66.41% and 54.35% protein content reduction was occurred respectively
in comparison to control zone. Ascorbic acid from leaf sample in buffer and control
zone showed its decreasing trend than core area’s leaf. Ascorbic acid reduces the
effect of SO2 and acts as antioxidant. A high content of ascorbic acid in core zone’s
plant leaf depends upon particular environment and physiological species. Ascorbic
acid acts as a defence related enzyme for plants internally and its reducing power is
directly propositional to its concentration. Buffer and control zone’s leaf ascorbic acid
reduction was occurred at a rate 46.15% and 51.74% respectively in comparison to
core zone’s leaf sample. Similar findings was observed by Khattab (2007).
Chlorophyll molecule degradation was observed in core and buffer area’s leaf sample
so a 31.19% and 17.78% chlorophyll reduction occurred in core and buffer zone’s
respectively in comparison to control zone. Sugar concentration was found to be
significant positive correlation (5% level) with ascorbic acid in core zone whereas
negative correlation in buffer and control zone (Tables 4.105, 4.106, 4.107). Sugar
concentration was also found to be negative correlation with chlorophyll content in
core and buffer zone whereas positive correlation in control zone. Ascorbic acid
represented a negative correlation with chlorophyll content in core and control zones
(Tables 4.105, 4.107) and whereas positively correlated with chlorophyll content in
buffer zone (Table 4.106). There was a significant positive correlation (5 % level)
exists in between core and buffer zone’s sugar concentration (Table 4.108).
In 2011: Reduction of sugar concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s leaf
buffer zone were also observed in comparison to control zone. Estimation of protein
content was recorded 0.1990 mg/g in control area’s leaf sample. In core and buffer
areas 60.15% and 47.43% protein content reduction was occurred respectively in
comparison to control zone. Ascorbic acid from leaf sample in buffer and control zone
showed its decreasing trend than core area’s leaf. Buffer and control zone’s leaf
69
ascorbic acid reduction was occurred at a rate 29.49% and 58.27% respectively in
comparison to core zone’s leaf sample. Chlorophyll molecule degradation was
observed in core and buffer area’s leaf sample so a 27.29% and 21.36% chlorophyll
reduction occurred in core and buffer zone’s respectively in comparison to control
zone. Sugar concentration exhibited a negative correlation with ascorbic acid in
respective three zones. Sugar concentration was also found to be positive correlation
with chlorophyll content in core and buffer zone (Tables 4.109, 4.110) whereas
negative correlation in control zone (Table 4.111). Ascorbic acid represented a
positive correlation with chlorophyll content in core and control zones whereas
negative correlation with chlorophyll content in buffer zone. There was a significant
positive correlation (5% level) exists in between ascorbic acid in core region and
chlorophyll in buffer region (Table 4.112).
In 2012: Sugar concentration value was observed 0.3623 mg/g from control area’s
plant leaf. A great decline of sugar concentration was happened in core and buffer
zone’s leaf sample. 90.50% and 65.60% reduction was noticed in core and buffer
zone’s respectively in comparison to control zone’s sample. Estimation of protein
content was recorded 0.2226 mg/g in control area’s leaf sample. In core and buffer
comparison to control zone. Ascorbic acid from leaf sample in buffer and control zone
represented its decreasing trend than core area’s leaf. Buffer and control zone’s leaf
ascorbic acid reduction was occurred at a rate 18.18% and 56.06% respectively in
comparison to core zone’s leaf sample. Chlorophyll molecule degradation was
observed in core and buffer area’s leaf sample so a 23.69% and 12.30% chlorophyll
reduction occurred in core and buffer zone’s respectively in comparison to control
zone. Chlorophyll reduction occurred due to SOx exposure. The result is in conformity
with the findings of Rao and Leblanc (1966). Sugar concentration was found to be
positive correlation with ascorbic acid in core and buffer zone (Tables 4.113, 4.114)
whereas negative correlation in control zone (Table 4.115). Sugar concentration was
also found to be negative correlation with chlorophyll content in core, buffer and
control zone. Ascorbic acid represented a negative correlation with chlorophyll
content in buffer and control zones (Tables 4.114, 4.115) whereas positively
correlated with chlorophyll content in core zone (Table 4.113).
70
In 2010: Reduction of average sugar concentration was noticed in core and buffer
area’s shoot sample than control sample. 90.56% reduction in core zone and 66.22%
reduction in buffer zone were also observed in comparison to control zone. Estimation
of protein content was recorded 0.030 mg/g in control area’s shoot sample. In core
and buffer areas 61.33% and 31.33% protein content reduction was occured
respectively in comparison to control zone. Ascorbic acid concentration of this plant
in core and buffer zone showed a decreasing trend than control zone. 69.06% and
57.85% decreasing trend were observed in core and buffer zone respectively in
comparison to control plant sample. Sugar concentration was found to be negative
correlation with ascorbic acid in respective three zones (Tables 4.117, 4.118, 4.119).
Protein concentration was found to be negative correlation with ascorbic acid in core
and control zones (Tables 4.117, 4.119) whereas in buffer zone this correlation was
positive (Table 4.118). There was a positive correlation exists in between protein
concentration in core zone and protein concentration in buffer zone (Table 4.120).
In 2011: Reduction of sugar concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s shoot
buffer zone were also observed in comparison to control zone. Sugar content was
found maximum reduction in core zone due to heavy air pollution load in core zone.
Similar findings are reported by Tzvetkova and Kolarvo (1996). Estimation of protein
content was recorded 0.0443 mg/g in control area’s shoot sample. In core and buffer
comparison to control zone. Ascorbic acid concentration of this plant in core and
buffer zone showed a decreasing trend than control zone. 66.83% and 57.99%
decreasing trend were observed in core and buffer zone respectively in comparison to
control plant sample. Sugar concentration was found to be positive correlation with
ascorbic acid in core and control zones (Tables 4.121, 4.123) whereas negative
correlation in buffer zone (Table 4.122). Protein concentration was found to be
positive correlation with ascorbic acid in core and control zones whereas in buffer
zone this correlation was negative. There was a significant negative correlation exists
in between protein concentration in core zone and sugar concentration in buffer zone
(Table 4.124) at 5 % level.
71
In 2012: Sugar concentration value was observed 0.295 mg/g from control area’s
plant shoot. A great decline of sugar concentration was happened in core and buffer
zone’s shoot sample. 90.37% and 71.28% reduction was noticed in core and buffer
zone’s respectively in comparison to control zone’s sample. Breakdown of protein
concentration was noticed in case of core and buffer zone’s shoot sample. Core zone
shoot sample exhibited 78.88% reduction and buffer zone shoot sample exhibited
47.22% reduction in comparison to control shoot. Ascorbic acid concentration of this
plant in core and buffer zone showed a declining trend than control zone. 67.75% and
60.26% reduction trend were observed in core and buffer zone’s respectively in
comparison to control plant sample. Sugar concentration displayed negative
correlation with ascorbic acid in respective three zones. Protein concentration was
found to be positive correlation with ascorbic acid in core and control zones (Tables
4.125, 4.127) whereas in buffer zone a significant negative correlation was found at 5
% level (Table 4.126). In Control zone, correlation between protein and ascorbic acid
was also significant at 1 % level (Table 4.127).
4.6.3 Biochemical parameters study from root sample
In 2010: Reduction of sugar concentration was noticed in core and buffer area’s root
content was recorded 0.1116 mg/g in control area’s root sample. In core and buffer
comparison to control zone. Estimation of Ascorbic acid content in control root
sample was recorded 0.0123 mg/g. From core area’s root sample 2.17 times ascorbic
observed in comparison to control zone. Sugar concentration was found to be
significant positive correlation (1% level) with ascorbic acid in core zone (Table
4.129) whereas negative correlation in control zone (Table 4.131). Sugar
concentration was also found to be positive correlation with protein content in core,
buffer and control zone (Tables 4.129, 4.130, 4.131).
72
content was recorded 0.0993 mg/g in control area’s root sample. In core and buffer
comparison to control zone. Estimation of Ascorbic acid content in control root
sample was recorded 0.0135 mg/g. From core area’s root sample 1.83 times ascorbic
observed in comparison to control zone. Sugar concentration was found to be negative
correlation with ascorbic acid in core and buffer zone (Tables 4.133, 4.134) whereas
positive correlation in control zone (Table 4.135). Sugar concentration was also found
to be negative correlation with protein content in core and control zone (Tables 4.133,
4.135) whereas positive correlation in buffer zone (Table 4.134).
sample than control area’s root sample. 87.81% sugar reduction in core zone and
74.68% sugar reduction in buffer zone were also observed in comparison to control
zone. Estimation of protein content was recorded 0.103 mg/g in control area’s root
sample. In core and buffer areas 88.05% and 27.86% protein content reduction was
occurred respectively in comparison to control zone. Estimation of Ascorbic acid
content in control root sample was recorded 0.0132 mg/g. From core area’s root
sample 1.98 times ascorbic acid increasement and buffer area’s 1.64 times ascorbic
acid increasement were observed in comparison to control zone. Sugar concentration
was found to be positive correlation with ascorbic acid in core and buffer zone
(Tables 4.137, 4.138) whereas negative correlation in control zone (Table 4.139).
Sugar concentration was also found to be negative correlation with protein content in
core, buffer and control zone (Tables 4.137, 4.138, 4.139).
4.7 Detection of heavy metals inside Oryza sativa L. plant tissues:
Bioaccumulation of different heavy metals viz., Cadmium, Lead, Chromium

and Iron was detected from different plant parts of Oryza sativa L. plant during the
study period of three respective zones in 2010, 2011, 2012.
4.7.1 Concentration of metals in plant leaf tissues (Oryza sativa L.)
In 2010: In core zone the concentration of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Iron
inside Oryza sativa Linn plant leaf tissues ranged from (0.0005-0.0006 mg/kg),
(0.0032-0.0042 mg/kg), (0.0031-0.0036 mg/kg) and (0.269-0.281 mg/kg) whereas
73
buffer zone these metals concentration ranged from (0.00021-0.00030 mg/kg),
(0.0016-0.0028 mg/kg), (0.00-0.00 mg/kg) and (0.170-0.186 mg/kg). The detrimental
effect of Chromium on the plant growth was noticed by inhibiting hydraulic enzyme
activity which is responsible for mobilization of starch and protein from one part to
another part of cell which results in comparatively more reduction in sugar and
protein content. Similar observations were made by Bishnoi et al., 1993 in Peas,
Peralta et al., 2006 in alfaalfa. Chromium was not detected inside plant leaf sample of
buffer and control area. In control zone the concentration of Cadmium, Lead and Iron
inside Oryza sativa L. plant leaf tissues ranged from (0.00006-0.00009 mg/kg),
(0.00017-0.00022 mg/kg), and (0.043-0.061 mg/kg). There was found positive
correlation in between Cd and Pb in core (table 4.150) and control zone (Table 4.152)
whereas negative correlation in buffer zone (Table 4.151). In core zone Cr
concentration represented a negative correlation with Fe concentration. It was also
found that there was a correlation exists in between Fe concentration in core region
and Fe concentration in buffer region (Table 4.153).
In 2011: Heavy metal detection in core zone from leaf tissue sample of Oryza sativa
L. showed (0.00050-0.00065 mg/kg) ranged Cd, (0.0033-0.0040 mg/kg) ranged Pb,
(0.0029-0.0035 mg/kg) ranged Cr and (0.276-0.285 mg/kg) ranged Fe whereas in
(0.0022-0.0031 mg/kg), (0.00-0.00 mg/kg) and (0.176-0.185 mg/kg) respectively.
Chromium was not detected inside plant leaf sample of buffer and control area. In
control zone the concentration of Cadmium, Lead and Iron inside Oryza sativa Linn.
plant leaf tissues ranged from (0.00006-0.00009 mg/kg), (0.00015-0.00020 mg/kg),
and (0.047-0.062 mg/kg). There was found positive correlation in between Cd and Pb
in core (Table 4.154) and buffer zone (Table 4.155) whereas negative correlation in
control zone (Table 4.156). In core zone Cr concentration represented a positive
correlation with Fe concentration (Table 4.154). It was also found that there was a
significant positive correlation exists in between Pb concentration in core region and
Pb concentration in buffer region at 5 % level (Table 4.157).
inside Oryza sativa L. plant leaf tissues ranged from (0.0004-0.00059 mg/kg),
74
(0.0027-0.0035 mg/kg), (0.00-0.00 mg/kg) and (0.194-0.210 mg/kg). Chromium was
not detected inside plant leaf sample of buffer and control area. In control zone the
concentration of Cadmium, Lead and Iron inside Oryza sativa L. plant leaf tissues
ranged from (0.00008-0.00009 mg/kg), (0.00013-0.00015 mg/kg), and (0.044-0.051
mg/kg). There was positive correlation in between Cd and Pb concentration in core
zone (Table 4.158) and buffer zone (Table 4.159). In core zone Cr concentration
represented a negative correlation with Fe concentration (Table 4.158). It was also
found that there was a significant negative correlation exists in between Pb
concentration in core region and Fe concentration in buffer region (Table 4.161).
4.7.2 Concentration of metals in plant shoot tissues (Oryza sativa L.)
inside Oryza sativa L. plant shoot tissues ranged from (0.00029-0.00037 mg/kg),
not detected inside plant shoot sample of buffer and control area. In control zone the
concentration of Cadmium, Lead and Iron inside Oryza sativa L. plant shoot tissues
mg/kg). Though the heavy metals were present in dilute, undetectable quantities, their
recalcitrance and consequent persistence in water bodies imply that through natural
processes such as biomagnification, concentrations may become elevated to such an
extent that they begin exhibiting toxic characteristics by inhibiting synthesis of
different macromolecule such as protein, sugar, chlorophyll etc so different
macromolecules get maximum reduced in core zone. These findings were supported
by Atkinson et al., 1988. There was found negative correlation in between Cd and Pb
concentration in core zone (Table 4.162) and control zone (Table 4.164) whereas
positive correlation in buffer zone (Table 4.163). In core zone Cr concentration
represented a negative correlation with Fe concentration (Table 4.162). Fe
concentration was also found to be positive correlation with Pb concentration in
respective three zones (Tables 4.162, 4.163, 4.164) whereas core zone’s correlation is
significant at 1 % level (Table 4.162).
75
In 2011: Heavy metal detection in core zone from shoot tissue sample of Oryza sativa
Chromium was not detected inside plant shoot sample of buffer and control area. In
control zone the concentration of Cadmium, Lead and Iron inside Oryza sativa L.
plant shoot tissues ranged from (0.00002-0.00003 mg/kg), (0.00017-0.00023 mg/kg),
and (0.041-0.045 mg/kg). It was also found that there was negative correlation in
between Cd and Pb concentration in core zone (Table 4.166) and also buffer zone
(Table 4.167) whereas positive correlation in control zone (Table 4.168). In core zone
Cr concentration represented a negative correlation with Fe concentration (Table
4.166). Fe concentration was also found to be negative correlation with Pb
concentration in respective three zones (Tables 4.166, 4.167, 4.168).
inside Oryza sativa L. plant shoot tissues ranged from (0.00009-0.00034 mg/kg),
not detected inside plant shoot sample of buffer and control area. In control zone the
concentration of Cadmium, Lead and Iron inside Oryza sativa L. plant shoot tissues
mg/kg). It was also found that there was negative correlation in between Cd and Pb
concentration in core zone (Table 4.170) and also control zone (Table 4.172) whereas
positive correlation in buffer zone (Table 4.171). In core zone Cr concentration
represented a positive correlation with Fe concentration (Table 4.170). Fe
concentration was also found to be negative correlation with Pb concentration in
buffer zone (Table 4.171) and control zones (Table 4.172).
4.7.3 Concentration of metals in plant root tissues (Oryza sativa L.)
inside Oryza sativa L. plant root tissues ranged from (0.00038-0.00050 mg/kg),
76
not detected inside plant root sample of buffer and control area. In control zone the
concentration of Cadmium, Lead and Iron inside Oryza sativa L. plant root tissues
mg/kg). Cd value was found to be positive correlation with Pb concentration in core
zone (Table 4.174) whereas negative correlation in buffer and control zone (Tables
4.175, 4.176). In core zone Cr concentration represented a positive correlation with Fe
concentration (Table 4.174). It was also noticed that Pb value showed a significant
positive correlation (5 % level) with Cr concentration in core zone (Table 4.174).
Similar results were also reported in corn plant by Cunningham et al., (1975). Cd
value was found to be significant negative correlation with Pb in buffer zone at 5 %
level (Table 4.175).
In 2011: Heavy metal detection in core zone from root tissue sample of Oryza sativa
Chromium was not detected inside plant root sample of buffer and control area. In
control zone the concentration of Cadmium, Lead and Iron inside Oryza sativa L.
plant root tissues ranged from (0.00005-0.00008 mg/kg), (0.00022-0.00026 mg/kg),
and (0.046-0.055 mg/kg). Cd value was found to be negative correlation with Pb in
core zone (Table 4.178) and control zone (Table 4.180) whereas positive correlation
in buffer zone (Table 4.179). In core zone Cr concentration represented a negative
correlation with Fe concentration (Table 4.178).
inside Oryza sativa L. plant root tissues ranged from (0.00029-0.00051 mg/kg),
not detected inside plant root sample of buffer and control area. In control zone the
concentration of Cadmium, Lead and Iron inside Oryza sativa L. plant root tissues
77
mg/kg). Cd value was found to be positive correlation with Pb in core zone (table
4.182) and buffer zone (table 4.183) whereas negative correlation in control zone
(Table 4.184). In core zone Cr concentration represented a positive correlation with
Fe concentration (Table 4.182). In buffer zone Cd concentration was found to be
significant positive correlation with Fe concentration at 5 % level (Table 4.183).
There was a significant negative correlation (5% level) exists in between Cd
concentration in core zone and Pb concentration in buffer zone (Table 4.185).
4.8 Assessment of surface water quality in study period
Assessment of different surface water quality parameters viz., PH, temperature,

