Sunday, October 25, 2015 11:57 PM

Problem:

Design a simply supported reinforced concrete deck slab using a unit strip method.
The deck carries a 100mm depth of surfacing, together with a nominal HA live load udl of 17.5
kN/m2 and knife edge load of 33kN/m .
The deck should also be designed to carry 30 units of HB load. The span of the deck is 12.0m centre to
centre of bearings.

γconc. = 25kN/m3
30 units of HB also to be considered.
Use C32/40 concrete to BS 8500.
Use Grade B500B reinforcement to BS 4449.

BS 8500-1 cl. A.2.1 Table A.1

Exposure Class XD1 used for bridge deck soffits.
cl. A.3
Fixing tolerence for reinforcement Δc = 15mm for insitu concrete.

Table A.5
Nominal cover for C32/40 concrete = 45 + Δc = 60mm with
maximum water-cement ratio = 0.55 and minimum cement content of 320 kg/m3

Loading per metre width of deck (unit strip)

(Note: The loading has been simplified to demonstrate the method of designing the slab
(See BS 5400 Pt2, or BD 37/01 for full design loading).

Nominal Dead Loads :

deck slab = 25 × 0.65 × 1.0 = 16.3 kN/m

surfacing = 24 × 0.1 × 1.0 = 2.4 kN/m

Nominal Live Load :

HA = 17.5 × 1.0 + 33.0 = 17.5 kN/m(udl) + 33kN(kel)

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 HA = 17.5 × 1.0 + 33.0 = 17.5 kN/m(udl) + 33kN(kel)

30 units HB = 30 × 10 / 4 per wheel = 75 kN per wheel

Load factors for serviceability and ultimate limit state from BS 5400 Part 2 Table 1:

Temperature Difference Effects

Apply temperature differences given in BS 5400 Pt2 Fig.9 (Group 4) to a 1m wide deck
section.
Cl. 5.4.6 - Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12 × 10 -6 per °C.
From BS 5400 Pt4 Table 3 : Ec = 31 kN/mm2 for fcu = 40N/mm2
Hence restrained temperature stresses per °C = 31 × 10 3 × 12 × 10-6 = 0.372 N/mm2

5.4.6 Coefficient of thermal expansion. For the purpose of calculating temperature effects, the coefficient of thermal expansion for
structural steel and for concrete may be taken as12 10–6/C, except when limestone aggregates are used in concrete, when a value of7
10–6/C shall be adopted for the concrete

Section Properties
Area = 1000 × 650 = 0.65 × 106 mm2
Second Moment of Area = 1000 × 6503 / 12 = 22.9 × 109 mm4

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 Section Properties
Area = 1000 × 650 = 0.65 × 106 mm2
Second Moment of Area = 1000 × 6503 / 12 = 22.9 × 109 mm4

a) Positive temperature difference

Force F to restrain temperature strain :

0.372 × 103 × [ 150 × ( 3.0 + 5.05 ) + (195 × 1.5) + (195 × 1.05)] × 10 -3 = 634.2 kN

Taking moments about centroid of section to determine required moment M to restrain

curvature due to temperature strain :
0.372 × 103 × [150 × (3.0 × 250 + 5.05 × 275) + 175 × (0.3 × 87.5 + 1.35 × 116.7) - (20 × 0.15 ×
6.7) - (195 × 1.05 × 260)] × 10-6 = 111.5kNm

b) Reverse temperature difference

Force F to restrain temperature strain :

- 0.372 × 103 × [ 130 × ( 1.8 + 2.5 + 1.5 + 1.9 ) + 163 × ( 0.9 + 0.75 )] × 10 -3 = - 472.4kN

Taking moments about centroid of section to determine required moment M to restrain

curvature due to temperature strain :
- 0.372 × 103 × [130 × ( 1.8 × 260 + 2.5 × 282 - 1.5 × 260 - 1.9 × 282 ) + 163 × ( 0.9 × 141 - 0.75
× 141 )] × 10-6 = -13.34kNm

