GPSS3

0888 ID: 7004C---0001-1 MFK page 1
REV: 04-08-97 PAGE: 1 TIME: 10:51 OP: GZ BASE S2
Revised 3/95 GPS-S3

CES 98 1 of 82
CALTEX GENERAL ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION GPS-S3
FIRE PROTECTION AND SAFETY SYSTEMS
A SCOPE
This Specification covers the Owner’s minimum requirements for fire protection and safety
systems and/or equipment, and indicates the extent of the Contractor’s and Owner’s
responsibilities. The Owner’s requirements are also defined for the design bases and layout of the
fire protection systems and equipment for loss control.
This Specification also presents the Owner’s minimum requirements for the location, supply and
installation of Emergency Shower and Eyewash Stations.
The requirements contained herein are based on relevant sections of National Fire Protection
Association codes, American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practices, Institute of Petroleum
Model Codes, and good current engineering practice. Numerous General Engineering
Specifications are referred to and form part of this Specification.
A glossary of technical terms used in this Specification can be found in Appendix VII.
B ABSTRACT
The Owner’s intention is to provide fire protection and safety facilities in all areas which are
subject to risk of fire, explosion or hazardous release.
The fire water system capacity is intended to be sufficient to suppress, control and in some cases
extinguish, the largest single conflagration that could occur in a refinery. For a modern refinery built
to the latest of the Owner’s specifications, this is usually a single-source fire, say from a complex
process unit or from a very large cone roof tank. For older refineries, which may not conform to the
latest requirements for layout and spacing, the single largest conflagration could result from two or
more sources, as fires in one discrete area could easily spill over into adjacent fire risk areas.
Justification for the level of fire protection facilities for any new plant, or plant addition, is
primarily based on the results of comprehensive Process Hazards Reviews for each operating area.
This Specification supports that approach by providing minimum requirements which relate to the
nature and size of the facilities to be protected.
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CONTENTS
A SCOPE 1
B ABSTRACT 1
1.0 BASIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

1.1 Design and Fire Protection of New Refinery Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Standard of Existing Plant Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Fixed Personnel Safety Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.0 CODE COMPLIANCE 8
3.0 SCOPE AND RESPONSIBILITIES

3.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Contractor’s Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Owner’s Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.0 FIRE WATER SOURCES

4.1 Fire Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Fire Water Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.0 FIRE WATER REQUIREMENTS

5.1 System Design Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1.1 Plants Designed to Current Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1.2 Existing Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2 Pumping Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3 Process Unit Fire Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4 Atmospheric Storage Tank Fire Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4.1 Total Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4.2 Cooling of the Tank on Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4.3 Cooling of Adjacent Exposed Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.5 Pressurised Storage Fire Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.6 Pier and Wharf Fire Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.7 Miscellaneous Fire Water Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.7.1 Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.7.2 Waste Water Treatment Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.7.3 Loading Racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.7.4 Lube-oil Blending/Grease Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.8 Fire System - Identification and Labelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.0 FIRE MAIN PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS

6.1 Residual Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1.1 Minimum Residual Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1.2 Maximum Residual Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.1.3 Plants on Sloping Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2 Pressure at Fire Fighting Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2.2 Various Types of Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2.3 Fixed Foam/Water Spray Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2.4 Elevated Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.0 MAIN FIRE PUMPS

7.1 Total Fire Water Pumping Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.2 Pump Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.3 Pump Type and Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.4 Discharge Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.5 Types of Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.5.1 Diesel Engine Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.5.2 Steam Turbine Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.5.3 Electric Motor Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.6 Maintenance of Fire Water Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.7 Starting Fire Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.8 Fire Pump Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.9 Pump Enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.10 Inspection and Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
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8.0 FIRE MAIN AND HYDRANTS
8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8.2 Non-fire or Non-emergency Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8.3 Fire Main Layout and Valving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8.4 Fire Main Hydraulic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8.5 Fire Main Size and Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8.6 Fire Hydrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8.6.1 Hydrant Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8.6.2 Process Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8.6.3 Storage Tank Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8.6.4 Other Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.0 MONITORS
9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.2 Application and Location Requirements and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.2.1 Water Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.2.2 Fixed Foam-water Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.3 Remote Controlled Monitors (RCMs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.3.1 Location and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.3.2 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.3.3 Monitor Control Systems and Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9.3.4 Joystick Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9.3.5 Remote Radio Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9.3.6 Emergency Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9.4 Portable Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
10.0 FIXED WATER SPRAY SYSTEMS

