COMPOSICIÓN CORPORAL Y SOMATOTIPO DE DEPORTISTAS DE ALTO RENDIMIENTO

DE LA DISCIPLINA CANOTAJE EN LA REGIÓN DEL BIO BIO

BODY COMPOSITION AND SOMATOTYPE ATHLETE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE OF

DISCIPLINE BOATING IN THE REGION OF BIO BIO

RESUMEN

El objetivo del estudio es determinar la Composición Corporal y Somatotipo de deportistas de alto

rendimiento de la disciplina canotaje en la región del Bio – Bio que han participado durante el año 2014
de eventos nacionales e internacionales. Muestra: Participaron 14 deportistas de canotaje, divididos en 6
damas (19,32±0,88 años, masa 65,183±7,22 kg, estatura 160,8±4,76 cm) y 8 varones (16,20±1,79 años,
masa de 71,48±9,18 kg, estatura 172,5±5,61 cm) que han sido nominados durante el año 2014 a selectivos
nacionales de la especialidad. Metodología: La valoración de la composición corporal se utilizó la fórmula
de Kerr (1988), y para el cálculo del somatotipo se utilizó la fórmula de Heath & Carter (1990), siguiendo
las recomendaciones de la sociedad internacional de Kineantropometría (ISAK). Resultados: En cuanto a
damas, en la composición corporal se obtuvieron los valores medios de MA 29,15% - MM 46,27% – MO
9,74% - MR 9,86% - MP 4,97% con un somatotipo medio de mesoendomorfo y en varones, en composición
corporal los valores medios fueron de de MA 23,03% - MM 48,66% – MO 11,21% - MR 11,89% - MP
5,21% con un somatotipo medio de Mesomorfo balanceado. Conclusiones: Los deportistas de alto
rendimiento en la especialidad de canotaje, de la región del Bio Bio, presentan tendencias de
mesoendomorfismo relativo en damas, y mesomorfismo en varones, con una tendencia a desviarse de la
media ofrecida por el Z-Score o Phantom respecto al modelo pentacompartimental. Con un gran volumen
muscular que caracteriza su desarrollo deportivo y diámetros óseos por sobre lo normal.

Palabras Claves: Composición Corporal, Antropometría, Somatotipo, Canotaje

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to determine body composition and somatotype of elite athletes of boating discipline
in the region of Bio - Bio who participated in the 2014 national and international events. Sample: 14 athletes
participated in boating, divided into 6 ladies (19,32 ± 0,88 years, mass 65,183 ± 7,22 kg, height 160,8 ±
4,76 cm) and 8 males (16,20 ± 1,79 years, 9,18 ± mass of 71,48 kg, height 172,5 ± 5,61 cm) who have been
nominated for the 2014 national selective specialty. Methodology: The assessment of body composition
formula Kerr (1988) and for the calculation of the formula used somatotype Heath & Carter (1990),
following the recommendations of the International Society of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Results: For
ladies, body composition FM mean values were obtained 29.15% - 46.27% MM - OM 9,74% - 9,86% RM
- SM 4,97% with a mean somatotype of mesoendomorphy (4,9 – 5,6 - 0,9) and in males, body composition
mean values were 23,03% FM - MM 48,66% - 11,21% MO - RM 11,89 % - SM 5,21% with a mean
somatotype Mesomorph balanced (2,8 – 5,4 - 1,8). Conclusions: The high performance athletes
specializing in boating, Bio Bio region, present trends relative mesoendomorphy ladies, and mesomorphy
in males, with a tendency to deviate from the average offered by the Z-Score or phantom relative to
pentacompartimental model. With a large muscle volume that characterizes his athletic development and
bone diameters above normal.
.
Keywords: Body composition, anthropometry, somatotype, Kayaking
INTRODUCTION

The discipline of boating, involves mechanical energy demand and supply associated physical components,
coordinative and volitional that establish clear differences in the marks obtained (Cermak, Kuta, &
Parizkova, 1975). In this environment body composition and somatotype is a necessary point of control for
the proper development of training methodologies involving the search for a high performance sport level
(Fry & Morton, 1991).