Note: Sign convention is compressive stresses are positive

Dead + Superimposed Dead Loading (per metre width of deck)

SLS = Serviceability Limit State

ULS = Ultimate Limit State

Design SLS moment = ∑(γfL × M) = [(1.0 × 16.3)+(1.2 × 2.4)] × 12 2 / 8 = 345 kNm

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ULS = Ultimate Limit State

Design SLS moment = ∑(γfL × M) = [(1.0 × 16.3)+(1.2 × 2.4)] × 122 / 8 = 345 kNm

Design ULS moment = γf3 × ∑(γfL × M) = 1.1 × [{(1.15 × 16.3)+(1.75 × 2.4)} × 122 / 8] = 454 kNm

Live Loading (per metre width of deck)

Nominal HA mid span moment = 17.5 × 12.0 2 / 8 + 33.0 × 12.0 / 4 = 414kNm

The maximum moment for the HB vehicle occurs at point X in the diagram below with the vehicle
positioned as shown.

(CG = position of the centre of gravity of the three 75kN wheel loads)

Nominal HB moment at X = 99.4 × 5.3 - 75 × 1.8 = 392kNm

Combination 1 Loading

Design HA SLS moment = γfL × M = 1.2 × 414 = 497 kNm

Design HB SLS moment = γfL × M = 1.1 × 392 = 431 kNm < 497 kNm ∴ HA critical

Total Design SLS Moment (Dead + Live) = 345 + 497 = 842 kNm

Design HA ULS moment = γf3 × γfL × M = 1.1 × 1.5 × 414 = 683 kNm

Design HB ULS moment = γf3 × γfL × M = 1.1 × 1.3 × 392 = 561 kNm < 683 kNm

∴ HA loading critical

Total Design ULS Moment (Dead + Live) = 454 + 683 = 1137 kNm

Combination 3 Loading

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Combination 3 Loading

Design HA SLS moment = γfL × M = 1.0 × 414 = 414 kNm

Design HB SLS moment = γfL × M = 1.0 × 392 = 392 kNm <414 kNm ∴ HA loading critical

Design SLS Moment (Dead + Live) = 345 + 414 = 759 kNm

Design HA ULS moment = γf3 × γfL × M = 1.1 × 1.25 × 414 = 569 kNm

Design HB ULS moment = γf3 × γfL × M = 1.1 × 1.1 × 392 = 474 kNm < 569 kNm
∴ HA loading critical

Design ULS Moment (Dead + Live) = 454 + 569 = 1023 kNm

Ultimate Capacity of Deck Slab

Ultimate Design Moment = 1137 kNm

BS 5400 Pt 4 cl. 5.1.2.1

It is usual to design reinforced concrete for the ultimate limit state and check
for serviceability conditions.
cl. 5.4.2

Use clause 5.3.2 for the resistance moments in slabs.

cl. 5.3.2.3

Try 32mm dia. reinforcement at 125mm centres:

Nominal cover to reinforcement in deck soffit = 60mm

d = 650 - 60 -32/2 = 574

As = Π162 × 1000 / 125 = 6434mm2/m
fy = 500N/mm2
fcu = 40N/mm2
z = [1 - ({1.1fyAs}/{fcubd})]d
z = [1 - ({1.1 × 500 × 6434}/{40 × 1000 × 574})]d = 0.85d < 0.95 d
∴ z = 0.85 × 574 = 488mm

MuSteel = 0.87fyAsz = 0.87 × 500 × 6434 × 488 × 10-6 = 1366 kNm/m

MuConcrete = 0.15fcubd2 = 0.15 × 40 × 1000 × 5742 × 10-6 = 1977 kNm/m > 1366
∴ Mu = 1366 kNm/m > 1137kNm/m ∴ OK.

