DESIGN OF LACING BARS FOR COLUMNS.—It is difficult to calculate the bending stresees in a built-up column, and since the shearing stresses depend on the bending stresses the design of lacing bars must be largely a matter of judgment until sufficient tests are made to establish empirical formulas. ‘The following method gives results that agree with tests and with good practice. For a column with a concentric loading, experiments show that the allowable ‘unit stress may be represented by the straight line formula, p = 16,000 — 70 I/r Ib. per ., where p = allowable unit stress in the member; = length of the member, ¢. to c. DESIGN OF LACING BARS, 441 of end connections, and r = radius of gyration of the column, both in inches. Now the allowable unit stress on a short block is 16,000 Ib. per sq. in., and the 70l/r represents the increase in the fiber stress in the column. Now if we assume that this fiber stress is caused by a uniform horisontal loxd, W, then ONE inertia of the cross-section of the column = A-r*, where A = the area of the cross- section of the column, and ¢ = the distance from the neutral axis of column to the ex- treme fiber in the plane parallel to the plane of the lacing bars. ‘Then m godself » where I = moment of re and W = 560 ——. Now the maximum shear in the column will be S = W/2, and e 8 = 20042, and the strom in a lacing bar wil be = 280 4:7 x coc, where @ = the angle made by the bar with the axis of the column. In a laced channel column the shearing stress above will be taken by two lacing bars. This shows that the stresses in tthe lacing bars in the column with a concentric loading depend upon the make-up of the column, and are independent of the length of the column. While the method for caleulating the stresses in lacing bare just described gives quite satisfactory results the method described in the following specification is now the standard practice. Bars.—The | ‘compression members shall be ned to reciet w shearing strea of 2 per cont ofthe dca ster he minima width of cow Bre hl be in or members in: in width, 2 in. for members On. in width, 2} in, for members 12 {or members 15 in. in ‘width, or 3 in. for members 18 fn, and over in width, Single lacing fla havo a thicknem not let than one forth, or double lacing bars connected by a rivet at the Intersection, not lew than one-ixtieth of the dtance between the nveta connecting them to the members. ‘hey sball be iclned at an angle not leas than 60” tothe axa ofthe for single lacing, nor lees than 45° for double lacing with riveted intersections.