Boating is a sport involving the transfer of a person over a light boat and low stability in calm water, being
the essential component translation speed straight line distances of 200 meters, 500 mts, 1000 mts, 2000
meters and marathon. It forms Canoe and Kayak, can participate simultaneously in the same boat of 1-4
athletes.

In Chile, boating is practiced mainly in the central - south of the country because of the existence of lakes
and rivers suitable for the development of sports specialty, highlighting the region of Bio - Bio, for its
privileged geographical features, allowed to have development poles specialty and therefore prominent
athletes; due to the high presence of suitable for the development of sports specialty Canoe and Kayak,
taking important references in the communes of Laja, Quillón, Santa Juana and San Pedro de la Paz natural
lagoons. Added to that the contribution made by the Instituto Nacional de Deportes, through the “Centro
Entrenamiento Regional” program (CER), which has the discipline indicated under "strategic sport", adding
efforts to maintain the presence of athletes in selective nationals.

In boating many authors have it described their morphofunctional characteristics to identify sports talents
that provide the best performance in the different distances of competence and mode (Bishop, 2000;
Misigoj-Duraković & Heimer, 1992; Van Someren & Howatson, 2008), is why the study of body
composition and somatotype becomes critical when the search for athletic performance in high level
competitions (Forbes, Fuller, Krentz, Little, & Chilibeck, 2009), a situation that is no stranger to reality the
country and involves the study of the target population in recent years with the purpose of orienting towards
the efforts of the practitioners of this sport (Retamales, 2011).

That is why the study of body composition and somatotype in all its dimensions, has evolved the choice
alternatives and differentiated work in elite sport in recent years abroad (Ackland, Ong, Kerr, & Ridge,
2003; Aladro, Machado, & Good, 2007; Carrasco Martinez, & Nadal, 2005; Gonzalvo & Diaz, 2007). As
a result, it has become the predominant functional and morphological have key information for developing
effective programs in the pursuit of maximum athletic performance (Alfonso, 2010), as likewise a
secularization of the evolution of athletes (Carvajal et al, 2011).; this has to have concrete consequences in
the incorporation of new athletes thanks to its particular conditions (Hoffman, 2006), (Maud & Foster,
2006), which for this research provides concrete elements for future elections and additions of new sports
talents with expectations development according to the reality of sports specialty.

OBJECTIVE

Determine body composition and somatotype of elite athletes in the discipline of boating region of Bio -
Bio who participated in the 2014 national selective.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study is descriptive and transversal type; for its realization will be with the participation than 6 female
athletes (18,97 ± 0,34 years, mass 65,18 ± 7,22 kg, height 160,8 ± 4,76 cm) and 8 men (16,20 ± 1,79 years,
71,48 ± mass of 9,18 kg, 172,5 ± 5,61 cm height), which during 2014 have participated in national and
international events in the specialty and belong to the region of Bio - Bio. All subjects were informed and
signed consent authorizing the assessments.

The anthropometric assessment of athletes was performed following the protocol ISAK (International
Society for Advancement in Kinanthropometry) restricted content profile in the respective Manual
(Marfell-Jones, Stewart, & de Ridder, 2012). Measurements were made in the same place during a single
day for each group. A complete profile of each athlete was performed. This includes the height and weight
more skin folds (triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinal, abdomen, mid-thigh, medial calf),
perimeter (relaxed and contracted arm, maximum forearm, wrist, chest, waist, hip, thigh maximum, mid-
thigh, calf maximum), diameters (humerus and femur). All measurements were taken on the right side of
the body and all athletes were in precompetitive period.