10.1 General Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
10.2 General Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10.3 Design Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10.4 System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10.4.1 Manual Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10.4.2 Automatic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10.5 Design Consideration for Nozzles and Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10.6 Exposure Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10.6.1 Water Spray Application Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10.6.2 Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10.6.3 Atmospheric Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
10.6.4 Cable Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
10.6.5 Structural Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
10.7 Control of Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
10.7.2 Water Spray Protection for Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.7.3 Gas Compressors and Gas Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.7.4 Piping Manifolds and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.8 Dispersion of Flammable and/or Toxic Vapours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.8.2 Protection Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.9 Fire Extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.10 Supply Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10.11 Acceptance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
11.0 LIVE HOSE REELS

11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
11.2 Location Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
12.0 FOAM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

12.1 Process Area Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
12.2 Atmospheric Tank Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12.2.2 Cone Roof Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12.2.3 Foam Chamber Method for Cone Roof Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12.3 Floating Roof Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
12.4 Internal Floating Roof Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
12.5 Tankfarm Bunded Area Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
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12.6 Loading Rack Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

12.6.1 Tank Truck Loading Racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
12.6.2 Railcar Loading Racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
12.7 Pier and Wharf Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
12.8 General Design and Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
12.8.1 Design Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
12.8.2 Foam Concentrate Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
12.8.3 Foam Spray Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
12.8.4 Foam Concentrate Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
12.8.5 Water Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
12.8.6 Foam System Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
12.8.7 Foam Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
12.8.8 Foam System Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
12.8.9 Fixed System Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
12.9 Live Foam Hose Reels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12.10 Hand-held Foam Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12.11 Acceptance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
13.0 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 41
14.0 MOBILE FIRE APPARATUS 41
15.0 STEAM FOR HYDROGEN FIRES

15.1 Steam Lances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
15.2 Steam Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
16.0 FIRE TRAINING SCHOOL 42
17.0 NON-WATER BASED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

17.1 Carbon Dioxide Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
17.2 Dry Chemical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
18.0 SAFETY SHOWER AND EYEWASH STATIONS

18.1 Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
18.2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
18.3 Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
18.4 Location Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
18.5 Equipment Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
18.5.1 Size and Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
18.5.2 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
OWNER’S APPROVAL CHECKLIST 46
LIST OF REFERENCES 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY 48
APPENDIX I FIRE MONITORS SITING 49
1.0 LOCATION GUIDELINES 49
2.0 FIRE MONITOR LIMITATIONS 50
APPENDIX II DIRECT WATER SPRAY APPLICATIONS AND

OBJECTIVES 51
1.0 EXPOSURE PROTECTION 51
2.0 CONTROL OF BURNING 51
3.0 DISPERSION OF FLAMMABLE/TOXIC VAPOURS 51
4.0 FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT 52
5.0 EFFECTIVENESS CONSIDERATIONS 52

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APPENDIX III FIXED WATER SPRAY NOZZLES AND
ARRANGEMENT 53
1.0 NOZZLES
1.1 Size and Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.2 Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.0 PIPING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

2.1 Piping Selection and Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.2 Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.2.1 Strainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.2.2 Actuation Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4 Acceptance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
APPENDIX IV FOAM SYSTEMS 60
1.0 SELECTION AND APPLICATION CRITERIA

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.2 Foam Concentrate Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.3 Medium and High Expansion Foam Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.4 Foam Concentrate and Storage Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.5 Water Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.0 SUB-SURFACE FOAM PROTECTION FOR CONE

ROOF TANKS
2.1 Design and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.2 Application Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
APPENDIX V FLOATING ROOF TANK FOAM PROTECTION

SYSTEMS 64
1.0 CATENARY SYSTEM

1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.2 Foam Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.3 Catenary Hose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.0 RIM-MOUNTED MULTIPLE CHAMBER SYSTEM 66
3.0 THROUGH-THE-TANK SYSTEM 66
4.0 TANK STANDPIPE SYSTEMS 66
APPENDIX VI FIRE HOSES, PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS AND