EC, TDS, BOD, COD were undertaken from different pond samples of three
respective sites during 2010, 2011 and 2012.
In 2010: The pH of the field experiment conducted in control zone’s surface water
varied between 5.91 - 7.24. In core zone this parameter range varied between 6.69-
8.36. whereas in buffer zone pH range varied between 5.91-7.06. The water
temperature of control, core and buffer pond samples during this particular study
period ranged from (27-28.6 C), (26.8-28.4 C) and (27.3-28.7 C). In control, core
and buffer pond samples the EC value lies between (73.7-123.4 µs/cm), (129.6-262
µs/cm) and (102.9-257 µs/cm). Wide range of variation were found during the period
of investigation. Pawar et al., (2011) found similar trend of observation. TDS value
from control, core, and buffer zone’s sample ranged from (52.5-90.8 mg/l), (91-178
mg/l) and (73.5-179.3 mg/l). The BOD value of control, core and buffer zone’s varied
between (2.47-3.68 mg/l), (2.7-3.72 mg/l) and (2.36-4.57 mg/l) respectively. In
control, core and buffer pond samples the COD value lies between (7.89-11.12 mg/l),
(8.47-11.11 mg/l) and (7.43-14.98 mg/l). EC was found to be significant positive
correlation with TDS value at 1 % level in respective three zones (Tables 4.186,
4.187, 4.188). BOD value also represented a positive correlation with COD value in
respective three zones whereas in core and buffer zone this correlation was significant
at 1 % level (Tables 4.187, 4.188). pH value was found to be negatively correlated
with BOD value in control and buffer zone (Tables 4.186, 4.188).
In 2011: Control zone’s surface water pH varied between 6.24-7.37. In core zone this
parameter range varied between 6.63-8.25, whereas in buffer zone pH range varied
78
between 6.15-7.02. The water temperature of control, core and buffer pond samples
during this particular study period ranged from (26.9-28.6 C), (26.7-28.5 C) and
(26.3-28.5 C). In control, core and buffer pond samples the EC value lies between
(82.6-125.5 µs/cm), (130-254 µs/cm) and (101.1-244 µs/cm). TDS value from
control, core, and buffer zone’s sample ranged from (60.4-92 mg/l), (93.5-179 mg/l)
and (71.7-169 mg/l). The BOD value of control, core and buffer zone’s varied
between (2.64-3.77 mg/l), (2.79-3.42 mg/l) and (2.47-4.18 mg/l) respectively. In
(8.11-10.02 mg/l) and (7.89-12.33 mg/l) respectively. EC was found to be significant
positive correlation with TDS value at 1 % level in respective three zones (Tables
4.189, 4.190, 4.191). BOD value also represented a positive correlation with COD
value in respective three zones (Tables 4.189, 4.190, 4.191). In core zone this
correlation was significant at 1 % level (Table 4.190) and in control zone this
correlation was significant at 5 % level (Table 4.189). pH value was found to be
negatively correlated with BOD value in control and buffer zone (Tables 4.189,
4.191).
In 2012: Surface water pH from control zone’s sample varied between 5.96-7.49. In
core zone this parameter range varied between 6.52-8.89, whereas in buffer zone pH
range varied between 5.98-8.1. The water temperature of control, core and buffer
pond samples during this particular study period ranged from (23.5-26.15 C), (26.1-
31.4 C) and (27.2-30.3 C). In control, core and buffer pond samples the EC value
lies between (129.1-147.6 µs/cm), (126.5-277 µs/cm) and (102.6-251 µs/cm). TDS
value from control, core, and buffer zone’s sample ranged from (89.3-103 mg/l),
(91.3-192 mg/l) and (73.8-178). The BOD value of control, core and buffer zone’s
varied between (2.26-3.08), (2.67-3.77 mg/l) and (2.67-4.95 mg/l) respectively. In
(8.2-12.25 mg/l) and (7.71-15.64 mg/l) respectively. Water temperature represented a
positive correlation with TDS value in control, core and buffer zone (Tables 4.192,
4.193, 4.194). In control and core zone this correlation was significant at 5 % level. In
warm period due to water evaporation and sulphur oxidising bacterial activity the
concentrations of contaminants begin to recover. The result is in conformity with the
findings of Olias et al., (2004). EC was found to be significant positive correlation
79
with TDS value at 1 % level in respective three zones (Tables 4.192, 4.193, 4.194).
BOD value also represented a positive correlation with COD value in respective three
zones whereas in core and buffer zone this correlation was significant at 1 % level
(Tables 4.193, 4.194). pH value was found to be negatively correlated with BOD
value in control and buffer zone (Tables 4.192, 4.194).
4.9 Soil biological parameters:
Two soil biological parameters namely 1) N2 fixing bacterial colony count

from soil 2) Fungal population of soil were experimented in three respective study
sites during the three study seasons of 2010, 2011, 2012.
4.9.1 Total N2 fixing bacterial population (CFU g-1) from soil:
In 2010: The standard plate count of bacterial population were undertaken in all the
three zones. In core zone (10-2) dilution the minimum and maximum number of
bacterial population were counted 64×102 CFU g-1 and 79×102 CFU g-1. Buffer zone
(10-2) dilution represents a bacterial population lies between 192×102 to 225×102
CFU g-1. The minimum 295×102 CFU g-1 and maximum 390×102 CFU g-1 bacterial
population were noted in control zone’s soil sample (10-2) dilution. In core zone (10-4)
dilution, the bacterial population number varied between 27×104 to 40×104 CFU g-1.
Buffer zone (10-4) dilution represents a bacterial population lies between 108×104 to
124×104 CFU g-1. The minimum 157×104 CFU g-1 and maximum 162×104 CFU g-1
bacterial population were noted in control zone’s soil sample (10-4) dilution.
In core zone (10-5) dilution, the bacterial population number varied between
12×105 to 26×105 CFU g-1. Buffer zone (10-5) dilution represents a bacterial
population lies between 63×105 to 97×105 CFU g-1. The minimum 139×105 CFU g-1
and maximum 157×105 CFU g-1 bacterial population were noted in control zone’s soil
sample (10-5) dilution. Maximum reduction of bacterial colony was found in core
zone due to enrichment of heavy metal in soil from industrial waste water. These
heavy metals destroyed the microbial population growth in soil by inhibition of
nitrification and denitrification process. Similar findings were proved by Braam and
Klapwijk 1981 and Waara, 1992.
In 2011: In case of core zone (10-2) dilution the minimum and maximum number of
80
dilution, the bacterial population number varied between 28×104 to 42×104 CFU g-1 .
Buffer zone (10-4) dilution represents a bacterial population lies between125×104
to159×104 CFU g-1. The minimum 153×104 CFU g-1 and maximum 168×104 CFU g-1
sample (10-5) dilution. The heavy metals played a significant role for reduction of
microbial population in core zone. The heavy metals are toxic to microorganisms and
they lead to several beneficial microbial deaths in the soil. This incident was
supported by Nics, 1999 and Ehrlich, 1997.
In 2012: The standard plate count of bacterial population were undertaken in all the
three zones. In core zone (10-2) dilution the minimum and maximum number of
dilution, the bacterial population number varied between 30×104 to 42×104 CFU g-1.
Buffer zone (10-4) dilution represents a bacterial population lies between 117×104 to
153×104 CFU g-1. The minimum 156×104 CFU g-1 and maximum 162×104 CFU g-1
sample (10-5) dilution.
81
4.9.2 Standard plate count of fungi from soil:
In 2010: From the results it was found that fungal diversity in core zone’s soil sample
(10-2 dilution) varied between 06×102 to 15×102 CFU g-1. In buffer zone’s soil (10-2
dilution) fungal population ranged from 08×102 to 26×102. Control zone (10-2)
dilution represents a bacterial population lies between 26×102 to 38×102 CFU g-1. In
core zone (10-3) dilution the minimum and maximum number of bacterial population
were counted 1×103 CFU g-1 and 8×103 CFU g-1. Buffer zone (10-3) dilution
represents a bacterial population lies between 07×103 to 11×103 CFU g-1. The
minimum16×103 CFU g-1 and maximum 21×103 CFU g-1 bacterial population were
noted in control zone’s soil sample (10-3 dilution). The Industrial waste water played a
significant role for drastic reduction of fungal population in core zone. The heavy
metals are toxic to microorganisms and they lead to several beneficial fungal deaths in
the soil.
In 2011: Fungal diversity in core zone’s soil sample (10-2 dilution) varied between
2×102 to 11×102 CFU g-1. In buffer zone’s soil (10-2 dilution) fungal population
ranged from 10×102 to 16×102. Control zone (10-2) dilution represents a bacterial
population lies between 26×102 to 32×102 CFU g-1. In core zone (10-3) dilution the
minimum and maximum number of bacterial population were counted 2×103 CFU g-1
and 8×103 CFU g-1. Buffer zone (10-3) dilution represents a bacterial population lies
between 8×103 to 10×103 CFU g-1. The minimum14×103 CFU g-1 and maximum
19×103 CFU g-1 bacterial population were noted in control zone’s soil sample (10-3
dilution). Reduction of fungal population was noticed in core and buffer zone. This
may be probably due to industrial waste water discharge in surrounding soil.
In 2012: Fungal population in core zone’s soil sample in10-2 dilution varied between
3×102 to 11×102 CFU g-1. In buffer zone’s soil (10-2 dilution) fungal population
ranged from12×102 to 17×102 CFU g-1. Control zone (10-2) dilution represents a
bacterial population lies between 25×102 to 30×102 CFU g-1. In core zone (10-3)
dilution the minimum and maximum number of bacterial population were counted
3×103 CFU g-1 and 9×103 CFU g-1. Buffer zone (10-3) dilution represents a bacterial
population lies between 5×103 to 10×103 CFU g-1. The minimum10×103 CFU g-1 and
maximum 14×103 CFU g-1 bacterial population were noted in control zone’s soil
82
sample (10-3 dilution). The heavy metals which was present in industrial waste water
played a significant role for death of fungal colony in core and buffer zone.
4.10 Clinical methodology:
Human sputum samples were collected from pollution exposed zone and
control zone and analysed through PAP staining, Non specific esterase staining and
Perl’s Prussian Blue staining. In pollution exposed zone cytological slides exhibited
heavy deposition of carbonaceous and fibrous material in sputum and alveolar
macrophages turn into brownish colour due to heavy iron deposition of lung. Most of
the people in polluted area responds that they were also suffering from airborne
diseases such as bronchitis, cough, asthma, cold cough, allergic reaction etc whereas
in control area there was no such type of any incident. Clinical slides were shown in
figures 4.1-4.6.
4.11 Socio Economic status of Angadpur area:
There was 14.8% slum population among the total inhabitants. 53.1 % male
population and 46.9 % female population were observed. Literacy rate was 74% and
68% in case of male and female population. More or less 18 % people’s job in this
area was depended upon this factory.
4.12 APTI value of some plants:
In core zone APTI value was measured from some crop plants and wild plants
for sustainable agricultural purpose and pollution remediation purpose. Oryza sativa
L. plant showed APTI value 6.61 and Phaseolus mungo Roxb. plant exhibited 7.39
APTI value. Raphanus sativus L. represented APTI value 9.08, it was the highest
value among the studied agricultural plants so this plant will be considered for
cultivation as a agricultural plant in core zone. Alstonia scholaris R.Br., Mangifera
indica L., and Albezia lebbek Benth. plant presented a APTI value 8.86, 8.77 and
8.008 respectively. pH value of leaf was found to be positively correlated with
chlorophyll content of leaf in case of Phaseolus mungo Roxb., Mangifera indica L.,
Albezia lebbek Benth. plant (table 4.196, 4.199, 4.200) whereas in case of Raphanus
sativus L. plant leaf pH was positively correlated with the ascorbic acid content and
chlorophyll content of leaf (table 4.197). The result is in conformity with the findings
of Datta et al., (2009). Large quantity of water (in terms of RWC) in plant bodies of
83
Raphanus sativus L., Mangifera indica L., Alstonia scholaris R.Br. helps in
maintaining its physiological balance under stress condition of air pollution. These
findings were also supported by Gonzalez and Gonzalez-Vilar (2001).
84
Table 4.1: Characterisation of Industrial Waste Water 2010
pH Temperature Electrical TDS B0D COD Fe Pb Cr Cd

( C) Conductivity mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
µs/cm
S1 6.87 25.4 125.5 402 2.19 16.8 6.22 0.28 0.14 0.013
S2 6.71 26.1 128 389.9 2.12 17.12 6.37 0.19 0.17 0.008
S3 7.12 26.7 171.2 336.1 1.95 16.59 2.14 0.22 0.20 0.006
S4 6.98 25.5 163.5 382.4 2.37 18.27 6.91 0.25 0.13 0.009
S5 7.28 25.9 149 408.7 2.43 18.91 5.87 0.19 0.16 0.015
S6 6.59 25.2 152.3 394 2.87 19.54 6.15 0.26 0.19 0.009
S7 6.94 26.3 156.4 427.5 2.24 19.49 6.32 0.23 0.15 0.006
S8 6.52 26.1 143 389 2.35 18.87 6.05 0.20 0.17 0.008
Min 6.52 25.2 125.5 336.1 1.95 16.59 2.14 0.19 0.13 0.006
Max 7.28 26.7 171.2 427.5 2.87 19.54 6.91 0.28 0.20 0.015
Ave 6.87 25.9 148.61 391.2 2.31 18.19 5.75 0.22 0.16 0.0092
SD± 0.26 0.5 16.02 26.37 0.27 1.2 1.49 0.03 0.02 0.003
85

µs/cm
S1 7.05 23.7 129.1 302.2 2.4 17.23 5.84 0.24 0.16 0.009
S2 6.46 24.3 130.2 329 1.52 15.16 6.83 0.29 0.19 0.019
S3 6.58 24.5 134.1 387.4 2.63 18.5 1.48 0.19 0.19 0.016
S4 7.68 23.4 180.2 365 2.42 16.45 6.79 0.21 0.17 0.007
S5 7.20 23.8 138.4 412.4 2.56 17.84 6.89 0.17 0.15 0.008
S6 6.86 23 140.3 385.7 2.46 19.62 5.91 0.24 0.20 0.009
S7 7.04 23.1 164.4 428 1.96 17.28 6.27 0.20 0.14 0.006
S8 6.38 23.4 136.1 419 2.49 16.71 5.87 0.18 0.15 0.006
Min 6.38 23 129.1 302.2 1.52 15.16 1.48 0.17 0.14 0.006
Max 7.68 24.5 180.2 428 2.63 19.62 6.89 0.29 0.2 0.019
Ave 6.90 23.65 144.1 378.58 2.30 17.34 5.73 0.21 0.16 0.01
SD± 0.43 0.53 18.30 44.44 0.37 1.34 1.77 0.03 0.02 0.004
86