The data were processed and analyzed in the analysis software anthropometric data - Antropogym 2.0
authoring Francis Holway anthropometrist ISAK level 4; which it is based on the protocol of the
International Society for the Advancement of Kinathrophometry (ISAK) which establishes four (4)
valuation factors, namely: body composition (Ross & Kerr, 1991), proportionality Phantom Rating
(Shephard et al, 1985) Estimation of energy expenditure (Harris & Benedict, 1918) (FAO, 1985) and
(Frankenfield, Muth, & Rowe, 1998).; and somatotype (Carter & Heath, 1990).

In the case of the evaluators, they were subjected to protocol test - retest to rate their degree of error between
samples being determined at 1.49% and 1.50% respectively. Finally, descriptive statistics was performed
to determine averages; standard deviation, minimum and maximum of the characteristics and the results
obtained by the players in order to describe body composition and somatotype of athletes.

The data obtained, these are processed in Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft, 2010) calculation to obtain the
coordinates for determining the somatotype, and equations for body composition. In addition to process
information using the software SPSS release 20 for the statistical development of the study.

RESULTS

Measurements made in both groups (male and female), the means could be established for each (Table 1
and Table 2), with respect to normal growth curves, one can see that these means not significantly different
at the normal processes of development of young people within the same age range (16-19 years), both
being below the p50 (50th percentile), but on the p45 (percentile 45) set the pattern published by the World
Health Organization (Onis et al., 2007). Which makes assume that the population of athletes boating
remains within normal ranges for their age. Before it is possible to determine if a difference of -2,3 cm,
height and +3,64 points Body Mass Index (BMI) over average in females; and -1,1 cm in height, and BMI
+3.57 points on the average in males, both in relation to the previously described p50.

In turn, comparing the body segments of athletes including one can observe a difference of 0,90% in females
and 0,88% in males, indicating that their development at a time is approaching for test in which it competes
(Aragonés & Casajús, 1991), which asserts the fact that a functional modification of the organism to a
particular effort (Delgado, 2010; Tschiene, 1996). Under this indication is taken as reference modification
sports and physical stress experienced by the body during training and that conditions favorable to the
performance (Claessens, Lefevre, Beunen, & Malina, 2000; Malina, 2006).

Table 1: descriptive of the samples in females regarding diameters, perimeters and folds rated

Table 2: descriptive of the samples in males, compared to diameters, perimeters and folds rated
As to the body composition in mean values were reported ladies FM (fat mass) 29,15% - MM (muscle
mass) 46,27% - BM (bone mass) 9,74% - RM (residual mass) 9,86% - MS (mass skin) 4,97%. And in
males, FM (fat mass) 23,03% - MM (muscle mass) 48,66% - BM (bone mass) 11,21% - RM (residual mass)
11,89% - MS (mass skin) 5,21%. Which stands out in both sexes muscle mass that remains close to 50%
of the total body, this mainly due to the characteristics of sport. The following table (No. 3), the results of
Body composition of each sample group are expressed.

Table 3: results of body composition by sex of athletes

As for the Heath-Carter somatotype average (- 5.6 - 4.9 0.9) is observed and ranking is "Meso - endomorph"
in females, and in men (2.8 to 5.4 - 1.8) and classified as "Mesomorph balanced", as shown in Table No. 4.
By integrating the data in the somatochart, the relative positioning (average for groups) you show deviations
from the ideal trend described by several studies related to the specialty (Figure n ° 1) is observed.

Figure 1: somatochart athletes disaggregated by sex, indicating current position (blue circle) and
positioning Olympians presented by specialty (red diamond) in Ackland et al. (2003) Morphological
Characteristics of Olympic sprint canoe and kayak paddlers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 6
(3), 285-294.

Table 4: Somatotype average and distribution of components of athletes evaluated in accordance to their
sex.

In relation to the score of Z-Score is identified as the areas in females (Figure n ° 2) indicate values of
muscle mass over expected interacting positively over the estimated average assuming this and regarding
body composition it is noted that there is concordance of that difference (± 2,3 percentage points), assuming
a greater muscular development, appropriate to the sport specialty.