MOBILE FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT 70
1.0 HOSES 70
2.0 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

2.1 Minimum Requirements/Approved Fire Extinguishers . . . . . . . . 70
2.2 Refill, Recharge, and Spare Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.3 Location of Extinguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.3.1 Buildings and Amenities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.3.2 Process Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.3.3 Lube Blending, Grease Manufacturing and Compounding
Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.4 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.5 Extinguisher Location Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.0 PORTABLE FOAM EQUIPMENT 73
4.0 MOBILE FIRE APPARATUS

4.1 Minimum Number and Capacity of Fire Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2 Approvals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
APPENDIX VII DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS 74

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 Typical Siting of Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
FIGURE 2 Water Spray Distribution Piping Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
FIGURE 3 Fixed Fire Water Spray Main Feed Strainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
FIGURE 4 Typical Catenary System for Floating Roof Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
FIGURE 5 Arrangement for Catenary, Multiple Chamber or Co-flexip Systems . . . . . . . . 67
FIGURE 6 “Through-the-tank” Piped Foam System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
FIGURE 7 Tank Standpipe Foam System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
FIGURE 8 Aspirated vs Non-aspirated Foam Discharge Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
FIGURE 9 Type II Foam Chamber Discharge Outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
FIGURE 10 Line Proportioner with Pickup Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
FIGURE 11 Typical Connection for Portable High-back-pressure Foam Makers . . . . . . . . 82
FIGURE 12 Typical Fixed Installation High-back-pressure Foam Makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Process Unit Fire Water Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 2 Hydrant Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Table 3 Fire Water Monitor Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Table 4 Foam-water Monitors Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 5 Requirement for Tank Foam Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Table 6 Minimum Number of Foam Hose Streams for Small Spill Fires . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Table 7 Minimum Foam Discharge Times for Cone Roof Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Table 8 Number of Foam Chambers for Cone Roof Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Table 9 Flow Required to Produce a Velocity of 3.0m/sec in Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Table 10 Water Spray System Strainer Details (SI units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Table 11 Water Spray System Strainer Details (non-metric units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Table 12 Types of Fire Fighting Foam Concentrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Table 13 Sub-surface Foam Discharge Outlets For Cone Roof Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Table 14 Floating Roof Seal Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Table 15 Maximum Foam Discharge Device Spacing for Floating Roof Tanks . . . . . . . 65
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1.0 BASIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
1.1 Design and Fire Protection of New Refinery Plant

(i) A prime consideration shall be to engineer hazards out of the design to the maximum extent
practicable (eg, reducing the probability of a release, say by upgrading metallurgy or increasing
mechanical integrity).
In addition, passive fire protection/mitigation systems, which do not require personnel participation
in the initial stages of an incident, are generally preferred to those that do.
(ii) A hazard analysis for the plant and each main facility shall be conducted to determine the
extent to which fire fighting facilities should be provided. The prevention of injuries or loss of life
shall be a prime consideration in this analysis. Measures necessary to prevent the spread of a fire to
adjoining property from the Owner’s facilities and adjoining plant area shall be included in the
design of the plant.
These hazards analyses shall include examination of the following design data and be conducted by
qualified Contractor’s staff, who shall be approved by the Owner.
(a) Plot plans for process units and overall plant layout.
(b) Process information, including the characteristics of the materials handled, design and
operating pressures/temperatures.
(c) Relieving system design, relief valve locations, including vapour depressuring.
(d) Materials of construction, including vessel insulation and fireproofing systems.
(e) Available fire protection assistance from outside the facility (public and/or private fire
brigades).
(f) Potential hazards of operations from adjacent plants that may impact upon the Owner’s plant.
(g) The likelihood that hazardous emissions or spills, or a plant conflagration, will spread to
adjoining properties, and measures to combat such events.
(iii) Available local fire fighting services and mutual aid agreements with nearby plants shall be
considered with respect to quantity, suitability and promptness of response when establishing needs
for fire fighting equipment and chemical stock levels.
1.2 Standard of Existing Plant Design

