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A) binds tightly to a region of DNA thousands of base pairs away from the DNA to be
transcribed.
B) can synthesize RNA chains de novo (without a primer).
C) has a subunit called lambda, which acts as a proofreading ribonuclease.
D) separates DNA strands throughout a long region of DNA (up to thousands of base pairs),
then copies one of them.
E) synthesizes RNA chains in the 3' → 5' direction.
A) closed complex formation, open complex formation, promoter clearance, start of RNA
synthesis.
B) closed complex formation, open complex formation, start of RNA synthesis, promoter
clearance.
C) open complex formation, closed complex formation, start of RNA synthesis, promoter
clearance.
D) start of RNA synthesis, closed complex formation, open complex formation, promoter
clearance.
E) start of RNA synthesis, open complex formation, closed complex formation, promoter
clearance.
4. DNA-dependent synthesis of RNA
Pages: 1027-1029 Difficulty: 2 Ans: B
Which one of the following statements about E. coli RNA polymerase (core enzyme) is
false?
5. RNA processing
Pages: 1033-1034 Difficulty: 1 Ans: B
Processing of a primary mRNA transcript in a eukaryotic cell does not normally involve:
6. RNA processing
Page: 1036 Difficulty: 2 Ans: B
The excision (splicing) of many group I introns requires, in addition to the primary transcript
RNA:
7. RNA processing
Page: 1036 Difficulty: 2 Ans: E
Splicing of introns in nuclear mRNA primary transcripts requires:
8. RNA processing
Page: 1040 Difficulty: 2 Ans: B
Which one of the following is not true of the mRNA for ovalbumin?
A) Exons are used for polypeptide synthesis.
B) Introns are complementary to their adjacent exons and will form hybrids with them.
C) The mature mRNA is substantially shorter than the corresponding region on the DNA.
D) The mRNA is originally synthesized in the nucleus, but ends up in the cytoplasm.
E) The splicing that yields a mature mRNA occurs at very specific sites in the RNA primary
transcript.
9. RNA processing
Pages: 1046-1047 Difficulty: 2 Ans: C
Which of the following is not usually essential for the catalytic activity of ribozymes?
A) introduces no errors into genetic material because it synthesizes RNA, not DNA.
B) makes fewer errors in synthesizing a complementary polynucleotide.
C) makes more errors because it lacks the 3' →5' proofreading exonuclease activity.
D) synthesizes complementary strands in the opposite direction → from 3' →
5'.
13. RNA-dependent synthesis of RNA and DNA
Page: 1056 Difficulty: 3 Ans: D
Which one of the following statements about the reverse transcriptases of retroviruses and
the RNA replicases of other single-stranded RNA viruses, such as R17 and influenza virus, is
correct?
A) Both enzymes can synthesize either RNA or DNA from an RNA template strand.
B) Both enzymes can utilize DNA in addition to RNA as a template strand.
C) Both enzymes carry the specificity for the RNA of their own virus.
D) Both enzymes have error rates similar to those of cellular RNA polymerases.
E) Both enzymes require host-encoded subunits for their replication function.Short Answer
Questions
Short Answers
Ans: Among the distinguishing characteristics: RNA polymerase does not require a primer,
but DNA polymerase does; RNA polymerase lacks the 3' → 5' proofreading exonuclease
activity present in DNA polymerase. Among the shared properties: both enzymes use
nucleoside triphosphates as substrates, require Mg 2+, produce an antiparallel complement to
the template, and synthesize nucleic acids in the direction 5' → 3'.
16. DNA-dependent synthesis of RNA
Pages: 1022-1023 Difficulty: 2
Below, an RNA molecule is being transcribed from a strand of DNA. Indicate the 5' and 3'
ends of the RNA molecule and of the strand of DNA that is complementary to the RNA
molecule. In which direction is synthesis occurring?
Ans:
Ans: Because A=T base pairs are stabilized by only two hydrogen bonds (compared with
three for G+C pairs), double-stranded regions rich in A+T pairs are easier for RNA
polymerase to bind and unwind in preparation for the transcription of one of the DNA
strands.
Ans: The core enzyme plus sigma subunit, called holoenzyme, binds to the promoter region
forming a closed complex (i.e., in which the DNA double helix is not unwound). This is
converted to an open complex by the unwinding of a short region of the promoter. Synthesis
of the RNA chain begins within the complex. The complex then moves along the DNA away
from the promoter region and the sigma subunit dissociates.
Ans: At the 5' end there is a cap consisting of a guanosine joined to the 5'-terminal
nucleotide through a 5' to 5' triphosphate group. This guanine nucleotide is methylated on N-
7. The next two nucleotides in the chain are also sometimes methylated on their 2'-OH
groups. At the 3' end is the poly(A) tail consisting of a run of 80–250 adenylate residues.
Ans: In the group I introns, the initial break in the RNA chain is induced by a free guanine
nucleoside. In group II introns, the attacking species is a nucleotide that is part of the intron
itself.
Ans:
Reverse Transcription Transcription
Ans: Reverse transcriptase can (1) synthesize DNA complementary to an RNA template; (2)
degrade the RNA strand of the resulting RNA-DNA hybrid; and (3) synthesize DNA
complementary to the resulting single-stranded DNA.