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Contents
1.defination
2.types of immunity
3.mechanism of immunity
4.measurement of immunity
5.antigens
Determination of antigenicity
Biological classes of antigens
6.antibodies-immunoglobin
Structure
Immunoglobin classes
Abnormal iimmunoglobulin specification]
Immunoglobulin specificities
7.antigens-antibody reactions
General features
Measurements of Ag-Ab
Serological reactions
Agglutination reactions
Opsonization
Immunofluorescene
Radio immuno assay (RIA)
Enzyme immuno assay (EIA)
Immune electron microscopic test
Immuno electro blot techniques
Immuno chromatographic tests
8.complement systems
General properties
Components
Complement activation (classical/alternative pathways)
Regulation of complement activation
Biological effects of complement &its components
Quantitave of complement
Biosynthesis of complement
Deficiency of complement system
9. Structure and functions of immune system
Central lymphoid organs
Peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs
Cells of lymph reticular systems
Major histocompatibility complex
10.Immune response
Antibody mediated immunity (AMI)
Cell mediated immunity (CMI)-cytokines
Immunological tolerance
Theories of immune response
11.immunodeficiency diseases
Primary immuno deficiencies
Disorders of complements
Disorders of phagocytes
Secondary immuno deficiency
12.hypersensitivity
Classification
13.auto immunity
Mechanism
Classification of auto immune diseases
Transitory
Pathogenesis of autoimmune disease
14.immunology of transplantation and malignancy
Graft versus –host reaction
Immunology of malignancy
15.immuno hematology
1.IMMUNITY:
Definition: the term immunity refers to the resistance exhibited by the host
towards injury caused by microorganisms and their products.
2.TYPES:
a. Innate immunity
i. Non-specific
ii. Specific
b. Acquired immunity
i. Active-natural/artificial
ii. Passive-natural/artificial
2.Viral vaccine:
a) Live (oral polio vaccin-sabin)
b) Killed (inject able polio vaccine-salk)
c) Subunit (HB vaccine)
Live vaccine initiate an infection without causing any injury
or disease.
Killed vaccines are generally less immunogrnic than live
vaccines and protection lasts only for a short period.
Natural passive immunity is the resistance passively transferred from mother
to baby. Predominantly through placenta (IgG) and through colostrums (IgA)
It is only about the age of three months that the infant
acquires a satisfactory level of immunoogical independence.
Artificial passive immunity: is the resistance passively transferred to a
recipient by the administration of antibodies.
Ex: Equine hyper immune sera such as antitetamus serum, human hyper
immune globulin ,(TIG).convalescent sera is that of patients recovering from
infectious disease.
Combined immunization: a combination active and passive method of
immunization is employed.
Adoptive immunity: Special type of immunization in which immunologically
competent lymphocytes are injected.
4.MESUREMENT OF IMMUNITY:
A simple method of testing immunity is to relate its level to
some convenient indicator, such as demonstration of specific antibody.
Antibodies may be demonstrated by a variety of techniques such as
agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, hem agglutination
inhibition, neutralization and others .Ex: shick test in diphtheria.
ANTIGENS:
An antigen has defined as any substance which, when introduced parent rally
into the body, stimulates the production of an antibody with which it reacts
specifically and in an observable manner.
Complete antigen: Is able to induce antibodies formation and produce a
specific and observable reaction with the antibody produced.