µs/cm
S1 6.93 25.1 135 389 2.16 18.34 5.92 0.18 0.21 0.011
S2 6.52 24.9 120.7 340.1 2.35 17.75 6.78 0.26 0.17 0.004
S3 6.76 24.5 141.4 367.3 2.1 19.26 2.74 0.20 0.20 0.009
S4 7.15 25.3 167.5 382.9 1.95 18.51 6.68 0.17 0.13 0.016
S5 7.24 24.6 129.5 418.5 2.32 17.68 6.77 0.19 0.19 0.007
S6 6.91 24.8 132 403.2 2.43 18.52 6.64 0.22 0.16 0.008
S7 6.87 24.8 158 395 2.26 18.44 5.95 0.24 0.20 0.012
S8 6.56 25 145.4 420 2.19 17.56 5.82 0.19 0.15 0.006
Min 6.52 24.5 120.7 340.1 1.95 17.56 2.74 0.17 0.13 0.004
Max 7.24 25.3 167.5 420 2.43 19.26 6.78 0.26 0.21 0.016
Ave 6.86 24.87 141.18 389.5 2.22 18.25 5.91 0.20 0.17 0.0091
SD± 0.25 0.26 15.45 26.63 0.15 0.56 1.34 0.031 0.02 0.0037
87
3
Table 4.4: Air sampling in 2010 (parameters unit µg/m )
3 3 3 3
Sampling SPM (µg/m ) PM10 (µg/m ) SOX (µg/m ) NOX (µg/m )
Stations CONT CORE BUFFER CONT CORE BUFFER CONT CORE BUFFER CONT CORE BUFFER
S1 128.46 1595.21 1240 90.30 595 480.37 3.46 16.17 11.73 10.21 823.21 738.16
S2 126.19 1642 1245.31 89.67 594.78 482.29 2.18 13.21 12.64 9.15 822.19 833
S3 130.27 1640.46 1242.13 88 590.21 482 2.35 15.96 14.39 10.27 820.12 741.35
S4 130 1661.79 1249.6 92.72 603.03 484.75 1.87 14.99 15.45 10.29 826.19 827.45
S5 140.41 1638.20 1239.75 90.13 607.6 481.66 2.47 18.53 12.51 11.40 824.17 759.19
S6 133 1641.37 1244.73 89.81 602 488.09 2.32 16.16 13.04 10.59 828.15 758.82
S7 131.17 1640 1241.05 91 603.74 486.51 2.43 16.22 12.55 10.67 827.20 764
S8 135.9 1703.52 1276.44 115.93 702.68 529 3.5 16.75 12.57 9.86 835.01 760.53
Min 126.19 1595.21 1239.75 88 590.21 480.37 1.87 13.21 11.73 9.15 820.12 738.16
Max 140.41 1703.52 1276.44 115.93 702.68 529 3.5 18.53 15.45 11.4 835.01 833
Av 131.92 1645.31 1247.37 93.44 612.38 489.33 2.57 15.99 13.11 10.30 825.78 772.81
SD± 4.48 29.99 12.19 9.18 36.93 16.24 0.59 1.50 1.20 0.64 4.58 36.66
88
3
3 3 3 3
Sampling SPM (µg/m ) PM10 (µg/m ) SOX (µg/m ) NOX (µg/m )
Stations CONT CORE BUFFER CONT CORE BUFFER CONT CORE BUFFER CONT CORE BUFFER
S1 110.21 1471.2 1195 85.90 609.74 527.17 3.70 15.34 11.94 9.28 815 730
S2 117 1493.12 1182 88.15 585 505.43 2.59 18.03 13.85 9.95 820.3 832.19
S3 115.38 1504.61 1223.71 76.28 590.39 473.55 4.16 16.5 12.59 10.35 879.17 695.37
S4 132.79 1475 1242.39 90 600.13 484.25 3.04 16.28 10.25 12.62 830.2 712.50
S5 121.09 1630.75 1176.54 104.3 594 495 2.91 17.19 13.07 10.40 788.16 792.6
S6 119.15 1590.86 1231.27 93.41 712 487.38 1.84 14.61 15.72 9.28 794 745.23
S7 141.32 1633 1280 92.24 708 512.29 2.69 16.04 12.5 9.76 815.16 710
S8 127 1524.72 1271.3 91 612.34 538 2.47 15.78 12.31 10.23 824.3 729.14
Min 110.21 1471.2 1176.54 76.28 585 473.55 1.84 14.61 10.25 9.28 788.16 695.37
Max 141.32 1633 1280 104.3 712 538 4.16 18.03 15.72 12.62 879.17 832.19
Av 122.99 1540.4 1225.27 90.16 626.45 502.88 2.92 16.22 12.77 10.23 820.78 743.37
SD± 10.16 67.73 38.93 7.84 52.38 22.12 0.72 1.06 1.57 1.05 27.66 46.39
89
3
Sampling SPM (µg/m3) PM10 (µg/m3) SOX (µg/m3) NOX (µg/m3)

stations CONT CORE BUFFER CONT CORE BUFFER CONT CORE BUFFER CONT CORE BUFFER
S1 112.25 1572.52 1224.2 69.16 495.56 445 3.50 16.23 13.51 11.05 827.56 839.44
S2 128.37 1483.19 1196.66 75 572 460.71 1.79 18.09 14.23 10.93 839 830.31
S3 130 1561.37 1238 82.24 560.48 474.4 3.22 14.12 15.36 10.16 812.40 812.56
S4 132.47 1608.56 1240.36 67 579 504 2.93 16.75 15.79 12.78 795.37 769.32
S5 118.29 1590 1252.31 87.39 562.72 512.63 3.59 16.64 13.91 9.32 818.14 755.14
S6 132.5 1617.84 1302.04 68.42 548.91 509 2.68 17.95 14.04 11.14 825.23 762.25
S7 126 1494 1224 72 538.84 494.74 4.09 16.92 12.95 10.69 823 779.47
S8 129.36 1528.33 1232.18 80.41 545 476.59 3.15 15.21 15.28 14.12 827.61 786.52
Min 112.25 1483.19 1196.66 67 495.56 445 1.79 14.12 12.95 9.32 795.37 755.14
Max 132.5 1617.84 1302.04 87.39 579 512.63 4.09 18.09 15.79 14.12 839 839.44
Av 126.15 1556.97 1238.71 75.20 550.31 484.63 3.11 16.48 14.38 11.27 821.03 791.87
SD± 7.22 50.63 30.32 7.41 25.94 24.39 0.68 1.32 0.99 1.50 12.93 31.81
\
90
Table 4.7: Study of noise level in decibel unit (2010, 2011, 2012)
Zone DAY 2010 (dB) 2011 (dB) 2012 (dB)

Distribution SAMPLING Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
S1 71.5 97.2 75.2 81.4 81.8 89.4
S2 73.7 90.7 77.4 90.2 66 92
S3 69.7 93.4 75 93.8 67.1 95.8
S4 65.4 83.6 77.7 91.9 59.5 90.2
S5 60 95.5 74 91.7 62.5 92.6
CORE S6 63 86.3 74 98.4 79.1 84.3
ZONE S7 69.5 92 71 89.9 70 89.1
S8 68.3 81 71.3 97.2 80.3 89.5
AVERAGE 67.63 89.96 74.45 91.81 70.78 90.36
SD± 4.54 5.77 2.45 5.22 8.56 3.32
S1 58.7 81 50.9 82.1 55.5 84.3
S2 50.4 76.3 53.5 80.4 53.7 74.6
S3 55 82 54 78 55.5 85.3
S4 55.3 81.3 52.9 69.4 53.5 75.9
S5 51.4 62 50 75 52.3 76.8
S6 54 77.8 49.6 73.8 51.9 76.5
BUFFER S7 53.4 70.8 51 68 50.1 89.1
ZONE S8 53.2 87.6 53 76 49.6 78.7
AVERAGE 53.92 77.35 51.86 75.33 52.76 80.15
SD± 2.54 7.88 1.68 4.93 2.21 5.33
S1 53.5 67.3 52 63 53.2 71.1
S2 54.2 65.7 56.1 70.9 54.3 69.3
S3 55.2 88.3 55.6 72 51.2 64.6
S4 54 78.7 53 74.2 52.4 70.2
CONTROL S5 57.1 71.2 56.1 80.5 57.2 74.4
ZONE S6 56.3 89.1 53.8 82.9 54 75.6
S7 53.1 81.8 51.4 78.6 54.5 82.7
S8 51 71.5 53.4 81.2 53 89.4
AVERAGE 54.3 76.7 53.92 75.41 53.72 74.66
SD± 1.91 9.14 1.83 6.68 1.77 7.97
91
Table 4.8: Biochemical parameters concentration of Mangifera indica L. plant in (mg/g) unit
Leaf (mg/g) Shoot (mg/g)
Parameters Zone Sampling stations
2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
S1 0.642 0.733 0.631 0.699 0.739 0.748
S2 0.618 0.678 0.626 0.712 0.741 0.751
Core S3 0.609 0.602 0.590 0.730 0.734 0.733
AVE 0.623 0.671 0.615 0.713 0.738 0.744
SD± 0.017 0.065 0.022 0.015 0.003 0.009
S1 0.935 0.940 0.943 0.739 0.738 0.760
S2 0.860 0.819 0.887 0.750 0.779 0.743
Protein Buffer S3 0.912 0.942 0.928 0.768 0.771 0.804
AVE 0.902 0.900 0.919 0.752 0.762 0.769
SD± 0.038 0.070 0.028 0.014 0.021 0.031
S1 1.124 0.995 1.143 0.836 0.850 0.820
S2 1.135 1.113 1.127 0.853 0.848 0.854
Cont S3 1.126 1.109 1.131 0.842 0.837 0.851
AVE 1.128 1.072 1.133 0.843 0.845 0.841
SD± 0.005 0.067 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.018
S1 0.092 0.094 0.097 0.048 0.061 0.0575
S2 0.075 0.089 0.091 0.054 0.053 0.0570
Core S3 0.098 0.095 0.100 0.056 0.060 0.059
AVE 0.088 0.092 0.096 0.052 0.058 0.057
SD± 0.011 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.0010
S1 0.084 0.087 0.091 0.045 0.044 0.053
S2 0.092 0.094 0.098 0.052 0.050 0.053
Sugar Buffer S3 0.085 0.086 0.093 0.049 0.061 0.057
AVE 0.087 0.089 0.094 0.048 0.051 0.054
SD± 0.004 0.0043 0.003 0.003 0.008 0.002
S1 0.091 0.088 0.089 0.179 0.197 0.211
S2 0.082 0.090 0.095 0.187 0.186 0.203
Cont S3 0.087 0.076 0.090 0.188 0.202 0.199
AVE 0.086 0.084 0.091 0.184 0.195 0.204
SD± 0.004 0.007 0.003 0.004 0.008 0.006
92
Table 4.9: Biochemical parameters concentration of Mangifera indica L. plant in (mg/g) unit
Parameters zone Sampling stations
2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
S1 0.0075 0.0058 0.0069 0.0131 0.0129 0.0130
S2 0.0068 0.0061 0.0052 0.0127 0.0137 0.0136
Core S3 0.0069 0.0081 0.0050 0.0132 0.0134 0.0132
AVE 0.0070 0.0066 00.0057 0.0130 0.0133 0.0132
SD± 0.0003 0.0012 0.0010 0.0002 0.0004 0.0003
S1 0.0702 0.0698 0.0664 0.0184 0.0217 0.0169
S2 0.0699 0.0713 0.0593 0.0206 0.0199 0.0152
Ascorbic
Buffer S3 0.0678 0.0615 0.0612 0.0197 0.0202 0.0203
acid
AVE 0.0693 0.0675 0.0623 0.0195 0.0206 0.0174
SD± 0.0013 0.0052 0.0036 0.0011 0.0009 0.0025
S1 0.0879 0.0869 0.0982 0.0196 0.0218 0.0228
S2 0.0975 0.0917 0.1001 0.0215 0.0197 0.0221
Cont S3 0.0993 0.0986 0.0989 0.0204 0.0208 0.0220
AVE 0.0949 0.0924 0.0990 0.0205 0.0207 0.0223
SD± 0.0061 0.0058 0.0009 0.0009 0.0010 0.0004
S1 0.0040 0.0031 0.0033
S2 0.0034 0.0029 0.0032
Core S3 0.0033 0.0030 0.0035
AVE 0.0035 0.003 0.0033
SD± 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001
S1 0.0041 0.0035 0.0034
S2 0.0039 0.0039 0.0044
Chlorophyll Buffer S3 0.0042 0.0041 0.0033
AVE 0.0040 0.0038 0.0037
SD± 0.0001 0.0003 0.0006
S1 0.0048 0.0043 0.0044
S2 0.0049 0.0044 0.0043
Cont S3 0.0044 0.0050 0.0047
AVE 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044
SD± 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002
93
Table 4.10: Biochemical parameters concentration of Alstonia scholaris R.Br. plant in (mg/g) unit
Sampling Leaf (mg/g) Shoot (mg/g)
Parameters Zone
stations 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
S1 0.2104 0.2012 0.2058 0.0062 0.0059 0.0081
S2 0.2087 0.2174 0.2003 0.0089 0.0067 0.0040
Core S3 0.2156 0.2201 0.2317 0.0071 0.0038 0.0040
AVE 0.2115 0.2129 0.2126 0.0074 0.0054 0.0053
SD± 0.0035 0.0102 0.0167 0.0013 0.0014 0.0023
S1 0.2205 0.2175 0.2293 0.0986 0.0940 0.1025
S2 0.2193 0.2088 0.2124 0.0954 0.0931 0.0938
Protein Buffer S3 0.2216 0.2129 0.2037 0.0963 0.0936 0.0947
AVE 0.220 0.213 0.215 0.0967 0.0935 0.097
SD± 0.0011 0.0043 0.0130 0.0016 0.00045 0.0047
S1 0.2931 0.2876 0.2984 0.1179 0.1252 0.1376
S2 0.2947 0.2905 0.2835 0.1254 0.1189 0.1213
Cont S3 0.2926 0.2893 0.3339 0.1305 0.1164 0.1117
AVE 0.2934 0.2891 0.3052 0.1246 0.1201 0.1235
SD± 0.0010 0.0014 0.0258 0.0063 0.0045 0.0130
S1 0.0640 0.0758 0.0786 0.0296 0.0285 0.0290
S2 0.0678 0.0762 0.0764 0.0284 0.0280 0.0287
Core S3 0.0739 0.0758 0.0749 0.0292 0.0288 0.0282
AVE 0.0685 0.075 0.0766 0.0290 0.0284 0.0286
SD± 0.0049 0.0002 0.0018 0.0006 0.0004 0.0004
S1 0.0719 0.0714 0.0678 0.0331 0.0322 0.0317
S2 0.0683 0.0692 0.0661 0.0329 0.0346 0.0325
Sugar Buffer S3 0.0730 0.0735 0.0740 0.0338 0.0323 0.0338
AVE 0.0710 0.0713 0.0693 0.0332 0.0334 0.0326
SD± 0.0024 0.0021 0.0041 0.0004 0.0013 0.001
S1 0.0721 0.0673 0.0649 0.0355 0.0347 0.0381
S2 0.0687 0.0612 0.0609 0.0361 0.0386 0.0341
Cont S3 0.0718 0.0644 0.0704 0.0343 0.0352 0.0395
AVE 0.0708 0.0643 0.0654 0.0353 0.0361 0.0372
SD± 0.0018 0.0030 0.0047 0.0009 0.0021 0.0028
94
Table 4.11: Biochemical parameters concentration of Alstonia scholaris R.Br. plant in (mg/g) unit
Parameters zone Sampling stations
2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
S1 0.0065 0.0092 0.0079 0.0099 0.0085 0.0104
S2 0.0072 0.0076 0.0067 0.0108 0.0091 0.0093
Core S3 0.0069 0.0088 0.0065 0.0084 0.0083 0.0100
AVE 0.0068 0.008 0.0070 0.0097 0.0086 0.0099
SD± 0.0003 0.0008 0.0007 0.0012 0.0004 0.0005
S1 0.0075 0.0091 0.0087 0.0084 0.0092 0.0089
S2 0.0094 0.0085 0.0075 0.0096 0.0087 0.0095
Ascorbic acid Buffer S3 0.0088 0.0073 0.0082 0.0078 0.0090 0.0078
AVE 0.0085 0.0083 0.0081 0.0086 0.0089 0.0087
SD± 0.0009 0.0009 0.0006 0.0009 0.0002 0.0008
S1 0.0821 0.0825 0.0809 0.0016 0.0022 0.0011
S2 0.0815 0.0834 0.0806 0.0024 0.0017 0.0018
Cont S3 0.0823 0.0806 0.0832 0.0020 0.0019 0.0012
AVE 0.0819 0.0821 0.0815 0.002 0.0019 0.0013
SD± 0.0004 0.0014 0.001 0.0004 0.0002 0.0003
S1 0.0026 0.0018 0.0035
S2 0.0044 0.0037 0.0039
Core S3 0.0028 0.0033 0.0034
AVE 0.0032 0.0029 0.0036
SD± 0.0009 0.001 0.0002
S1 0.0040 0.0029 0.0039
S2 0.0036 0.0035 0.0047
AVE 0.0039 0.0032 0.0041
SD± 0.0003 0.0003 0.0005
S1 0.0050 0.0046 0.0051
S2 0.0045 0.0058 0.0045
Cont S3 0.0043 0.0055 0.0061
AVE 0.0046 0.0053 0.0052
SD± 0.0003 0.0006 0.0008
95
Table 4.12: Biochemical parameters concentration of Oryza sativa L. plant in (mg/g) unit
Sampling Leaf (mg/g) Shoot (mg/g) Root (mg/g)