Check Serviceability Limit State

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Check Serviceability Limit State

Combination 1 SLS Design Moment = 842 kNm (345DL + 497LL)

Determine depth 'X' to neutral axis of cracked section:

cl. 4.3.2.1 Table 3

Youngs Modulus for concrete for short term loading = Ec = 31 kN/mm2

cl. 4.3.2.2

Youngs Modulus for steel reinforcement = Es = 200 kN/mm2

Case 1) When the bridge has just opened (when only a small amount of creep has
occurred):
Modular Ratio = Es / Ec = 200 / 31 = 6.45
Taking first moments of area about the neutral axis:
1000 × X2 / 2 = 6.45 × 6434 × (574 - X)
500X2 + 41510X - 23.83×106 = 0
X = 177 mm

Second Moment of Area of cracked section:

Ixx = 1000×1773 / 3 + 6.45×6434×(574-177)2 = 8.39×109 mm4

Cl 4.1.1.3
Max compressive stress in concrete = 842×106 × 177 / 8.39×109 = 17.8 N/mm2

Table 2
Allowable compressive stress = 0.5fcu = 20 N/mm2 > 17.8 ∴ OK

Case 2) When creep and shrinkage in the bridge are substantially complete:

cl. 4.3.2.1(b)

Youngs Modulus for concrete for long term loading = Ec/2 = 15.5 kN/mm2
Hence Modified Ec for (345DL + 497LL) = (345 × 15.5 + 497 × 31) / 842 = 24.65 kN/mm2

cl. 4.3.2.2

Youngs Modulus for steel reinforcement = Es = 200 kN/mm2

Modular Ratio = Es / Ec = 200 / 24.65 = 8.1
Taking first moments of area about the neutral axis:
1000 × X2 / 2 = 8.1 × 6434 × (574 - X)
500X2 + 52115X - 30×106 = 0
X = 198 mm

Second Moment of Area of cracked section:

Ixx = 1000×1983 / 3 + 8.1×6434×(574-198)2 = 9.96×109 mm4

Cl 4.1.1.3

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 Second Moment of Area of cracked section:
Ixx = 1000×1983 / 3 + 8.1×6434×(574-198)2 = 9.96×109 mm4

Cl 4.1.1.3
Max compressive stress in concrete = 842×106 × 198 / 9.96×109 = 16.7 N/mm2

Table 2
Allowable compressive stress = 0.5fcu = 20 N/mm2 > 16.7 ∴ OK

Tensile stress in reinforcement = 842×106 × (574 - 198) × 8.1 / 9.96×109 = 257.5 N/mm2
Table 2
Allowable tensile stress = 0.75fy = 375 N/mm2 > 257.5 ∴ OK

Crack Control:

Strain in reinforcement = ∈1 = 257.5 / 200000 = 0.00129

Notional surface for crack calculation = 35mm cover to reinforcement

acr = √[(125/2)2 + (16+35)2] - 16 = 65

Allow for stiffening effect of concrete:

∈m = ∈1 - [{3.8bth(a'-dc)} / {∈sAs(h-dc)}] × [(1-Mq/Mg)×10-9]

∈m = ∈1 - [{3.8×1000×650×(625 - 198)} / {0.00129×6434×(650 - 198)}] × [(1 - 497/345)×10-9]
∈m = ∈1 - [-0.00012] but not greater than ∈1 Hence no stiffening effect
∈m = ∈1 = 0.00129 × (625 - 198) / (574 - 198) = 0.00146
Design crack width = 3 × 65 × 0.00146 / [1 + 2 × (65 - 35) / (650 - 198)] = 0.25 mm

Design crack width = 3acr∈m / [1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)]

Table 1
Maximum allowable crack width = 0.25 mm ∴ OK

Combination 3 SLS Design Moment = 759 kNm (345DL + 414LL)

Determine depth 'X' to neutral axis of cracked section:

cl. 4.3.2.1 Table 3
Youngs Modulus for concrete for short term loading = Ec = 31 kN/mm2
cl. 4.3.2.1(b)
Youngs Modulus for concrete for long term loading = Ec/2 = 15.5 kN/mm2
Hence Modified Ec for (345DL + 414LL) = (345 × 15.5 + 414 × 31) / 759 = 23.95 kN/mm2