The requirements contained herein are for new plant designed to current engineering practice, as set
forth in the relevant General Engineering Specifications.
Where existing plant design or equipment is below these standards, an increase in the loss
prevention measures may be required by the Owner after a fire protection analysis of the risk
involved. For example, this may occur when spacing of equipment in an existing facility is less than
that required by the latest version of ‘GPS-A5’, thus justifying additional and/or automatic fire
protection equipment or features.
The Owner shall agree the basis by which such increases should be justified.
1.3 Fixed Personnel Safety Equipment

Safety shower and eyewash stations shall be provided and located throughout the facility, to allow
personnel quick access for sluicing of exposed body parts with copious amounts of clean potable
water. The locations of safety showers and eyewash stations shall be determined, in agreement with
the Owner, based upon the potential hazards of the materials or chemicals used throughout the
facility.
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2.0 CODE COMPLIANCE
Unless otherwise required by the Project Specifications, and in addition to the requirements of this
Specification, the Owner requires that all facilities shall meet the applicable requirements of
‘National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code’,
‘NFPA 20 Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps’, and ‘NFPA 101 Life Safety Code’. Additionally,
all facilities shall meet the mandatory requirements of local codes. In case of conflict, the most
rigorous requirement shall take precedence.
3.0 SCOPE AND RESPONSIBILITIES
3.1 Scope
(i) Fixed and mobile fire protection, including fire water and foam systems, shall be provided to
control all realistic emergency scenarios for the plant, refer to §1.1(ii), and shall be based upon
available manpower and fire fighting strategies supplied or agreed by the Owner. For refinery
revamps or expansions, existing emergency response plans shall be reviewed to identify new fire
equipment and systems requirements.
(ii) While this Specification and ‘GPS-S7 Hazard Detection and Alarm Signalling Systems’
provide guidance on the configuration of fixed fire fighting and hazard detection equipment, the
final and exact location and number of items shall be subject to the Owner’s Fire Protection
Specialist’s review of the plant model.
3.2 Contractor’s Responsibilities

Unless otherwise specified in the Project Specifications, the Contractor’s responsibilities shall be
as follows.
(i) The Contractor shall provide the necessary designs and furnish equipment as follows:
(a) Fire water distribution system, including valves, hydrants, fixed monitors and water spray
systems, and 25mm (1in) live hose reels, but excluding all hoses and nozzles other than fixed
monitor nozzles.
(b) Fixed fire pumps and drivers.
(c) Fire protection systems for Contractor-designed buildings.
(d) Fire training school.
(e) Piping and fixed equipment for foam systems.
(f) Piping connections for steam lances.
(ii) Unless otherwise specified in the Project Specifications, the Contractor shall be responsible
not only for the conduct of field acceptance testing of equipment and systems to the Owner’s
satisfaction, but also for the supply of all equipment and materials necessary for these activities.
3.3 Owner’s Responsibilities

Unless otherwise specified in the Project Specifications, the Owner shall furnish fire protection
equipment as follows:
(a) Fire truck and its auxiliary equipment.
(b) Fire hoses, nozzles, portable monitor nozzles, couplings and applicable tools (other than for the
Contractor-designed buildings, per §3.2(i)(c)).
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(c) Steam lances and steam hoses.

(d) Portable extinguishers and recharging equipment.
(e) Hose carts.
(f) Hose cart shelters.
(g) Foam, hand-held foam eductors and nozzles.
(h) Fire blankets, safety hats, goggles, respiratory protection, boots, gloves, first aid equipment,
stretchers, portable gas detectors.
Appendix VI provides details of the more important requirements for equipment and materials,
which are usually supplied by the Owner.
4.0 FIRE WATER SOURCES
4.1 Fire Water Supply