Parameters zone
stations 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
S1 0.0401 0.0332 0.0358 0.0284 0.0243 0.0277 0.0042 0.0029 0.0035
S2 0.0291 0.0352 0.0329 0.0279 0.0261 0.0292 0.0039 0.0035 0.0033
Core S3 0.0330 0.0341 0.0347 0.0263 0.0282 0.0285 0.0031 0.0026 0.0049
AVE 0.0340 0.0341 0.0344 0.0275 0.0262 0.0284 0.0037 0.0030 0.0039
SD± 0.0055 0.0010 0.0014 0.0010 0.0019 0.0007 0.0005 0.0004 0.0008
S1 0.153 0.144 0.137 0.0993 0.101 0.0981 0.0066 0.0082 0.0079
S2 0.139 0.132 0.129 0.0978 0.0995 0.0759 0.0075 0.0094 0.0091
Sugar Buffer S3 0.143 0.140 0.108 0.0984 0.0987 0.0802 0.0073 0.0085 0.0075
AVE 0.1450 0.1386 0.1246 0.0985 0.0997 0.0847 0.0071 0.0087 0.0081
SD± 0.0072 0.0061 0.0149 0.0007 0.0011 0.0117 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008
S1 0.343 0.359 0.361 0.292 0.289 0.294 0.042 0.039 0.031
S2 0.369 0.348 0.366 0.295 0.296 0.299 0.036 0.041 0.029
Cont S3 0.358 0.351 0.360 0.288 0.291 0.292 0.028 0.025 0.037
AVE 0.3566 0.3526 0.3623 0.2916 0.292 0.295 0.0353 0.0350 0.032
SD± 0.013 0.0056 0.0032 0.0035 0.0036 0.0036 0.0070 0.008 0.0041
S1 0.065 0.083 0.069 0.015 0.005 0.010 0.026 0.028 0.014
S2 0.089 0.079 0.092 0.012 0.009 0.009 0.031 0.017 0.019
Core S3 0.074 0.076 0.081 0.008 0.011 0.004 0.016 0.015 0.004
AVE 0.0760 0.0793 0.0806 0.0116 0.0083 0.0076 0.0243 0.020 0.0123
SD± 0.0121 0.0035 0.0115 0.0035 0.0030 0.0032 0.0076 0.007 0.0076
S1 0.096 0.119 0.094 0.027 0.017 0.020 0.075 0.068 0.073
S2 0.108 0.098 0.107 0.019 0.031 0.015 0.088 0.084 0.069
Protein Buffer S3 0.106 0.097 0.095 0.016 0.023 0.022 0.069 0.079 0.081
AVE 0.1033 0.1046 0.0986 0.0206 0.0236 0.0190 0.0773 0.077 0.0743
SD± 0.0064 0.0124 0.0072 0.0056 0.0070 0.0036 0.0097 0.0081 0.0061
S1 0.232 0.198 0.213 0.037 0.035 0.029 0.131 0.111 0.119
S2 0.229 0.205 0.216 0.028 0.046 0.024 0.109 0.089 0.094
Cont S3 0.218 0.196 0.239 0.025 0.052 0.055 0.095 0.098 0.096
AVE 0.2263 0.199 0.2226 0.030 0.0443 0.036 0.1116 0.0993 0.103
SD± 0.0073 0.004 0.0142 0.0062 0.0086 0.0166 0.0181 0.0110 0.0138
96
Table 4.13: Biochemical parameters concentration of Oryza sativa L. plant in (mg/g) unit
Sampling Leaf (mg/g) Shoot (mg/g) Root (mg/g)
Parameters Zone
stations 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
S1 0.0150 0.0155 0.0142 0.0291 0.0337 0.0390 0.0322 0.0269 0.0264
S2 0.0137 0.0140 0.0129 0.0316 0.0319 0.0333 0.0287 0.0225 0.0185
Core S3 0.0142 0.0123 0.0126 0.0322 0.0359 0.0287 0.0194 0.0251 0.0337
AVE 0.0143 0.0139 0.0132 0.0309 0.0338 0.0336 0.0267 0.0248 0.0262
SD± 0.0006 0.0016 0.0008 0.0016 0.0020 0.0051 0.0066 0.0022 0.0076
S1 0.0073 0.0086 0.0121 0.0424 0.0433 0.0412 0.0197 0.0234 0.0225
S2 0.0082 0.0094 0.0107 0.0431 0.0415 0.0427 0.0214 0.0218 0.0216
Ascorbic
Buffer S3 0.0078 0.0116 0.0098 0.0410 0.0438 0.0405 0.0229 0.0227 0.0211
acid
AVE 0.0077 0.0098 0.0108 0.0421 0.0428 0.0414 0.0213 0.0226 0.0217
SD± 0.0004 0.0015 0.0011 0.0010 0.0012 0.0011 0.0016 0.0008 0.0007
S1 0.0067 0.0059 0.0070 0.0976 0.0983 0.1034 0.0117 0.0133 0.0123
S2 0.0059 0.0062 0.0051 0.0989 0.1021 0.1028 0.0130 0.0145 0.0139
Cont S3 0.0081 0.0054 0.0055 0.1032 0.1054 0.1065 0.0122 0.0129 0.0134
AVE 0.0069 0.0058 0.0058 0.0999 0.1019 0.1042 0.0123 0.0135 0.0132
SD± 0.0011 0.0004 0.0010 0.0029 0.0035 0.0019 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008
S1 0.0226 0.0247 0.0256
S2 0.0238 0.0259 0.0265
Core S3 0.0245 0.0230 0.0224
AVE 0.0236 0.0245 0.0248
SD± 0.0009 0.0014 0.0021
S1 0.0283 0.0279 0.0286
S2 0.0291 0.0267 0.0275
AVE 0.0282 0.0265 0.0285
SD± 0.0008 0.0014 0.0009
S1 0.0341 0.0331 0.0323
S2 0.0350 0.0345 0.0319
Cont S3 0.0339 0.0336 0.0333
AVE 0.0343 0.0337 0.0325
SD± 0.0005 0.0007 0.0007
97
Table 4.14: Heavy metals concentration in different parts of paddy plant (mg/kg) unit in 2010
Plant Sample Heavy metals (mg/kg) unit

Parts No Cadmium Lead Chromium Iron
Core Buffer Control Core Buffer Control Core Buffer Control Core Buffer Control
zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone
S1 0.00052 0.00026 0.00008 0.0032 0.0020 0.00018 0.0036 ND ND 0.272 0.170 0.043
S2 0.00050 0.00030 0.00006 0.0039 0.0016 0.00017 0.0032 ND ND 0.281 0.186 0.061
LEAF S3 0.00060 0.00021 0.00009 0.0042 0.0028 0.00022 0.0031 ND ND 0.269 0.182 0.055
Ave 0.00054 0.00025 0.000076 0.0037 0.0021 0.00019 0.0033 0.274 0.179 0.053
SD± .000052 .000045 .000015 0.00051 0.00061 .000026 0.000264 0.00624 0.00832 0.00916
S1 0.00030 0.00018 0.00003 0.0159 0.0115 0.00021 0.0019 ND ND 0.209 0.114 0.037
S2 0.00029 0.00011 0.00002 0.0147 0.0086 0.00023 0.0015 ND ND 0.196 0.109 0.033
SHOOT S3 0.00037 0.00013 0.00002 0.0144 0.0108 0.00028 0.0026 ND ND 0.193 0.116 0.040
Ave 0.00032 0.00014 0.000023 0.0150 0.0103 0.00024 0.0020 0.199 0.113 0.036
SD± .000043 .000036 .0000057 0.0007 0.00151 .000036 0.00055 0.0085 0.0036 0.0035
S1 0.00049 0.00024 0.00005 0.0325 0.0177 0.00033 0.0050 ND ND 0.255 0.154 0.044
S2 0.00038 0.00021 0.00008 0.0311 0.0195 0.00030 0.0046 ND ND 0.248 0.168 0.038
ROOT S3 0.00050 0.00020 0.00006 0.0348 0.0202 0.00037 0.0058 ND ND 0.254 0.147 0.047
Ave 0.00045 0.00021 0.000063 0.0328 0.0191 0.00033 0.0051 0.252 0.156 0.043
SD± .000066 .00002 .000015 0.0018 0.0012 .000035 .000611 0.00378 0.0106 0.00458
98
zone Zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone
S1 0.00050 0.00027 0.00007 0.0035 0.0025 0 .00015 0.0034 ND ND 0.285 0.176 0.062
S2 0.00065 0.00032 0.00009 0.0040 0.0031 0.00018 0.0029 ND ND 0.279 0.185 0.058
LEAF S3 0.00053 0.00021 0.00006 0.0033 0.0022 0.00020 0.0035 ND ND 0.276 0.182 0.047
Ave 0.00056 0.00026 0.000073 0.0036 0.0026 0.00017 0.0032 0.280 0.181 0.055
SD± .0000793 .0000550 .0000152 0.00036 0.00045 .000025 0.00032 0.0045 0.0045 0.0077
S1 0 .00030 0.00016 0.00002 0.0141 0.0107 0.00019 0.0022 ND ND 0.216 0.125 0.041
S2 0.00036 0.00014 0.00003 0.0157 0.0122 0.00017 0.0027 ND ND 0.198 0.122 0.045
SHOOT S3 0.00031 0.00020 0.00003 0.0152 0.0099 0.00023 0.0021 ND ND 0.205 0.132 0.044
Ave 0 .00032 0.00016 0.000026 0.0150 0.0109 0.00019 0.0023 0.206 0.126 0.043
SD± .0000321 .000030 .0000057 0.0008 0.0011 .000030 0.00032 0.0090 0.0051 0.0020
S1 0.00045 0.00018 0.00005 0.0366 0.0181 0.00025 0.0041 ND ND 0.258 0.154 0.046
S2 0.00056 0.00022 0.00008 0.0324 0.0213 0.00022 0.0063 ND ND 0.252 0.160 0.052
ROOT S3 0.00049 0.00024 0.00006 0.0289 0.0187 0.00026 0.0054 ND ND 0.261 0.172 0.055
Ave 0.00050 0.00021 0.000063 0.0326 0.0193 0.00024 0.0052 0.257 0.162 0.051
SD± .000055 .000030 .0000152 0.0038 0.0017 .000020 0.0011 0.0045 0.0091 0.0045
99

zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone
S1 0.0004 0.00028 0.00009 0.0033 0.0035 0.00014 0.002 ND ND 0.263 0.210 0.051
S2 0.00059 0.00019 0.00008 0.0041 0.0029 0.00015 0.0018 ND ND 0.262 0.194 0.045
LEAF S3 0.0004 0.00025 0.00008 0.0039 0.0027 0.00013 0.0037 ND ND 0.258 0.198 0.044
Ave 0.00046 0.00024 0.000083 0.00376 0.0030 0.00014 0.0025 0.261 0.200 0.046
SD± 0.0001 .000045 .0000057 0.00041 0.00041 0.00001 0.0010 0.0026 0.0083 0.0037
S1 0.00034 0.00013 0.00001 0.0148 0.0089 0.00014 0.0005 ND ND 0.156 0.114 0.039
S2 0.00027 0.00019 0.00001 0.0165 0.0176 0.00016 0.0009 ND ND 0.192 0.098 0.032
SHOOT S3 0.00009 0.00010 0.00003 0.0159 0.0158 0.00013 0.0005 ND ND 0.175 0.107 0.031
Ave 0.00023 0.00014 0.000016 0.0157 0.0141 0.00014 0.00063 0.1743 0.106 0.034
SD± 0.00012 .000045 .0000115 0.00086 0.0045 .000015 0.00023 0.018 0.0080 0.0043
S1 0.00051 0.00012 0.00007 0.0397 0.0178 0.00021 0.004 ND ND 0.229 0.119 0.040
S2 0.00029 0.00022 0.00008 0.0252 0.0201 0.00017 0.0038 ND ND 0.247 0.130 0.042
ROOT S3 0.00042 0.00017 0.00005 0.0209 0.0186 0.00020 0.0036 ND ND 0.196 0.124 0.043
Ave 0.00040 0.00017 0.00006 0.0286 0.0188 0.00019 0.0038 0.224 0.124 0.041
SD± 0.00011 0.00005 .000015 0.0098 0.00116 .000020 0.0002 0.0258 0.0055 0.0015
100
Table 4.17: Characterisation of surface water sample in 2010
Sample pH Temperature C Conductivity µs/cm TDS mg/l BOD mg/l COD mg/l
no Cont Core Buffer Cont Core Buffer Cont Core Buffer Cont Core Buffer Cont Core Buffer Cont Core Buffer
zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone zone
S1 6.61 7.28 5.91 27.0 26.8 27.9 109.1 129.6 102.9 77.6 91 73.5 3.54 2.70 2.65 8.73 8.47 8.24
S2 7.10 6.99 7.06 28.4 27.6 28.2 98.1 144.3 146.2 70 103 104.5 2.47 2.88 3.01 8.36 8.92 8.69
S3 7.24 7.05 6.57 27.8 28.4 27.6 98.7 212 153.1 72 118 106.9 2.68 3.32 3.22 8.68 10.05 10.17
S4 5.91 8.36 6.17 28.6 27.2 27.3 123.4 262 257 90.8 178 179.3 2.83 3.16 2.93 9.50 10.71 9.55
S5 7.06 6.89 6.21 27.9 28.1 28.0 119.5 133.2 236 88.7 99.7 127 3.68 3.41 4.57 10.54 11.11 14.98
S6 6.49 7.21 6.67 27.2 27.5 27.9 73.7 136 167 52.5 101.5 107.6 2.73 3.35 3.65 7.99 10.25 11.42
S7 6.83 7.82 6.08 27.9 27.7 27.6 93.2 239 104.8 62.1 171 74 3.14 3.72 2.95 11.12 11.04 8.64
S8 6.94 6.69 6.95 27.7 28.2 28.7 91.8 142 138.6 61.3 119.6 97.5 2.76 3.10 2.36 7.89 9.11 7.43
Min 5.91 6.69 5.91 27 26.8 27.3 73.7 129.6 102.9 52.5 91 73.5 2.47 2.7 2.36 7.89 8.47 7.43
Max 7.24 8.36 7.06 28.6 28.4 28.7 123.4 262 257 90.8 178 179.3 3.68 3.72 4.57 11.12 11.11 14.98
Ave 6.77 7.28 6.45 27.81 27.68 27.9 100.93 174.76 163.2 71.87 122.72 108.78 2.97 3.20 3.16 9.10 9.95 9.89
SD± 0.42 0.54 0.42 0.53 0.53 0.42 16.09 53.97 56.25 13.41 33.36 33.61 0.43 0.31 0.68 1.18 1.01 2.39
101

S1 6.67 7.32 6.15 27.6 27 28.2 94.1 140.1 120.7 67.2 100 80.4 3.43 2.79 2.83 9.63 8.11 7.89
S2 7.37 7.20 6.71 28 28.1 28.4 94.7 143 151 68.8 103 107 3.10 2.96 2.89 9.61 8.73 8.35
S3 7.31 7.48 6.49 27.8 26.7 26.3 93.6 158 156 67.1 112 108 2.94 3.25 3.76 9.40 9.62 9.13
S4 6.24 8.25 6.22 28.6 28.5 27.2 125.5 254 244 92 176 169 2.88 3.30 3.97 8.32 9.96 8.99
S5 6.92 7.12 6.28 28.4 26.9 27.6 121 137.3 223 90.7 104.2 118 2.64 3.22 4.18 7.36 9.59 12.33
S6 6.82 7.87 6.81 26.9 27.8 26.8 85.9 246 153.4 61.9 179 103 3.77 3.42 3.26 9.92 10.02 9.32
S7 7.25 7.36 6.40 28.3 28 28.5 82.6 130 101.1 60.4 93.5 71.7 3.25 3.08 3.16 9.78 9.42 11.12
S8 7.05 6.63 7.02 28.2 27.4 27.9 85 159 141.8 61.7 126 104 2.81 3.14 2.47 8.71 8.88 8
Min 6.24 6.63 6.15 26.9 26.7 26.3 82.6 130 101.1 60.4 93.5 71.7 2.64 2.79 2.47 7.36 8.11 7.89
Max 7.37 8.25 7.02 28.6 28.5 28.5 125.5 254 244 92 179 169 3.77 3.42 4.18 9.92 10.02 12.33
Ave 6.95 7.40 6.51 27.97 27.55 27.61 97.8 170.92 161.37 71.22 124.21 107.63 3.10 3.14 3.31 9.09 9.29 9.39
SD± 0.37 0.48 0.30 0.54 0.64 0.79 16.40 49.83 48.54 12.78 34.25 29.13 0.36 0.20 0.60 0.89 0.66 1.56
102