It is necessary to mention the characteristics which gives us the average sitting height, whereas the average
Z-Score is based on an extremely heterogeneous population (Dibley, Staehling, Nieburg, & Trowbridge,
1987). Finding the value of the females mentioned below average, in clear form affecting the sporting
aspects of the specialty, assuming that the long toggle and the forces that are involved in the technical
gesture of rowing.

Skinfold demonstrate a high fat percentage indicating values outside of the ideal range is between -2 and -
3 points. Found not fold within any given average.

Figure 2: Sample Score-Z female

Figure 3: Sample Score-Z men

In figure 3 on the scores Z-score of men, watching skinfold we can see within the normal range all folds
evaluated different situation we have in relation to the areas of the upper body, where rates of muscle mass
are ideal being muscular work for the particular sport, as a counterparty a decrease in BMI was observed,
being able to observe as a counterparty of muscular work analyzed in the upper body.

Analyzing the basic Z-Score, again we find the height deficit sitting marking a trend among the women and
men in relation to this particular study.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The analysis of basic anthropometric, body composition and somatotype in high performance athletes in
the discipline of boating, allows also providing new training program expectations, increased variables for
search and detection of sporting talent that meet described this profile (Sosa, 2006). Thus Ackland et al.
(2003) verifies that body composition in athletes boating altered relative percentages of muscle mass (MM),
finding higher mean values compared to the normal population. In another study under the same premise
reflects the ratio of MM is assumed somatotype according to the individual and not only the type of training
it receives (Espinoza, 2010).

In view of these differences, it is verified that the athletes In Boating are some similarities respect to its
proportionality since by present differences between their body segments, being scaled down in the
extremities, generate greater pulling power when making paddling, a situation that is repeated in several
studies previously done (Ackland et al., 2003; Alacid, Muyor, & López-Miñarro, 2011; Carrasco et al.,
2005).

This demonstrates that the distribution of the proportionality and body composition has direct effect on the
somatotype distribution through time (Carvajal et al., 2011), which tends settle in females within midrange
of meso - endomorphism and men's balanced mesomorphism. Attention must be paid to the conditions
considered only body composition and somatotype without any kind of evidence in the door for subtle
variations involving sports performance improvements in mechanical stage as physiological left open.

According to the data, and the processing of thesecan be concluded that individuals belonging to the
discipline of boating and are within the category of High Performance females somatotype according to
results presented moderate relative adiposity, placing them into a meso - endomorphic somatotype;
subcutaneous fat covering the muscle and bone contours; a softer appearance, and moderately developed
muscle - skeletal relative. With reduced segmental levers from the mean, and under normal standards
development for individuals of age.

A reason for this, mark a predominant biotype mesomorph with an average rate high in the fat component,
may thereby impair the dynamics of the water and thus their sports performance considering that boating
is a sport where aspects of weight , segmental scope, levers and thrusts are critical in the final performance.

In relation to men we meet anthropometric characteristics that indicate a low relative adiposity; little
subcutaneous fat; musculoskeletal contours visible. Moderate relative skeletal muscle development; greater
muscle volume and bones and joints larger. Large volume per unit height; relatively bulky limbs. Likewise
are positioned closest to the ideal considering values referenced somatochart that gives us concerning
specialty Olympians values (Ackland et al., 2003).

The contribution of these data may be specific reference for future selection processes athletes specializing
in boating, with reference to contemporary reality anthropometric values in the region and what can be
characterized as ideal. Understanding these processes as necessary to establish a secular trend that concrete
pattern of body composition and somatotype in the processes of formation towards the sports level to be
established in the region and in the same way with the other regions with the sports specialty and where
performance be sought.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Technical collaboration and Athletes belonging to the Centro de Entrenamiento Regional (CER) is
appreciated, and the Instituto Nacional de Deportes - Bio Bio region by providing the data for this study.

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