(i) Where possible, fire water shall be obtained from an unlimited source, such as a natural body
of water (fresh, river or salt water).
(ii) When an unlimited supply is not available, the supply shall be from a storage tank or
reservoir. Storage capacity shall be sufficient to provide a minimum of six hours’ continuous
operation of all fire pumps at rated capacity (not pump runout conditions), plus the maximum
demand for the next twelve hours.
For example: a refinery has a maximum fire water demand of 5000usgpm with a total
fire water pumping capacity of 8000usgpm. Based on the above requirements, mini-
mum water storage capacity would be 8000usgpm for 6 hours (2,880,000usg), plus
5000usgpm for 12 hours (3,600,000usg) for a total of 6,480,000usg (approx
150,000bbls).
(iii) In calculating the fire water supply requirements to the fire pumps, no credit shall be given for
water resupply from sources within the facility. Water resupply from sources outside the facility
may be included, if the source is not expected to be endangered by a major fire incident in the
facility.
(iv) This continuous supply is based upon the shutdown of all non-critical operations before the
end of the six-hour period. Where the shutdown of operations can not be accomplished within six
hours, an increase in the water supply shall be provided, and approved by the Owner.
4.2 Fire Water Contamination

(i) Refinery effluent shall not be used as a fire water source for fire fighting foams, unless
approved by the Owner. One important concern is that emulsion-breaking or anti-foaming
compounds may be used for water treatment.
Refinery effluent shall also not be used when there is a possibility of water-miscible solvents
entering the effluent system. Fire water intakes shall be located to avoid contamination by refinery
effluent or sewage. When contaminated, the foam will be less heat resistant, and the foam blanket
will break down when exposed to a fire.
(ii) The foam concentrate vendor shall be consulted to determine the compatibility of specific
water treatment compounds with the foam concentrate in use at the facility. When necessary, a fire
test using the treated water shall be conducted to evaluate the suitability of the finished foam
concentrate for fire control and extinguishment.
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5.0 FIRE WATER REQUIREMENTS
5.1 System Design Capacities
5.1.1 Plants Designed to Current Standards
(i) In a refinery that meets current design standards, eg, for plant spacing, the fire water demand
shall be sufficient to control the largest fire risk. This strategy shall be based on fighting one major
fire in the facility at one time. Typically, the largest demand will be for a process unit, and the
figures in Table 1 will therefore usually determine system design capacity.
The Contractor shall, however, analyse the water demands associated with all the risk scenarios
stated in this section, and document the derivation of the maximum fire water demand, based on
this analysis. The Owner shall review and agree the basis for this calculation and shall approve the
final maximum demand, and any other important permutations of demands from different critical
areas. Refer also to §5.1.2, which describes situations where it might be necessary to design for
fighting two adjacent conflagrations.
TABLE 1 Process Unit Fire Water Requirements

Minimum Fire Water
Demand
Type of Process
m3/h usgpm
Units containing volatile oils and/or hydrogen, such as reformers, 1,363 6,000
catalytic desulphurisers, fluid catalytic crackers, high pressure units
(over 1,000 psig)
Atmospheric distillation vacuum, or combination units with 15,900 1,136 5,000

m3/d (100,000 BPSD) or higher throughput
Atmospheric distillation, vacuum, or combination units with up to 909 4,000

15,900 m3/d (100,000 BPSD) throughput; treating plants; asphalt
stills; others
Lube-oil units (excluding propane extraction units and high pressure 681 3,000
hydrotreaters)
(ii) The minimum refinery fire water demand shall not be less than 909m3/h (4,000usgpm) at the
required residual pressure, unless otherwise specified in the Project Specifications.
(iii) The fire water distribution systems and pumping configuration shall be designed to meet the
residual pressure limitations of other fire risk areas, as listed in the balance of this section.
5.1.2 Existing Plant
When the minimum spacing requirements of ‘GPS-A5’ for process areas and ‘GPS-S5’ for tank-
farms cannot be implemented to separate process units and offsites facilities from each other, the
sum of the fire water demand for the process unit and the adjacent facility shall be used as the
“combined” fire water demand for that area of the plant.
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5.2 Pumping Capacity

The total installed fire water pumping capacity shall deliver at least 150% of the largest fire water
demand at the required residual pressures (refer to §6.1). Note that this capacity includes a
sufficient margin to cater for pump sparing, refer also to §7.2(i).
5.3 Process Unit Fire Water Demand