S1 6.56 7.40 5.98 24.4 26.2 27.4 137.55 134.85 116.8 89.3 93 78.3 2.51 2.67 2.81 7.8 8.2 8.43
S2 7.46 7.09 8.1 26.15 27.8 29 147.6 144.1 148.3 102.5 102.5 106 2.26 2.92 2.70 8.31 9.40 9.07
S3 7.49 7.27 6.62 25.8 27.55 30.3 145.1 189 143.2 100 111.5 102 2.72 3.14 2.95 9.41 9.37 8.16
S4 5.96 8.89 6.03 23.5 31.4 29.5 134.1 277 251 95 192 178 3.08 3.21 2.89 8.59 9.61 8.09
S5 6.85 6.77 6.02 24.3 26.1 28.2 135.5 129.1 227 93.3 92.3 121 2.75 3.77 4.95 8.52 12.25 15.64
S6 6.88 8.05 6.45 24.4 29.1 28.8 129.1 243 163.2 92.1 177 106 2.95 3.28 3.12 8.73 11.38 11.10
S7 7.16 6.52 6.23 25.4 29.3 29.3 145.2 126.5 102.6 103 91.3 73.8 3.05 2.89 2.67 9.16 8.23 7.71
S8 7.20 6.87 6.74 25.5 27.8 27.2 143.4 145 130.3 102 122 92.6 2.74 3.02 2.69 7.91 9.51 8.39
Min 5.96 6.52 5.98 23.5 26.1 27.2 129.1 126.5 102.6 89.3 91.3 73.8 2.26 2.67 2.67 7.8 8.2 7.71
Max 7.49 8.89 8.1 26.15 31.4 30.3 147.6 277 251 103 192 178 3.08 3.77 4.95 9.41 12.25 15.64
Ave 6.94 7.35 6.52 24.93 28.15 28.71 139.69 173.56 160.3 97.15 122.7 107.21 2.75 3.11 3.09 8.55 9.74 9.57
SD± 0.50 0.77 0.69 0.90 1.74 1.05 6.56 57.48 52.42 5.35 39.78 32.50 0.27 0.32 0.76 0.55 2.06 2.66
103
Table 4.20: N2 fixing bacterial colony count (2010, 2011, 2012)
Dilution Sampling 2010 in (CFU g-1) 2011 in (CFU g-1) 2012 in (CFU g-1)
Factor Sites Core zone Buffer zone Control Core zone Buffer zone Control Core zone Buffer zone Control
zone zone zone
10-2 S1 69×102 192×102 390×102 63×102 238×102 393×102 75×102 188×102 382×102
S2 64×102 225×102 295×102 74×102 202×102 288×102 86×102 221×102 297×102
S3 79×102 206×102 326×102 112×102 196×102 324×102 108×102 197×102 316×102
S4 68×102 197×102 367×102 89×102 213×102 338×102 80×102 208×102 368×102
Ave 70×102 205×102 344.5×102 84.5×102 212.25×102 335.75×102 87.25×102 203.5×102 340.75×102
SD± 637.70 1453.73 4230.45 2120.53 1855.4 4359.19 1454.59 1424.78 4070.52
10-4 S1 40×104 122×104 160×104 35×104 128×104 159×104 42×104 117×104 156×104
S2 31×104 119×104 157×104 28×104 159×104 162×104 38×104 127×104 162×104
S3 27×104 108×104 162×104 42×104 125×104 168×104 30×104 153×104 160×104
S4 33×104 124×104 161×104 32×104 145×104 153×104 35×104 139×104 157×104
Ave 32.75×104 118.25×104 160×104 34.25×104 139.25×104 160.5×104 36.25×104 134×104 158.75×104
SD± 54390.56 71355.9 21602.5 59090.3 158403 62450 50580 155349 27537.9
S1 26×105 63×105 152×105 22×105 86×105 155×105 32×105 80×105 151×105
10-5 S2 19×105 97×105 148×105 16×105 89×105 132×105 23×105 92×105 136×105
S3 12×105 69×105 139×105 18×105 85×105 127×105 17×105 84×105 132×105
S4 15×105 68×102 157×105 19×105 78×105 146×105 21×105 78×105 143×105
Ave 18×105 74.25×105 149×105 18.75×105 84.5×105 140×105 23.25×105 83.5×105 140.5×105
SD± 605530.07 1539210 761577 250000 465475 1283225 634429 619139 834666
104
Table 4.21: Fungal population in soil (2010, 2011, 2012)
Dilution Sampling 2010 in (CFU g-1) 2011 in (CFU g-1) 2012 in (CFU g-1)
Factor Sites Core Buffer Control Core zone Buffer Control Core zone Buffer Control
zone zone zone zone zone zone zone
10-2 S1 15×102 26×102 38×102 11×102 16×102 32×102 11×102 17×102 30×102
S2 08×102 11×102 26×102 03×102 13×102 26×102 05×102 12×102 25×102
S3 06×102 8×102 28×102 02×102 12×102 28×102 03×102 14×102 26×102
2 2
S4 9×10 12×10 30×102 05×10 2
10×10 2
29×102 06×10 2
15×10 2
25×102
Ave 9.5×102 14.25×102 30.5×102 5.25×102 12.75×102 28.75×102 6.25×102 14.5×102 26.5×102
SD± 387.29 801.56 525.99 403.11 250 250 340.34 208.16 238.04
10-3 S1 8×103
10×10 3
20×103 8×103
10×10 3
18×103 08×10 3
10×10 3
10×103
S2 4×103 11×103 18×103 8×103 09×103 14×103 9×103 7×103 13×103
3 3
S3 1×10 07×10 16×103 2×103
08×10 3
15×103 3×10 3
5×103
14×103
3 3
S4 3×10 07×10 21×103 3×103
09×10 3
19×103 4×10 3
8×103
11×103
Ave 4×103 8.75×103 18.75×103 5.25×103 9×103 16.5×103 6×103 7.5×103 12×103
SD± 2943.92 2061.55 2217.36 3201.56 816.49 2380.48 2943.92 2081.66 1825.74
105
Table 4.22: Socio economic status of Angadpur area
Total Total male Total Total male Total Total male Total Literacy Literacy Total slum
population population female population female population female Rate male Rate population
population (SC) population (ST) population population female
(SC) (ST) population
10024 5330 4694 1441 1303 59 48 3944 3191 1487
Table 4.23: Some plant species with their APTI values in core region (polluted) environment
Plant species pH of the leaf extract Ascorbic acid in leaf chlorophyll in leaf RWC of leaf (%) APTI value
(mg/g) (mg/g)
Oryza sativa L. 5.69 ± 0.13 0.0132 ± 0.0008 0.0248 ± 0.0021 66.11 ± 1.45 6.61
Phaseolus mungo Roxb. 5.82 ± 0.072 0.012 ± 0.0034 0.015 ± 0.0026 73.88 ± 2.42 7.39
Raphanus sativus L. 5.72 ± 0.096 0.051 ± 0.0036 0.085 ± 0.0062 90.58 ± 1.07 9.08
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. 5.45 ± 0.23 0.0070 ± 0.0007 0.0036 ± 0.0002 88.63 ± 2.40 8.86
Mangifera indica L. 4.80 ± 0.0251 0.0057 ± 0.001 0.0033 ± 0.0001 87.74 ± 3.64 8.77
Albezia lebbek Benth. 5.94 ± 0.2013 0.0162 ± 0.0014 0.0098 ± 0.0001 79.99 ± 2.83 8.008
106
Table 4.24: Correlation between waste water pH, temperature, electrical

conductivity, total dissolve solids, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen
Demand, Iron, Lead, Chromium and Cadmium in 2010
pH Temp EC TDS BOD COD Fe Pb Cr

Temp .303
EC .419 .335
TDS -.101 -.366 -.435
BOD -.363 -.731* .026 .384
COD -.205 -.264 .228 .612 .755*
Fe -.369 -.656 -.500 .785* .495 .487
Pb -.132 -.639 .001 .067 .270 -.062 .160
Cr -.177 .392 .258 -.561 .045 -.076 -.695 -.306
Cd .343 -.532 -.433 .353 .274 .001 .323 .086 -.370
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Temp -.382
EC .734* -.507
TDS -.054 -.371 .301
BOD .239 -.125 -.003 .284
COD .062 -.282 -.113 .342 .666
Fe .384 -.514 .292 -.076 -.417 -.442
Pb -.196 .161 -.238 -.753* -.711* -.356 .255
Cr -.261 .340 -.272 -.404 -.067 .254 -.363 .573
Cd -.506 .835** -.504 -.472 -.439 -.227 -.401 .581 .688
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Temp .046
EC .297 .439
TDS .416 -.029 .206
BOD -.209 -.465 -.722* .110
COD .155 -.217 .345 -.305 -.384
Fe .266 .503 -.101 .218 .366 -.684
Pb -.547 -.330 -.395 -.492 .665 -.116 .127
Cr .024 -.558 -.332 -.080 .214 .254 -.423 .177
Cd .590 .480 .839** .075 -.702 .531 -.028 -.491 -.115
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
107
Table 4.27: Correlations between SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX in control zone in 2010
SPM PM10 SOX

PM10 .354
SOX .191 .603
NOX .715* -.256 -.097
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.28: Correlations between SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX in core zone in 2010
SPM PM10 SOX

PM10 .807*
SOX .026 .279
NOX .734* .872** .268
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.29: Correlation between SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX in buffer zone in 2010
SPM PM10 SOX

PM10 .968**
SOX .022 -.143
NOX .082 -.114 .412
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.30: Correlation between different air parameters of core and buffer zone
in 2010
SPM SPM PM10 PM10 SOx SOx NOx

CORE BUFFER CORE BUFFER CORE BUFFER CORE
SPMBUFFER .870**
PM10 CORE .807* .952**
PM10 BUFFER .826* .968** .986**
SOx CORE .026 .025 .279 .190
SOx BUFFER .312 .022 -.187 -.143 -.267
NOx CORE .734* .823* .872** .882** .268 -.156
NOx BUFFER .269 .082 -.115 -.114 -.713* .412 -.054
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.31: Correlation between SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX in control zone in 2011
SPM PM10 SOX

PM10 .309
SOX -.350 -.612
NOX .412 .015 .171
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
108
Table 4.32: Correlation between SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX in core zone in 2011
SPM PM10 SOX

PM10 .615
SOX -.083 -.641
NOX -.546 -.392 .156
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
SPM PM10 SOX

PM10 .216
SOX -.227 -.131
NOX -.693 .091 .449
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.34: Correlation between different air parameters of core and buffer zone in
2011

SPMBUFFER .180
PM10 CORE .615 .547
PM10 BUFFER -.067 .216 .029
SOx CORE -.083 -.477 -.641 -.158
SOx BUFFER .450 -.227 .466 -.131 -.147
NOx CORE -.546 .206 -.392 -.300 .156 -.390
NOx BUFFER .097 -.693 -.286 .091 .621 .449 -.509
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.35: Correlation between SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX in control zone in 2012
SPM PM10 SOX

PM10 -.168
SOX -.448 .168
NOX .410 -.319 -.188
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.36: Correlation between SPM, PM10, SOX, NOX in core zone in 2012
SPM PM10 SOX

PM10 .030
SOX -.033 .141
NOX -.597 -.379 .325
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
109
SPM PM10 SOX

PM10 .666
SOX .037 .072
NOX -.669 -.973** -.083
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.38: Correlation between different air parameters of core and buffer zone
in 2012

SPMBUFFER .779*
PM10 CORE .030 .037
PM10 BUFFER .475 .666 .529
SOx CORE -.033 .125 .141 .246
SOx BUFFER .291 .037 .560 .072 -.467
NOx CORE -.597 -.267 -.379 -.502 .325 -.555
NOx BUFFER -.466 -.669 -.424 -.973** -.180 -.083 .459
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.39: Correlation between minimum noise level in core zone and minimum
noise level in buffer zone 2010
Core.minimum Buffer.minimum
Core.minimum 1 .169
Buffer.minimum .169 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.40: Correlation between maximum noise level in core zone and
Core.maximum Buffer.maximum
Core.maximum 1 -.550
Buffer.maximum -.550 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Core.minimum 1 .341
Buffer.minimum .341 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
110
Core.maximum 1 -.367
Buffer.maximum -.367 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Core.minimum 1 -.181
Buffer.minimum -.181 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Core.maximum 1 .163
Buffer.maximum .163 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.45: Correlation between protein, sugar, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll of
Mangifera indica L leaf sample in core zone of 2010
Protein Sugar Ascorbic acid

Sugar .002
Ascorbic acid .921 .391
Chlorophyll .991 .137 .965
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.46: Correlation between protein, sugar, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll of

Mangifera indica L leaf sample in buffer zone of 2010

Sugar -.982
Ascorbic acid -.104 .289
Chlorophyll .804 -.901 -.676
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
111
Mangifera indica L. leaf sample in control zone of 2010

Sugar -.959
Ascorbic acid .521 -.742
Chlorophyll .516 -.251 -.463
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Mangifera indica L. leaf sample from core and buffer zone of 2010
Protein Protein Sugar Sugar Ascorbic Ascorbic Chlorophyll

core buffer core buffer a. core a. buffer core
Protein buffer .532
Sugar core .002 .848
Sugar buffer -.363 -.982 -.933
Ascorbic a. core .921 .819 .391 -.697
Ascorbic a. buffer .787 -.104 -.615 .289 .485
Chlorophyll core .991 .640 .137 -.485 .965 .697
Chlorophyll -.077 .804 .997 -.901 .317 -.676 .058
buffer
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Mangifera indica L. leaf sample in core zone of 2011

Sugar -.246
Chlorophyll .418 .778 -.120
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Mangifera indica L. leaf sample in buffer zone of 2011

Sugar -.982
Chlorophyll .804 -.901 -.676
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.959
Chlorophyll .516 -.251 -.463
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
112

Protein buffer -.106
Sugar core -.246 .990
Sugar buffer .206 -.995 -.999*
Ascorbic a. core -.952 .406 .531 -.495
Ascorbic a. buffer .840 -.629 -.733 .704 -.966
Chlorophyll core .418 .859 .778 -.803 -.120 -.142
Chlorophyll -.960 -.175 -.034 .075 .829 -.655 -.655
buffer
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Mangifera indica L. leaf sample in core zone of 2012

Sugar -.678
Chlorophyll -.902 .929 -.282
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Mangifera indica L. leaf sample in buffer zone of 2012

Sugar -1.000*
Chlorophyll -.941 .935 -.646
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.797
Chlorophyll -.038 -.573 -.383
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
113

Sugar buffer .130 -1.000* -.817
Ascorbic a. core .668 .636 .094 -.651
Ascorbic a. buffer .365 .866 .436 -.875 .937
Chlorophyll core -.902 .561 .929 -.545 -.282 .071
Chlorophyll .474 -.941 -.969 .935 -.339 -.646 -.807
buffer
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.57: Correlation between protein, sugar, ascorbic acid of Mangifera

Protein Sugar
Sugar .931
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar .451
Ascorbic acid .470 1.000*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar .701
Ascorbic acid .997* .754
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Protein Sugar Sugar Ascorbic

core buffer core buffer a. core
Protein buffer .999*
Sugar buffer .491 .451 .775
Ascorbic a. core .279 .323 -.091 -.700
Ascorbic a. buffer .510 .470 .789 1.000* -.683
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
114

Protein Sugar
Sugar -.636
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar .640
Ascorbic acid -1.000* -.661
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar -.637
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar core -.636 -.734
Sugar buffer -.804 .640 .053
Ascorbic a. core .137 .981 -.851 .478
Ascorbic a. buffer .086 -1.000* .714 -.661 -.975
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar -.996
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
115
Protein Sugar
Sugar .963 1
Ascorbic acid .998* .945
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar -.916
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar core -.996 1.000*
Sugar buffer -.988 .963 .971
Ascorbic a. core .339 -.447 -.419 -.189
Ascorbic a. buffer -.984 .998* .996 .945 -.500
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.69: Correlation between SPM, PM10, SOx, NOx with Sugar, Protein,
Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll of Mangifera indica L. leaf sample in core zone of
2010 (minimum, maximum and mean value was taken from all parameters for
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Sugar Protein Acid phyll SPM SOx PM10
Protein .987
Ascorbic Acid .950 .988
Chlorophyll .950 .988 1.000**
SPM .993 .999* .980 .980
SOx .999* .994 .964 .964 .998*
PM10 .916 .969 .996 .996 .957 .935
NOx .977 .999* .994 .994 .996 .987 .980
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
116
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein 1.000*
Chlorophyll 1.000** 1.000* .985
SPM .997 .993 .996 .997
SOx .999* .998* .990 .999* .999*
PM10 .980 .974 1.000* .980 .993 .987
NOx .987 .981 1.000** .987 .997 .992 .999*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .998*
Chlorophyll .968 .950 .999*
SPM 1.000** .997* .979 .970
SOx .999* 1.000* .967 .956 .999*
PM10 .993 .999* .946 .933 .992 .998*
NOx .999* 1.000* .968 .958 .999* 1.000* .997*
*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll of Mangifera indica L. leaf sample in buffer zone
of 2010 (minimum, maximum and mean value was taken from all parameters for
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .978
Ascorbic Acid .959 .997*
Chlorophyll .999* .967 .945
SPM .983 .923 .892 .991
SOx 1.000** .977 .958 .999* .984
PM10 .979 .914 .881 .987 1.000* .980
NOx 1.000** .975 .956 .999* .985 1.000** .981
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
117
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .948
SPM .994 .977 .987 .999*
SOx .995 .974 .985 .999* 1.000**
PM10 .996 .973 .984 .999* 1.000* 1.000**
NOx 1.000* .939 .955 .985 .991 .992 .993
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .986
Ascorbic Acid 1.000** .985
Chlorophyll .997* .972 .998*
SPM .999* .980 1.000* .999*
SOx .996 .997* .996 .987 .993
PM10 .984 1.000* .982 .968 .977 .996
NOx 1.000** .988 1.000** .997 .999* .997* .985
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar .809
Chlorophyll -.614 -.032 .875
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar .963
Ascorbic acid -.333 -.574
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
118

Sugar -.952
Ascorbic acid -1.000** .948
Chlorophyll -.013 .317 .000
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Alstonia scholaris R.Br. leaf sample from core and buffer zone of 2010

Protein buffer .952
Ascorbic a. core -.156 -.450 .455 -.674
Ascorbic a. buffer -.029 -.333 .565 -.574 .992
Chlorophyll core -.614 -.825 -.032 -.947 .875 .807
Chlorophyll .889 .986 .450 .994 -.590 -.483 -.907
buffer
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar .381
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Sugar .483
Chlorophyll -.999* -.512 -.327
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.992
Chlorophyll .984 -.953 .039
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
119

Sugar core .381 -.849
Sugar buffer .119 .483 -.873
Ascorbic a. core -.592 .951 -.971 .730
Ascorbic a. buffer -.836 .358 .189 -.644 .052
Chlorophyll core .945 -.958 .663 -.213 -.823 -.610
Chlorophyll .792 -.999* .866 -.512 -.961 -.327 .948
buffer
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.699
Chlorophyll -.770 .081 -.200
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.612
Chlorophyll .007 -.795 -.815
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar .990
Chlorophyll .996 .999* .963
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
120

Sugar core -.699 .997*
Sugar buffer .999* -.612 -.669
Ascorbic a. core -.472 .978 .960 -.435
Ascorbic a. buffer .258 .573 .511 .297 .730
Chlorophyll core -.770 .007 .081 -.795 -.200 -.815
Chlorophyll -.770 .007 .081 -.795 -.200 -.815 1.000**
buffer
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.87: Correlation between protein, sugar, ascorbic acid of Alstonia