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Hence Modified Ec for (345DL + 414LL) = (345 × 15.5 + 414 × 31) / 759 = 23.95 kN/mm2
cl. 4.3.2.2
Youngs Modulus for steel reinforcement = Es = 200 kN/mm2
Modular Ratio = Es / Ec = 200 / 23.95 = 8.35
Taking first moments of area about the neutral axis:
1000 × X2 / 2 = 8.35 × 6434 × (574 - X)
500X2 + 53724X - 30.84×106
X = 200 mm

Second Moment of Area of cracked section:

Ixx = 1000×2003 / 3 + 8.35×6434×(574-200)2 = 10.18×109 mm4>
Cl 4.1.1.3
Max compressive bending stress in concrete = 759×106 × 200 / 10.18×109 = 14.9 N/mm2
Max compressive stress due to positive temperature difference = γfL × 2.31 = 0.8 × 2.31 = 1.8 N/mm2
Total compressive stress in concrete = 14.9 + 1.8 = 16.7 N/mm2
Table 2
Allowable compressive stress = 0.5fcu = 20 N/mm2 > 16.7 ∴ OK
Tensile stress in reinforcement = 759×106 × (574 - 200) × 8.35 / 10.18×109 = 232.8 N/mm2
Tensile stress due to reverse temperature difference =
γfL × 8.35×[{(1.43+0.06)×(130-60-16)/130}-0.06] = 0.8 × 4.7 = 3.8 N/mm2
Total tensile stress in reinforcement = 232.8 + 3.8 = 237 N/mm2
Table 2
Allowable tensile stress = 0.75fy = 375 N/mm2 > 237 ∴ OK

Hence B32 bars at 125 centres are adequate for the mid span.

Shear Design

Shear is designed for ultimate limit state.

cl. 5.4.4
V = shear force due to ultimate loads.
Maximum Dead Load V = γf3 × 12 × (1.15 × 16.3 + 1.75 × 2.4) / 2
Maximum Dead Load V = 1.1 × 137.7 kN = 151 kN

Determine shear effects at distance d away from the support.

Try 32mm dia. bars at 125 c/c : d = 574mm

Maximum HA V = γf3 × 1.5 × (12 × 17.5 / 2 + 33 × 11.426 / 12 - 17.5 × 0.574)

Maximum HA V = 1.1 × 190 kN = 209 kN

Maximum HB V = γf3 × 1.3 × 75 × (11.426 + 9.626 + 3.626 + 1.826) / 12

Maximum HB V = 1.1 × 215 kN = 237 kN > 209 ∴ HB loading critical
Maximum V = 151 + 237 = 388 kN
Shear stress = V / bd = 388×103 / (1000 × 574) = 0.68 N/mm2

Design for no shear reinforcement condition then ξsvc > 0.68 N/mm2
Table 9
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500/574)1/4 = 0.97
Table 8
vc = 0.27/γm(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3
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Table 9
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500/574)1/4 = 0.97
Table 8
vc = 0.27/γm(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3
vc = (0.27 / 1.25) × [100 × 6434 / (1000 × 574)]1/3 × (40)1/3 = 0.77 N/mm2
ξsv√ = 0.97 × 0.77 = 0.75 N/mm2 > 0.68 ∴ OK
cl 5.3.3.1
Check that the maximum allowable shear stress is not exceeded:
Maximum allowable shear stress = 0.75√fcu or 4.75 N/mm2
0.75√fcu = 0.75√40 = 4.74 > 0.68 ∴ OK

Hence B32 bars at 125 centres are adequate for shear at the ends of the deck.

Note: Intermediate sections between mid span and the ends of the deck will have a smaller moment
than at mid span and a small shear than at the ends of the deck. These sections need to be checked to
determine where the reinforcement may be reduced to B25 at 125c/c.
cl. 5.8.4.1
Minimum area of reinforcement = 0.15% of bad = 0.15 × 1000 × 574 / 100 = 861 mm2/m ∴ use B12 bars
at 125 centres (As = 905 mm2/m) for distribution reinforcement.

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