Protein Sugar
Sugar -1.000** 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar -.034 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar -.568 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar core -1.000** .906
Sugar buffer -.392 -.034 .392
Ascorbic a. core .540 -.132 -.540 -.986
Ascorbic a. buffer .786 -.450 -.786 -.877 .945
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
121
Protein Sugar
Sugar -.922 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar -.912 1
Ascorbic acid .999* -.932
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar -.355 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar buffer .687 -.912 -.914
Ascorbic a. core .861 -.763 -.991 .961
Ascorbic a. buffer -.376 .999* .705 -.932 -.795
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar .786 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
122
Protein Sugar
Sugar -.729 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein Sugar
Sugar -.104 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Protein buffer .996
Sugar buffer -.790 -.729 -1.000**
Ascorbic a. core .778 .833 .222 -.229
Ascorbic a. buffer .167 .074 .741 -.737 -.490
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll of Alstonia scholaris R.Br. leaf sample in core
zone of 2010 (minimum, maximum and mean value was taken from all
parameters for correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .998*
Ascorbic Acid 1.000* 1.000*
SPM 1.000** .998* .999* .989
SOx .997* .991 .994 .977 .998*
PM10 .960 .974 .968 .989 .957 .935
NOx .996 1.000* .998* .999* .996 .987 .980
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
123
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .196
Chlorophyll .240 .999* .932
SPM .405 .976 .981 .985
SOx .359 .986 .970 .992 .999*
PM10 .507 .945 .997 .959 .993 .987
NOx .475 .956 .993 .968 .997 .992 .999*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .997*
Chlorophyll .998* 1.000** .999*
SPM .995 .984 .976 .986
SOx .988 .973 .963 .975 .999*
PM10 .975 .955 .942 .957 .992 .998*
NOx .989 .975 .965 .977 .999* 1.000** .997*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll of Alstonia scholaris R.Br. leaf sample in buffer
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .953
Ascorbic Acid .998* .968
Chlorophyll .996 .975 1.000*
SPM .917 .995 .937 .947
SOx .973 .997* .984 .989 .984
PM10 .907 .992 .929 .940 1.000* .980
NOx .971 .998* .983 .988 .985 1.000** .981
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
124
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein 1.000**
Ascorbic Acid .997* .996
Chlorophyll 1.000** 1.000* .998*
SPM 1.000* 1.000** .995 .999*
SOx .999* 1.000* .994 .999* 1.000**
PM10 .999* .999* .993 .999* 1.000* 1.000**
NOx .988 .989 .973 .985 .991 .992 .993
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .999*
Chlorophyll 1.000** .999* .993
SPM 1.000** .999* .993 1.000**
SOx .994 .997* 1.000** .993 .993
PM10 .978 .986 .995 .977 .977 .996
NOx .999* 1.000** .997* .999* .999* .997* .985
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.952
Ascorbic acid -.962 .999*
Chlorophyll .506 -.745 -.722
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.992
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
125

Sugar -.289
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Protein buffer .872
Sugar buffer -.926 -.992 .997*
Ascorbic a. core -.962 -.973 .999* .994
Ascorbic a. buffer .979 .954 -.995 -.984 -.998*
Chlorophyll core .506 .863 -.745 -.794 -.722 .673
Chlorophyll .592 .122 -.318 -.245 -.350 .413 -.396
buffer
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.521
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Sugar .729
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.546
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
126

Protein buffer .921
Sugar buffer .404 .729 -.991
Ascorbic a. core .993 .868 -.417 .293
Ascorbic a. buffer -.941 -.734 .201 -.070 -.974
Chlorophyll core .515 .139 .464 -.577 .612 -.775
Chlorophyll .984 .835 -.359 .232 .998* -.987 .661
buffer
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.987
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar .183
Chlorophyll -.877 -.633 -.303
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05


Sugar -.543
Chlorophyll .926 -.820 -.042
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
127

Protein buffer .887
Sugar buffer -.291 .183 .131
Ascorbic a. core -.780 -.404 .668 .826
Ascorbic a. buffer -.624 -.193 .488 .929 .976
Chlorophyll core .184 .617 -.342 .887 .471 .653
Chlorophyll -.556 -.877 .684 -.633 -.086 -.303 -.919
buffer
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.117: Correlation between protein, sugar, ascorbic acid of Oryza sativa L.
shoot sample in core zone of 2010
Protein Sugar
Sugar .978 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
shoot sample in buffer zone of 2010
Protein Sugar
Sugar .780 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
shoot sample in control zone of 2010
Protein Sugar
Sugar .319 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
shoot sample from core and buffer zone of 2010

Protein buffer .943
Ascorbic a. core -.912 -.997 -.806 -.830
Ascorbic a. buffer .715 .441 .845 -.217 -.365
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
128
Protein Sugar
Sugar .973 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Protein Sugar
Sugar -.577 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Protein Sugar
Sugar .434 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein buffer .590
Sugar buffer -1.000* -.577 -.976
Ascorbic a. core .381 -.521 .586 -.396
Ascorbic a. buffer .018 -.796 .250 -.034 .931
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Protein Sugar
Sugar -.193 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
129
Protein Sugar
Sugar .413 1
Ascorbic acid -.999* -.381
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Protein Sugar
Sugar -.817 1
Ascorbic acid 1.000** -.817
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Sugar buffer .476 .413 -.955
Ascorbic a. core .909 -.218 -.584 .799
Ascorbic a. buffer .632 -.999* .638 -.381 .252
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
root sample in core zone of 2010
Protein Sugar
Sugar .825 1
Ascorbic acid .825 1.000**
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
root sample in buffer zone of 2010
Protein Sugar
Sugar .410 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
130
root sample in control zone of 2010
Protein Sugar
Sugar .978 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
root sample from core and buffer zone of 2010

Protein buffer .921
Sugar buffer .023 .410 -.546
Ascorbic a. core .825 .540 1.000** -.546
Ascorbic a. buffer -.627 -.274 -.957 .764 -.958
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Protein Sugar
Sugar -.047 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Protein Sugar
Sugar .880 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Protein Sugar
Sugar -.010 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
131

Sugar buffer -.583 .880 .839
Ascorbic a. core .717 -.950 -.730 -.984
Ascorbic a. buffer .739 -.960 -.707 -.978 .999*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Protein Sugar
Sugar -1.000** 1
Ascorbic acid -1.000** .908
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Protein Sugar
Sugar -.891 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Protein Sugar
Sugar -.207 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Protein buffer -1.000**
Sugar buffer .891 -.891 -.771
Ascorbic a. core -.977 .977 .908 -.967
Ascorbic a. buffer .523 -.523 -.695 .079 -.331
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
132
Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll of Oryza sativa L. leaf sample in core zone of 2010
(minimum, maximum and mean value was taken from all parameters for
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein 1.000**
Ascorbic Acid 1.000* 1.000**
Chlorophyll .996 .997* .997*
SPM 1.000* 1.000** 1.000** .997*
SOx .996 .997* .998* 1.000** .998*
PM10 .963 .959 .958 .933 .957 .935
NOx .997* .996 .996 .986 .996 .987 .980
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein 1.000*
Ascorbic Acid .998* .999*
*
Chlorophyll .997 .999* 1.000*
*
SPM 1.000 .999* .997 .995
SOx 1.000* 1.000** .999* .999* .999*
PM10 .990 .986 .980 .976 .993 .987
NOx .995 .992 .987 .983 .997 .992 .999*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein 1.000**
SPM .999* .999* .980 .999*
SOx .996 .995 .968 1.000** .999*
PM10 .987 .985 .949 .997 .992 .998*
NOx .997 .995 .970 1.000** .999* 1.000** .997*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
133
Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll of Oryza sativa L. leaf sample in buffer zone of
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .979
Ascorbic Acid 1.000* .982
Chlorophyll .999* .987 1.000*
SPM .971 .900 .966 .958
SOx .998* .963 .996 .994 .984
PM10 .964 .890 .960 .951 1.000* .980
NOx .997* .961 .996 .993 .985 1.000** .981
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .998*
Ascorbic Acid 1.000** .998*
SPM .997 .990 .997 .999*
SOx .998* .991 .998* .998* 1.000**
PM10 .998* .992 .998* .997* 1.000* 1.000**
NOx .998* 1.000** .998* .982 .991 .992 .993
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein .969
SPM .980 .999* .999* .989
SOx .997 .985 .997 1.000* .993
PM10 1.000** .965 .985 .998* .977 .996
NOx .988 .996 1.000** .995 .999* .997* .985
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
134
Table 4.147: Correlation between heavy metals viz. Fe, Pb, Cr, Cd present in
waste water with Sugar, Protein, Ascorbic acid and Chlorophyll of Oryza sativa
L. leaf sample in core zone of 2010 (minimum, maximum and mean value was
taken from all parameters for correlation study)
Ascorbic Chloro
Sugar Protein Acid -phyll Fe Cr Pb
Protein 1.000**
Ascorbic Acid 1.000* 1.000**
Chlorophyll .996 .997* .997*
Fe .939 .944 .945 .967
Cr 1.000* .999* .999* .994 .932
Pb .992 .990 .989 .976 .888 .994
Cd .995 .993 .993 .981 .899 .997 1.000*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein 1.000*
Ascorbic Acid .998* .999*
Chlorophyll .997* .999* 1.000*
Fe .930 .939 .950 .956
Cr .991 .988 .982 .978 .873
Pb .991 .988 .982 .978 .873 1.000**
Cd .987 .983 .976 .972 .859 1.000* 1.000*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Ascorbic Chloro
Protein 1.000**
Fe .956 .952 .896 .976
Cr 1.000* 1.000** .990 .995 .950
Pb .978 .981 .999* .959 .874 .982
Cd .994 .996 .998* .983 .920 .996 .995
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
135
Table 4.150: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe present in leaf tissues of core
Cd Pb Cr
Pb .589
Cr -.500 -.994
Fe -.817 -.016 -.091
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.151: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in leaf tissues of buffer
Cd Pb
Pb -.992
Fe .178 -.052
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 152: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in leaf tissues of control
Cd Pb
Pb .866
Fe -.500 .000
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.153: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in leaf tissues of core and
buffer zone’s Oryza sativa L. plant in 2010
Cd.core Cd.buffer Pb.core Pb.buffer Fe.core

Cd.buffer -.964
Pb.core .589 -.353
Pb.buffer .990 -.992 .468
Fe.core -.817 .941 -.016 -.891
Fe.buffer .091 .178 .858 -.052 .500
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.154: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe present in leaf tissues of core zone’s
Oryza sativa L. plant in 2011
Cd Pb Cr
Pb .891
Cr -.941 -.992
Fe -.371 .091 .034
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
136
Cd Pb
Pb .971 1
Fe .277 .500
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.156: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in leaf tissues of control
Cd Pb
Pb -.217 1
Fe .562 -.929
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Cd.buffer .721
Pb.core .891 .957
Pb.buffer .866 .971 .999*
Fe.core -.371 .376 .091 .143
Fe.buffer .866 .277 .545 .500 -.786
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.158: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe present in leaf tissues of core
Cd Pb Cr
Pb .693
Cr -.581 .184
Fe .327 -.454 -.959
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb
Pb .577
Fe .891 .885
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
137
Table 4.160: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in leaf tissues of control
Cd Pb
Pb 0.000
Fe .991 .132
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Cd.buffer -.945
Pb.core .693 -.891
Pb.buffer -.277 .577 -.885
Fe.core .327 .000 -.454 .817
Fe.buffer -.693 .891 -1.000** .885 .454
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.162: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe present in shoot tissues of core
Cd Pb Cr
Pb -.564
Cr .968 -.339
Fe -.553 1.000** -.327
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.163: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in shoot tissues of buffer
Cd Pb
Pb .861
Fe .500 .871
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.164: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in shoot tissues of control
Cd Pb
Pb -.721
Fe .082 .632
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
138
Table 4.165: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in shoot tissues of core and

Cd.buffer -.127
Pb.core -.564 .891
Pb.buffer .394 .861 .537
Fe.core -.553 .897 1.000** .548
Fe.buffer .795 .500 .052 .871 .065
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb Cr
Pb -.945
Cr -.337 .627
Fe .913 -.996 -.691
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb
Pb -.934
Fe .999* -.921
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb
Pb .189
Fe .971 -.052
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Cd.buffer -.645
Pb.core .836 -.120
Pb.buffer .875 -.934 .466
Fe.core -.880 .204 -.996 -.540
Fe.buffer -.616 .999* -.083 -.921 .168
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
139
Cd Pb Cr
Pb -.429
Cr .246 .770
Fe -.302 .991 .850
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb
Pb .378
Fe -.707 -.922
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb
Pb -.756
Fe -.596 -.075
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Cd.buffer .550
Pb.core -.429 .519
Pb.buffer -.566 .378 .988
Fe.core -.302 .630 .991 .957
Fe.buffer .201 -.707 -.971 -.922 -.995
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.174: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe present in root tissues of core
Cd Pb Cr
Pb .832
Cr .803 .999*
Fe .979 .700 .663
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
140
Table 4.175: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in root tissues of buffer
Cd Pb
Pb -.999*
Fe .052 -.085
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.176: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in root tissues of control
Cd Pb
Pb -.590 1
Fe -.786 .963
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.177: Correlation between Cd, Pb, Fe present in root tissues of core and

Cd.buffer .204
Pb.core .832 -.373
Pb.buffer -.173 -.999* .403
Fe.core .979 .402 .700 -.372
Fe.buffer -.967 .052 -.946 -.085 -.893
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb Cr
Pb -.408
Cr .966 -.629
Fe -.764 -.277 -.572
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb
Pb .359
Fe .929 -.013
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
141
Cd Pb
Pb -.839
Fe .500 .052
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Cd.buffer .529
Pb.core -.408 -.991
Pb.buffer .982 .359 -.228
Fe.core -.764 .143 -.277 -.872
Fe.buffer .176 .929 -.971 -.013 .500
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb Cr
Pb .661
Cr .407 .954
Fe -.444 .379 .638
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb
Pb .985
Fe .999* .993
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Cd Pb
Pb -.577
Fe -.500 -.419
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
142

Cd.buffer -.995
Pb.core .661 -.736
Pb.buffer -.998* .985 -.608
Fe.core -.444 .348 .379 .505
Fe.buffer -.999* .999* -.700 .993 .397
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.186: Correlation between pH, Temperature, EC, TDS, BOD, COD from
control area’s surface water in 2010.
pH Temperature EC TDS BOD

Temperature -.109
EC -.240 .463
TDS -.244 .451 .985**
BOD -.019 -.377 .490 .459
COD -.023 .292 .459 .409 .586
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
core area’s surface water in 2010.

Temperature -.540
EC .809* .004
TDS .820* -.056 .925**
BOD .220 .493 .459 .493
COD .440 .292 .539 .554 .879**
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
buffer area’s surface water in 2010

Temperature .634
EC -.076 -.316
TDS -.009 -.396 .942**
BOD -.148 -.177 .550 .273
COD -.193 -.185 .630 .356 .986**
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
143
control area’s surface water in 2011

Temperature -.100
EC -.607 .550
TDS -.580 .573 .997**
BOD -.052 -.834* -.564 -.585
COD .355 -.655 -.801* -.828* .811*
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
core area’s surface water in 2011

Temperature .483
EC .782* .511
TDS .687 .475 .989**
BOD .468 .157 .694 .725*
COD .606 .268 .639 .632 .945**
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Temperature -.058
EC -.297 -.418
TDS -.155 -.443 .919**
BOD -.567 -.546 .761* .585
COD -.338 -.004 .272 -.030 .645
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
control area’s surface water in 2012

Temperature .945**
EC .710* .872**
TDS .663 .787* .838**
BOD -.459 -.532 -.461 -.080
COD .279 .181 .130 .317 .472
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
144
core area’s surface water in 2012

Temperature .645
EC .934** .747*
TDS .897** .770* .960**
BOD .079 -.045 .217 .214
COD .117 -.134 .229 .275 .922**
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Temperature .132
EC -.253 .194
TDS -.137 .334 .927**
BOD -.342 -.127 .576 .234
COD -.188 -.219 .508 .160 .953**
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.195: Correlation between pH, Ascorbic acid, chlorophyll content of

Oryza sativa L. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
pH Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll -.545 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Phaseolus mungo Roxb. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
pH Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll .419 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Raphanus sativus L. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
pH Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll .922 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
145
Table 4.198: Correlation between pH , Ascorbic acid, chlorophyll content of
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
pH Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll -.722 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Mangifera indica L. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
pH Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll .737 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05

Albezia lebbek Benth. leaf sample from core zone of 2012
pH Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll .397 1
** p<0.01 ,*p<0.05
Table 4.201: General standards for discharge of Environmental pollutants (EPA,

1986).
Parameters Standard value

pH 5.5-9.0
Temp Shall not exceed 50c above the receiving water temperature
BOD Not exceed 30 mg/l
COD Not exceed 250 mg/l
Cd 2 mg/l
Pb 0.1 mg/l
Cr 2 mg/l
Fe 3 mg/l
Table 4.202: Drinking water specification : IS: 10500, 1992
Parameters Safe limit Value

pH 6.5-8.5
TDS 500 mg/l
Cd 0.01 mg/l
Pb 0.05 mg/l
Cr 0.05 mg/l
Fe 0.3 mg/l
146
Table 4.203: National Ambient Air Quality Standards ,1997
Pollutants Concentration in Ambient air (µg/m3), time

weighted average 24 hours.
Sulpher di Oxide 120
Nitrogen di Oxide 120
Particulate matter PM10 150
Suspended Particulate Matter 500
Table 4.204: Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise, 2010 (CPCB)
Category of Zone Limits in dB (A) Leq*

Day time Night time
Industrial 75 70
Commercial 65 55
Residential 55 45
Silence 50 40
147
Figure 4.1: Non specific esterase stain of a sputum slide from polluted area’s
sample shows heavy deposition of carbonaceous material in alveolar macrophage
148
Figure 4.2: Non specific esterase stain of a sputum slide from control area’s
sample shows no deposition of carbonaceous material in alveolar macrophage
149
Figure 4.3: Non specific esterase stain shows iron containing siderophore in a
sputum slide of polluted area’s sample
150
Figure 4.4: Necrosis of airway epethelial cell in a sputum slide of polluted area’s
sample
151
Figure 4.5: Perls Prussian blue stain shows carbonaceous material in a sputum
slide of polluted area’s sample
152
Figure 4.6: Perls Prussian blue stain shows no carbonaceous material in a
sputum slide of control area’s sample
153
PHOTO GALLERY
Some Photo shots during Study Period
154
PHOTO GALLERY
155
PHOTO GALLERY
156
PHOTO GALLERY
157
PHOTO GALLERY
158
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
F rom earlier discussion it was found that there was an observable Environmental
Impact in core and buffer region of the respective study area (Angadpur). Due to
the different phases of industrial operation, the residents of Angadpur area face some
pollution problem nowadays. High amount of air pollutants was recorded in this
industrial region. In the core zone, a cloudy appearance was observed most of the day
due to extensive emissions of air pollutants. Iron and carbonaceous particles
deposition were noticed in the sputum samples of residential inhabitants of Angadpur
area. Mostly the industrial worker and the aged people were suffering from asthma,
bronchitis and nose allergic problem. Plant life also experienced a stress condition
both in core and buffer zone, though the core region plant faced much stress than
buffer. Plant leafs externally looked blackish colour throughout the year
Biochemical parameters from different parts of selected plant species, in core

and buffer zone, was analysed and showed a great variation than control plant species.
Remarkable changes of biochemical parameters ( like protein, sugar, ascorbic acid,
chlorophyll ) was noticed through out the study.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals was also observed in Oryza sativa L. plant

tissues.
Significant amounts of heavy metals were found in industry’s waste water.
Except Cd and Cr the concentration of heavy metals in industrial waste water

of core area was analysed to be greater than the permissible safe limit.
Different physico-chemical parameters of surface water (pond) samples in

core, buffer and control zone were also characterised and found to be lie bellow safe
limit. Noise amplitude was recorded slight higher in core and buffer zone than control
zone.
Soil microbiological study in both core and buffer zone, represented lower
number of N2 fixing bacterial colony and fungal colony in different dilution of soil
than control zone.
So it is our necessity and local interest to regulate the sponge iron industry,
and take some precautions to save the overall environment. Green belt must be
created at the surroundings of industrial area. As, plants having high APTI index
value have a high defence mechanism against oxidative damage; it has been
159
recommended to showing such plants to normalise the agriculture production. In this
study, Raphanus sativus L. can be an effective agricultural plant to check the
production.
Besides application of different new technology for sponge iron production

such as Corex, Midrex minimizes energy use. Less energy use creates less
environmental pollution. Waste water must be recycled and reused. Therefore proper
treatment of wastewater before release is an essential prerequisite for the concerned
study site. For this installation of effluent treatment plant for proper treatment, reuse
and recycling of waste water can be implemented for proper management of pollution
generated due to industrial waste water.
Sprinkling of water must be recommended inside the factory to check dust

control. Minimize pollution by using differ instruments like ESPS, scrubbing rubber,
Gravity Setting chamber etc. Impose some policy instrument like taxes, tariffs, etc to
the polluters. Government will enforce, to the polluters for planting. Various
environmental Awareness programmers like World Environment Day, Earth Day,
Environmental Month, Mines Environment & conservation week etc will be observed.
Solid wastes generated which are either being recycled inside the works or being
commercially disposed.
Health check-up must be necessity for the workers and the people who lived in
this zone.
Most of the window in maximum number of houses was remained closed due
to thick black dust and smokes. Therefore, human consciousness among the local
community people is very important in terms of abatement of pollution.
160
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIRPET (2007): Asian Regional Research Programme on Environmental Technology

(AIRPET Phase II)-(2004-2007), prepared by Dr. Kim Oanh N.T and Prof.
Chongrak Polprasert, Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian
Institute of Technology, Bangkok.
Ahmad, A. and Dhillon, AS. (1991): Energy Management Tata Steel’s Approach,
Tata Tech. 1: 19.
Aneja, KR. (2002): Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Tissue Culture

and Mushroom Production Technology, third edition. New Age International
Publishers Limited, New Delhi, India, pp. 151-161.
APHA. (1992): Standard Methods: for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
18th edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
APHA (1995): Standard Methods: for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th
edition, American Public Health Association, AWWA, WEF. APHA
Publication.
Arnon, DI. (1949): Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast. Polyphenol oxidase in

Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24: 1-15.
Atkinson, BW., Bux, F., and Kasan, HC. (1998): Consideration for application of
biosorption technology to remediate metal contaminated industrial effulents.
Water SA 24: 129-135.
Baby, PK. (2009): “Valuing Health effects of air pollution: Contingent valuation
survey results from Kerala”. The Icfai University Journal of Environmental
Economics, 7(1): 7-16.
Bandhopadhyay, A., Goswami, MG., and Kumar, S. (2005): Improvement of

environmental performance of integrated steel sector through process
integration & optimization measures & innovative waste management
practices. Intl Symposium Environ Manage Mining Metallurgical industries
11-14 Dec, 2005, Bhubaneswar, 245-265.
Barik, RN., Pradhan, B., and Patel, RK. (2005): A study of dust pollution around
open cast coal mines of IB valley area, Brajarajnagar. J. Indl Polln Contl.
21(2): 305–308.
161
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barrs, HD. and Weatherley, PE. (1962): A re-examination of the relative turgidity
technique for estimating water deficit in leaves. Aust. J. Biol.Sci. 15: 413-428.
Behera, B. and Ratna Reddy, V. (2002): Environment and Accountability: Impact of

Industrial pollution on Rural communities; EPW. 37 (3), January.
Battacharjee, S. (2007): Sponge iron industry; current scenario. In: Research papers.
Available via DIALOG. http://www.steelworld.com/report0707.pdf
Bishnoi, NR., Dua, A., Gupta, VK., and Sawhney, SK. (1993): Effect of Chromium
on seed germination, seedling growth and yield of peas. Agric. Ecosys.
Environ. 47: 47-57.
Boulding, K. (1970): Economics as a Science, Mc Graw-Hill Book Co. New York.
Braam, F. and Klapwijk, A. (1981): Effects of Copper on Nitrification in Activated

Sludge water research. 5: 1093-1098.
Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (1999): Center for Monitoring Indian
Economy Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, pp. 76.
Chattopadhyay, SD. (1996): Leaf surface effects of air pollution on certain tree
species of Calcutta. Adv. Plant Science. 9(1):1-14.
Choudhury, CS. and Rao, DN. (1977): Study of some factors in plants controlling
their susceptibility to sulpher dioxide pollution. Proc. Ind. Natl. Sci. Acad.
Part B. 46: 236-241.
Choudhury, P. and Banerjee, D. (2009): Biomonitoring of air quality in the industrial

town of Asansol using the Air Pollution Tolerance Index Approach. Res. J. of
Chem and Env. 13(1): 46-51.
Constantinidou, HA. and Kozlowski, TT. (1979): Effect of SO2 and O3 on Ulmus
americana seedling.1.Visible injury & growth 2.Carbohydrate,proteins and
lipids.Can.J.Bot. pp 170-184.
CPCB (2007): Annual Report 2006-07, Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi.
Cropper, ML., Simon, NB., Alberini, A., and Sharma, PK. (1997): The health effects
of air pollution in Delhi, India. Policy Research Working Paper. The World
Bank Development Research Group, Washington, December 1997.
162
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cunningham, JD., Ryan, JA., and Keeney, DR. (1975): Phytotoxicity in and metal
uptake from soil treated with metal –Amended sewage sludge. J. Environ.
Qual. 4(4): 455-460.
Dales, JH. (1968): Pollution property and prices, Toronto, University of Toronto.
Das, NK. and Das, D. (2005): Environment Management of sponge iron industry
clusters in Sundargarh. Jharsuguda Area, Orissa, India (Orissa sponge Iron
Manufactures Assoc. (OSIMA), Bhumabeswar). Int. Symposium Environ
Manag Mining Metallargical Industries 11-14 Dec, Bhunaneswar, 140-143.
Dasgupta, P. (1999): Economic progress & the idea of social capital; in P.Dasgupta &
Serageld in social capital: A multifaceted perspective, the World Bank,
Washinton DC.
Datta, JK., Chowdhury, S., Banerjee, A., Gupta, S., and Mondal, NK. (2010):
Assessment of plant species in biomonitoring of Air pollution at old alluvial
and laterite soil zone of Burdwan district, West Bengal, India. Indian journal
of Environmental Sciences. 14(2): 87-91.
Datta, JK., Banerjee, A., Dirghangi, A., Gupta, S., Mondal, NK., and Gupta, S.
(2009): Studies on the evaluation of air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of
some crop plants in old alluvial and lateritic zone of Burdwan district, West
Bengal, India. Asian Journal of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc. 11(2): 423-426.
De, PK. (1998): Technological competitiveness of a developing economy: the case of

independent India. Technology Management. 4 (2): 95-106.
Deb, D., Paul, PS., and Bhattacharyya, KG. (2012): Assessment of heavy metals and
physico-chemical parameters of water samples of the vicinity of the
municipality dumping sites of Karimganj district, Assam, India. International
Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2(3): 1408-1416.
Ehrlich, HL. (1997): Microbes and Metal Apl. Microbial Bio-technology. 48: 687-
692.
Environmental Protection Organisation: Regulations implementing paragraph 2001 of

article 104 and 134. Third Development Plan. Islamic Azad University Press,
Tehran.
163
BIBLIOGRAPHY
th
Fact Findings Team from Nagarik Mancha Kolkata. 8 March (2009): Email-
nagarikmancha@gmail.com
Fisher, AC. and Krutilla, JV. (1985): ‘The Economics of Nature Preservation’ in A.V.
Kneese and J.I. Seeney (ed) Hand Book of Natural Resources and Energy
Economics, Vol. 1, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Ghajar, MA. (1996): Study of noise and effects on hearing of zamzam. Co workers.
The journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 6(13): 21-25.
Government of India (1999): Ministry of Steel & Mines,

http://www.allindia.com/gov/ministry/steel/scenario.htm
Govil, MC, Pandel, U., Aishwarya, B., and Viswanadha, S. (2005): Design of eco
friendly waste management system (Dept. computer engng, Malaviya Natl inst
Techno, Jaipur 302017). Nature Env. Polln. Techno. 4(4): 551-554.
Gonzalez, L., Gonzalez-Villar, M., and Reigosa, MJ. (2001): Determination of

relative water content . Handbook of Plant Ecophysiology Techniques Kluwer
Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 207-212
Gupta, RD. and Bariar, A. (2006): Modeling of gaseous effluents by implementing

Gaussian Model under GIS environment. J. Environ Sci Engng. 48(1): 21-26.
Harris, CM. (1991). Handbook of acoustical measurements and noise control. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Hartman, SR., Wheeler, DR. and Singh, M. (1997): The Cost of Air Pollution
Abatement. Applied Economics. 29: 759-774
Heck, WW., Taylor, OC., and Tingey, DT. (Eds) (1988): ‘Assessment of crop loss
from air pollutants’, Elsevier, London.
Hanse, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lo, K., Lea, DW. and Medina-Elizade, M. (2006):
Global temperature change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103: 14288-14293.
IEA, (1998): IEA Basic Energy Statistics, Energy Statistics and Balances,
International Energy Agency, Paris, France.
IISI, (1996): Steel Statistical Yearbook 1995, International Iron and Steel Institute,
Committee on Economic Studies, Brussels, Belgium.
164
BIBLIOGRAPHY
IISI, (1996a): Statistics on Energy in the Steel Industry- 1996 update, International
Iron and Steel Institute, Committee on Economic Studies, Brussels, Belgium.
Indian Standard, Methods of measurement of air pollution, (1975) part VI Nitrogen-

oxides. IS: 5182 (Part VI).
Indian Standard, Methods of measurement of air pollution, (1999) part IV Suspended

Particulate Matter. IS: 5182 (Part IV).
Indian Standard, Methods of measurement of air pollution, (2001) part II Sulpher-

Dioxide. IS: 5182 (Part II).
IPCC, Climate Change (2007): The Physical Basis – Summary for Policymakers.
(http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdf), 2007.
Iwashita, M., and Shimamura, T. (2003): Long term variations in dissolved trace
elements in the Sagami river and its tributaries (upstream area), Japan, The
Science of the total Environment. 312: 167-179
Jager, HJ., Unsworth, M., Temmerman, L., and Mathy, P. (1994): Effects of air
pollution on agricultural crops in Europe’, Air pollution report 46.CEC,
Brussels.
Jean-Marie, B. and Jean– Philippe, P. (1996): Haling degradation of natural resources:

Is there a role for rural communities? Food & Agricultural aorganization of the
United Nations & Clarendon Press.
Jena, PK., Ray, P., Mohanty, M., and Jena, S. (2005): Mine resource conservation and
environmental Management (Inst. Adv. Techno Environ Stue, 80A-83A,
Lewis Road, Bhubaneswar 751002). Int. Symposium Manage Mining
Metallurgical Industries. 11-14 Dec, Bhubaneshwar, 87-97.
Kadekodi, GK. and Perwaiz, A. (1998): Dimensions of wasteland and common

property resources in India in IEG working paper no. E/190/98, N. Delhi.
Khattab, H. (2007): The defence mechanism of Cabbage plant against phloem sucking
aphid (Brenicoryne brassica L.). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences. 1(1): 56-62.
165
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kisku, GC., Pandey, P., Negi, MPS. and Misra, V. (2011): Uptake and accumulation
of potentially toxic metals (Zn, Cu and Pb) in soils and plants of Durgapur
Industrial Belt. Journal of Environmental Biology. 32: 831-838.
Korte, C. and Grant, R. (2001): Traffic noise, environmental awareness and pedestrian
behaviour. Environment and Behaviour. 12: 408-420.
Krishnakumar, A., Padmalal, D., and Sobha, V. (2005): “Is Environmental

Degradation the root cause for communicable diseases in Kerala? a case
study”. J Environ. Sci. Eng. 47(2): 91-102.
Kumar, SA. (2005): Environmental management practices and strategies for sponge
iron plants. Intl symposium Environ Manag Mining Metallurgical Industries,
11-14 Dec, 2005, Bhubaneswar 157-178.
Kumar, S. and Gupta, S. (2003): Resource Use Efficiency of US Electricity

Generating Plants during the SO2 Trading Regime: a distance function
approach Delhi: Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi.
Lowry, OH., Rose Brough, NJ., Fan, AL. and Randal, RJ. (1951): Protein
measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry.
193: 265-275.
Makhdoom, M. (1990): The study of noise pollution in Tehran. Mohit Shenasi. 15:
57-67.
Mandal, M. (2006). Physiological changes in certain test plant under automobile

exhaust pollution. J Env Bio, 27(1): 43-47.
Mc Clelland, J., Sara Horby, A. and Gary EM. (2002): “Future Green Steelmaking
“presented to SEAISI 2002 conference, Tokyo, Japan, April, 2002.
Mc Cready, RM., Guggolz, J., Siliviera, V. and Owens, HS. (1950): Determination of
starch and amylase in vegetables. Analytical Chemistry. 22: 1156.
Mukherjee, SP. and Choudhury, MA. (1983): Implications of water stress induced
changes in the levels of endogenous ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide in
Vigna seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 58: 166-170.
166
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mukherjee, SP. and Choudhury, MA. (1983): Implications of water stress induced
changes in the levels of endogenous ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide in
Vigna seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 58: 166-170.
Mohammed, NK. and Khamis, FO. (2012): “Assesment of heavy metal contamination
in vegetables consumed in Zanzibars’’ Natural Science. 4(8): 588-594
Nakra, N. (1996): Changing Trends in Iron & steel industry in world & its impact on
India steel scenario. Metal News, 18 (5): 12-18.
Nics, DH. (1999): Microbial heavy metal resistance; Microbial bio-technology. 51:
730-750
Nivane, SY., Chaudhri, PR., Gajghate, D.G. and Tarar, JL. (2001): Foliar biochemical
features of plants as indicator of air pollution. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
67: 133-140.
OECD (2006): Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in India: Rapid

Assessment, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/39/27/37838061.pdf
Olias, M., Nietob, JM., Sarmientob, AM., Cerona, JC., and Canovasa, CR. (2004):
Seasonal water quality variations in a river affected by acid mine drainage: the
Odiel River (South West Spain), Science of the Total Environment. 333: 267-
280.
Oliver, C., Lewis, PR., and Stoward, PJ. (1991): Histochemical methods for esterases.
In Histochemistry, Theoretical and Applied. Stoward PJ and Pearse AGE
(eds). Churchill Livingstone, London. 3: 607-618.
Ostrom, E. (1990): Governing the commons: The Evaluation of Institution of

collective action’ Cambridge University Press.
Pal, SP. (1997): Demand for Iron and Steel 2001-2002, Nellkanth Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi, India.
Pandey, J. and Agarwal, M. (1992): Ozone concentration variabilities in a seasonally

dry tropical climate. Environ. International. 18: 515-520.
167
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pandit, A, Sarangi, BM, Kesava Babu, A, and Sheshadri, MK. (2002): Coal based
sponge iron industry, a prime mover to enhance steel making capacities in
India. In research papers, available via dialogue,
http://www.steelworld.com/coal/htm.
Pawar, A., Sharma, S., Sharma, A., and Verna, S. (2011): Evaluation of ground water
quality of Ujjain city. Poll. Res. 30(1): 33-35.
Pearse, AGE. (1985): Pigments and pigment precursor. In: Histochemistry,

Theoretical and Applied. Stoward PJ and Pearse AGE (eds). 4 th edition,
Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. 2: 874-928.
Peralta, JR., Gardea, JL., Tiemann, KJ., Gomez, E., Arteaga, S., Rascon, E., and
Parsons, JG. (2006): Study of the effects of heavy metals on seed germination
and plant growth on alfaalfa plant (Medicago sativa) growth in soil media. Int.
J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 3 (2): 173-176.
Rani, M., Pal, N., and Sharma, RK. (2006): Effect of railway engines emission on the
micromorphology of some field plants. J Environ Bio, 27(2): 373–376.
Rao, DN. and Leblanc, F. (1966): Effects of SO2 on the lichen algae with special
reference to chlorophyll. Biologist. 69: 69-95.
Rao, PS., Kumar, A., Ansari, MF., Pipalatkar, P., and Chakrabarti, T. (2009): Air
quality impact of sponge iron industries in Central India. Bull Environ.
Contam Toxicol. 82: 255-259
Reshu. (2005): Effect of automobile exhausts on some biochemical characteristics of

road side Triticum aestivum L. Adv Plant Sci. 18(2): 713–716.
Ross, M. and Liu, F. (1991): “The Energy efficiency of the steel industry in China”,
Energy. 16(5): 833-848.
Sairam, RK., Deshmukh, PS. and Saxena, DC. (1998): Role of antioxidant systems in
wheat genotypes tolerance to water stress. Biol. Plant. 41: 387-394.
Saxena, R., Srivastava, S., Trivedi, D., Anand, E., Johi, S., and Gupta, SK.(2003):
Impact of environmental pollution on the eye. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 81:
491-494.
168
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Scholz, F. and Reck, S. (1977): Effects of acids on forest trees as measured by
titration invitro inheritance of buffering capacity in Picea abies. Water, Air
Soil Pollut., 8: 41-45
Seabright, P. (1993): “Managing Local commons: Theoretical issues in incentive

design” Journal of economic perspectives, 17 (4): 113-134.
Sengupta, M. (2005): A study of environmental awareness of the teacher and their

perception of teaching about environment. J. Env. Sociobio. 2(1&2): 93-102.
Sharma, DC., Chatterjee, C. and Sharma CP. (1995): Chromium accumulation and its
effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. HD 2204) metabolism. Plant Sci.
Limerick. 111(2): 145-151.
Sharma, SC., Srivastava, R., and Roy, RK. (2005): Role of Bougainvilleas in
mitigation of environmental pollution. J Environ Sci Engng. 47 (2): 131-134.
Sharma, VK. and Kansal, BD. (1986): Heavy metal contamination of soils and plants
with sewage irrigation. Poll. Res. 4: 86-91.
Sharma, YK. and Devis, KR. (1994): Ozone-Induced Expression of Stress-Related

Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology. 105 (4): 1089-1096.
Shivasankara, GP. and Rekha, HB. (2005): Solid waste management in suburban area
of Bangalore. Nature Env. Polln. Techno. 4(4): 495-500.
Singh, J., Knasal, BD. and Panesar, RS. (1985): Chemical composition of waste water
of Amritsar city. Indian J. Ecol. 12: 12-16.
Singh, PK. (2005): Plants as indicator of air pollution- an Indian experience. Indian
Forester. 131: 71-80.
Singh, SK. and Rao, DN. (1983): Evaluation of plants for their tolerance to air
pollution proceedings of symposium on air pollution control held at IIT, New
Delhi, Nov. 218-224.
Singh, SK., Rao, DN., Agrawal, M., Pandey, J. and Naryan, D. (1991): Air pollution
tolerance index of plants. Journal of Environmental Management. 32(1): 45-
55
169
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Standard Methods: for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA, AWWA,
WEF/1 995. APHA Publication.
Steel Scenario Yearbook (1998): Spark Steel & Economy Research Centre Private
Limited, Calcutta, India.
Sundar, I. (2005): Methods and technologies of environmental impact assessment : a

broad review. Nature Env.Polln. Techno. 4(4): 605-610.
Swar, AK. (2005): Environmental management practices and strategies for sponge
iron plants. Intl. symposium Environ. Manag. Mining Metallurgical Industries,
11-14 Dec, Bhubaneswar 157-178.
Tamotia, SK. (2005): Waste in steel industry and its management Int Symposium
Environ Manag Mine. Metallurgical Industries, 11-14 Dec, 2005,
Bhubaneshwar. 69-79.
TERI (1994): Accounting for coal depletion in the national income accounts of India;
Natural Resource Accounting- A Means to Measure Sustainable Development
in India, New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute.
TERI. (1996): Teri Energy Data Directory and yearbook 1996/1997, Tata Energy
Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
The Economic Times Calcutta (1999). March 15, pp-8.
Tiwari, S. and Bansal, S. (1993): Effects of Nitrogen Oxide pollution on Mimusops

elengi Linn. Asian Journal Plant Science. 5(1): 83-87.
Treshow, M. (1981): Air pollution and plant life: John Wiley and sons, New York, pp.
69-72.
Tripathi, A., Tiwari, PB., Mahima and Singh, D. (2009): Assessment of air pollution
tolerance index of some trees in Moradabad city, India. Journal of
Environmental Biology. 30(4): 545-550.
Tzvetkova, N and Kolarvo, D. (1996): Effect of air pollution on carbohydrate and

nutrient concentration in some deciduous tree species. Bulg. J. plant physiol.
22: 53-63.
170
BIBLIOGRAPHY
United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC) (2009). Report
of the conference of parties on its fifteenth session,held in Copenhagen from 7
to 19 December 2009.
Varshney, SRK. and Varshney, CK. (1984): Effects of sulpher dioxide on ascorbic
acid in crop plants. Environ. Pollut. 35: 285-291.
Verma, A. and Singh, SN. (2006): Role of Urban forest and vegetation in air pollution
abatement and reduction, Environmental monitoring & Assessment. 201-305.
Waara, KO. (1992): Effects of Copper, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc on nitrate reduction
in a synthetic water medium and lake water from Northern Sweden Water
Research. 26: 355-364.
Wahid, A., Maggs, R., Shamsi, SRA., Bell, JNB., and Ashmore, MR. (1995): Air
pollution and its impacts on wheat yield in the Pakistan Punjab. Environ
pollut. 88: 147- 154.
Wanmare, DJ., and Deshpande, J. (2005). Effect of gaseous pollutants on spore

germination of phyllosphere mycoflora. Bioinfonet. 2(3): 197–198.
Wath, ND., Shukla Poonam, V., Tambe Sarika, B., and Ingle, ST. (2006): Biological
monitoring of roadside plants exposed to vehicular pollution in Jalgaon city. J
Environ Bio. 27(2): 419–421.
WBPCB, 2004: Air quality status of West Bengal, A state of environment report
2004, West Bengal Pollution Control Board, in collaboration with Department
of Environment, West Bengal, India.
Wilhelm, (1998): In the 1998 AISE annual convention and mini – expo, September
21-23, in Pittsburgh, P. A. http://www.aise.org/magazine/5759. nov/htm
World Energy council, (1995): Energy Efficiency Improvement Utilising High

Technology : An assement of energy use in Industry & buildings, prepared by
Marc. D. Levine, lynn prince, Nathan Martin & Ernts worrell, WEC, London.
Worrell, E., De Beer, J. and Blok, K. (1993): “Energy conservation in the iron and
steel industry”. In P.A. Pilavachi (ed.), Energy efficiency in process
technology, Elsevier Applied Science, Amsterdam/ London.
171
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Worrell, E., Lynn, P., Nathan, M., Jacco, F. and Roberto, S. (1997): Energy Intensity
in the Iron and steel Industry : A comparison of physical and Economic
Indicators,” Energy policy. 25 (7-9): 727-744.
Xue, ZG., Chai, FH., Duan, N., and Chen, YZ. (2003): Applying ISCST3 model to
stimulate the atmospheric environmental impact of power plant after
desulfurization. Res Environ Sci. 16: 62-62.
Yap, DW., Adezrian, J., Khairiah, J., Ismail, BS. and Ahmad Mahir, R. (2009): The
uptake of heavy metals by paddy plants (Oryza sativa) in Kota Marudu,
Sabah, Malaysia. American Eurasian J. Agric. And Environ. Sci. 6(1): 16-19.
Yoshida, S., Forno, DA., Cock, DH. and Gomez, KA. (1976): Laboratory manual for
physiological studies of rice. 3rd ed. IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna.
172
PUBLICATION
The International Journal Of Science & Tech noledge (I SSN 2321 – 91 9X) www.theijst.com
THE INTERNA TIONAL JO URNAL OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLED GE
A Case Study Upon Health Impact of Man Due to Sponge Iron Factory
in Angadpur Area Under Burdwan District, West Bengal, India
A. Ghosh
Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India
J. K. Datta
N. K. Mondal
Abstract:
In the present investigation some people were selected those are never smoking within 1 and 2 kilometer radius from the
sponge iron factory region of Angadpur industrial area( Durgapur, West Bengal, India). Significant variation were observed
on the people in their health condition such as cardio-respiratory system and sputum cytology under heavy loaded air
pollution exposure. Most of the people who was surveyed within 1 km. radius were sufering from asthma, bronchitis, cold
cough, wet cough, nose allergy etc. Most of the people’s sputum cytology shows great variation from control people. Here the
maximum number of sputum slide shows carbonaceous and fibrous materials in comparisom to controll. Again alveolar
macrophages of many people’s sputum sample in polluted area shows brownish colour due to iron deposition. The people of
the radius within 2 km region is also sufering from asthma, bronchitis, cold cough, wet cough, nose allergy etc but here
efected percentage is lesser than 1 km radius zone of the factory. This region ’s people also shows brownish type of alveolar
macrophages in sputum slides. The 1 and 2 km radius zone exi bits high level of air pollution load in comparisom to controll
region.
Key words: Sputum, cytology,macrophage, siderophore
1. Introduction
Air pollution is recognised as a major threat to human health. Due to heavy loaded industrial air pollutants the people are suffering
with a wide range of health effects, especially on the cardio respiratory system ( Bates 1989, Dockery 1989, pope 1989). The
World Health Organisation (WHO) has estimated that urban air pollution is responsible for approximately 800000 deaths and 4.6
million lost life each year around the globe (WHO,2002). It is observed that during the last few years, there has been phenomenal
growth of sponge and ferro alloy units in certain parts of Durgapur city and such growth has been accompanied by serious
environmental impact in the surrounding areas, resulting in contamination of water resources and destruction of food crops,
disturbance of people’s cardio-respiratory system. The United Nations Environment Programme has estimated that globally 1.1
million people breathe unhealthy air (UNEP 2002). Thus sponge iron industry units are critically air polluting in nature having
serious problem of emission of high concentration of particulate matter not only from point sources (rotary kilns, cooler discharge,
raw material handling and product seperation house). Full proof air pollution abatement system for such units are yet to be arrived at.
Inspite of installation of emission control system, the sponge iron units are also causing environmental disturbances. In general
combustion is the chief contributor to outdoor air pollution. In most cities the major source of combustion is fuel use, which tends to
increase along with population size and economic activity. The different types of obnoxious gases are released from this industrial
area these are oxides of nitrogen and sulphur and different diameter of particulate matter, respiratory suspended particulate matter.
Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of suspended solid and liquid particle in semi equilibrium with surrounding gases
(Brook et al., 2003).
1.1. Research Objectives

• To assess air pollution related respiratory symptoms among the residents of angadpur area.
• To assess the degree of lung function impairment in persons chronically exposed to this air.
• To create a awareness in local people about this hazardous effect.
59 Vol 2 Issue 2 February, 2014

Article-47
Eco. Env. & Cons. 18 (4) : 2012; pp. (165‐1 70)
Copyright@ EM International
ISSN 0971–765X
Biochemical Response of Selected Plant Species

Under Air Pollution Stress
JK.Datta1 ,, A.Ghosh1*, A. Banerjee1 and NK Mondal1
1
Dept. of Env. Science , The Univ of Burdwan , West Bengal, India
ABSTRACT
In the present investigation, species like Cassia sophera,Linn., Phaseolus radiatus,Linn., were selected from
three different sites (Site-I-Indo American more, Site-II-Hudco and Site-III- Dairy more) of Durgapur
industrial township along with a control area(Golapbag more, Burdwan University) . Significant variation
was observed among the studied biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll, protein, soluble sugar,
ascorbic acid,amino acid, DNA, RNA content of leaves and other plant parts of selected plant species under
air pollution stress. Cassia sophera plant exhibits higher level of leaf ascorbic acid and seed RNA content in
site-II, reduction in the level of leaf chlorophyll and shoot sugar in site-II in comparison to other sites. In
site —III, Leaf sugar and seed protein content of Cassia sophera showed significant reduction in comparism
to other sites. Cassia sophera plant also showed higher level of sugar accumulation in shoot increasing and
amino acid in seed in site-III when compared to other sites.Cassia sophera exhibited significant reduction
in the level of leaf ascorbic acid and seed amino acid and seed RNA in site-I in comparison to other sites.
Phaseolus radiatus plant exhibited higher level of leaf ascorbic acid, leaf sugar, seed RNA in study site -
II in comparison to other sites.In site-I level of leaf chlorophyll,shoot sugar,seed protein,and seed DNA of
Phaseolus radiatus were found higher in comparism to other sites. Seed amino acid of Phaseolus radiatus at
site-I showed significant reduction in comparison to other sites. Phaseolus radiatus revealed higher amino
acid content and lesser seed DNA content in comparison to other sites. Air pollution index of control zone
exhibits clean air and study site-I,II,III bears severe air pollution load.
Keywords : Biochemical response, API, stress, Phaseolus, Cassia
Introduction reported that leaves respond to pollution & undergo

quantitative changes in varying degree in a number
Today’s growing population & increasing urbaniza- of leaf surface micro morphological characters. The
tion has resulted in deterioration of ambient air leaves are generally used as experimental material as
quality. Air pollution is causing a number of they take up large amount of
changes in vegetation. Since plants are stationary & pollution(Treshow,1984).
continuously exposed to chemical pollutants from Since plants are stationary & continuously ex-
the surrounding atmosphere, air pollution injury to posed to chemical pollutants from the surrounding
plants is proportional to the intensity of the atmosphere, air pollution injury to plants is propor-
pollution. Reduction in plant height, canopy area, tional to the intensity of the pollution. Impact of
plant biomass & chlorophyll, ascorbic acid & plant community has also been studied worldwide
nitrogen content in plants growing at sites receiving in terms of plant-environment interactions, since the
higher pollution are some of the common responses plants are much more sensitive in comparism to
as mentioned by Pandey and Agarwal(1992) other organism. The symptoms or effect including
.Chattopadhyay(1996)
*Corresponding author: E-mail: ghoshenvs86@yahoo.in

Amitava Thesis PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Amitava Thesis PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND

MANAGEMENT OF SPONGE IRON FACTORY IN

Amitava Ghosh, M.Sc.

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SCIENCE

Dr. Jayanta Kr. Datta

JAYANTA KR. DATTA

I am grateful to Dr A. R. Ghosh, Reader, Department of Environmental

I am indebted to Dr Srimanta Gupta, Lecturer, Department of Environmental

I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Naba Kumar Mandal, Lecturer, Department

I also extend my sincere gratitude to Miss Sampa Dutta, contractual lecturer,

I also grateful to Prof. Alok Kumar Mukherjee, Department of Chemistry,

I extend my thanks to all research scholars for helping me in my field work

Place: Amitava Ghosh

Chapter Description Pages

3.5.7 Analysis of soil biological parameters 54

5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 159-160

No. Description Pages

W orldwide there is an increasing emphasis on environmental issues. Iron and

In less developed countries large number of people draws their livelihood

i) The result of harmful impact of industrial pollution on human bodies is to

i) Manufacturing operation by new technology such as

v) Focused the Air pollution and water pollution control Act.

vi) Government will enforce, to the polluters for planting.

vii) Environmental training programmers will gives appropriate priority.

viii) Various environmental Awareness programmers like world Environment Day,

With a view to making various operations in steel industry environment

Boulding’s (1970) studies on valuation of environmental and natural resources

According to Treshow (1981) the leaves are generally used as experimental

According to Singh et al., (1985); Sharma et al., (1986) the discharge of

Ostrom (1990); Seabright (1993) have demonstrated both theoretically and

Chattopadhyay (1996) reported that leaves respond to pollution are undergo

An information published in the Economic times that a recent survey (1999)

Dasgupta (1999) has elaborately discussed social capital as alternative

Government of India (1999) informed that for four decades since

An information according to the centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (1999)

Environmental Protection Organisation (2001) determined the threshold limit

As per Clelland (2002) Generation of garbage is directly proportional to the

According to UN, SEEA (2003) United Nations system For Integrated

Madhumala Sengupta’s (2005) study finds out the level of environmental

Sharma et al., (2005) study showed that Bougainvillea is a pollution tolerant

Sundar (2005) represented the importance of environmental impact assessment

Tamotia (2005) described the management of waste through new technology.

Bandhopadhyay et al., (2005) reported that Metallurgical and mineral

Krishnakumar et al., (2005) tried to show that if environmental degradation

As per Hanse et al., (2006) today as global temp. is increasing at a rate of

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) calculated a

CPCB (2007) has introduced a subscheme i.e., environmental Statistics and

Mohammed et al., (2012) analysed amaranth and cabbage sample from

3.1 Description of the study area

Angadpur is located in Burdwan district of West Bengal, on the bank of

Image 3.1: Google earth image of polluted zone.

Image 3.3: Google earth image of polluted and control zone

Diagram 3.2: Temporal variation of wind direction (%) in Burdwan University

3.4.1 Title of the experiment

“Studies on Environmental Impact and Management of Sponge Iron Factory in

3.4.2 Experimental layout of study zones

3.4.3 Details of experimental treatments

Table 3.3: Operations protocol

Operation name Parameter studied Studied zone Operation year

contd. next page

Operation name Parameter studied Studied zone Operation year

Any industrial activity is expected to cause impacts on surrounding