(i) The demand figures listed in Table 1 are intended to be adequate to supply the water-
consuming fire fighting devices (fixed, hand-held and/or portable) that may be used during a major
fire incident. This includes those monitors, fixed spray systems, or hydrants required to extinguish
fires, or to cool structures and equipment, or provide hazardous vapour mitigation (refer to §10.8.2).
(ii) For existing process units, a minimum of 75% of the fixed fire fighting devices (water spray
systems and fixed monitors), plus two 114m3/h (500usgpm) portable monitors, shall be included in
the calculation of the fire water demand, up to the rate listed in Table 1.
5.4 Atmospheric Storage Tank Fire Water Demand
5.4.1 Total Demand
The demand shall be adequate for simultaneous cooling of the involved tank’s shell (refer to
§5.4.2), and for the foam application requirements of §13.0.
5.4.2 Cooling of the Tank on Fire
To prevent the involved tank shell buckling along the liquid level and to ensure that, when foam is
applied, it seals against the hot shell surface, sufficient water shall be made available for mobile
equipment or fixed water rings to cool the tank shell. This demand shall be determined by the
greatest of the following, and the distribution system shall accommodate each case:
(a) When cooling is by mobile equipment, such as hose lines, monitor nozzles or deluge guns,
sufficient water to apply 62 litres/min/lineal metre (5usgpm/lineal ft) of tank circumference
shall be available.
(b) When the spacing of tanks does not meet the minimum requirements of ‘GPS-S5’, and mobile
equipment cannot be positioned to provide adequate coverage of the tank, cooling shall be by
fixed water rings, designed to be capable of delivering 37 litres/min/lineal metre (3usgpm/
lineal ft) of tank circumference.
5.4.3 Cooling of Adjacent Exposed Tanks
(i) Cooling streams of adjacent fire exposed tanks may be shut down during foam application,
and should not therefore be added to total demand calculation. However, provision shall be made
for their supply outside of this event.
(ii) When foam is not being applied to the tank on fire, protection of exposed adjacent tanks shall
be provided by portable monitors, unless the conditions of §5.4.2(b) apply.
The quantity of water required for cooling of exposed atmospheric tanks should be based on the
contents and sizes of the burning tank and the exposed tanks, separation distances and the grade
elevations. The increased heat radiation levels from “tilting” fires, caused by prevailing winds, on
downwind tanks shall also be considered.
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(iii) For atmospheric tanks protected by portable monitors, allow 62 litres/min/linear meter
(5.0usgpm/linear foot) for one-half of the tank circumference for all exposed tanks within one tank
diameter of the burning tank, plus 2 litres/min/m2 (0.05usgpm/ft2) for 100% protection of the
exposed tanks’ roofs (fixed roofs only).
(iv) For pressurised storage tanks, cooling water quantities for tanks located within one diameter
of the burning tank shall be the greater of that required by the tank’s water spray or its deluge
system, as determined in §10.0.
5.5 Pressurised Storage Fire Water Demand

The pressurised storage area fire water demand shall be determined as follows, and used as the basis
for sizing the distribution system for this portion of the plant:
(a) A minimum of 454m3/hr (2,000usgpm) shall be available.
(b) Where the vessels are not fireproofed to the requirements of ‘GPS-M2’, additional capacity
shall be provided to supply fixed water spray requirements for cooling, in accordance with
§10.0. Furthermore, provision is required for the simultaneous application of cooling water to
adjacent vessels, when the shell-to-shell separation distances are less than 30m (100ft).
5.6 Pier and Wharf Fire Water Demand

(i) Sufficient fire water shall be available to supply all fixed monitors and/or systems in the
vicinity of a single loading or unloading berth, plus four hose streams, but no less than 681m3/hr
(3,000usgpm).
(ii) The fire protection provisions for piers and wharfs shall be approved by the Owner.
(iii) Marine fire protection and life safety provisions shall be in accordance with the ‘Oil and
Chemical Industries Marine Forum (OCIMF) Guide on Marine Fire Protection and Emergency
Evacuation’.
5.7 Miscellaneous Fire Water Demands
5.7.1 Buildings
A minimum of 227m3/hr (1,000usgpm) of fire water shall be available at important buildings.

Important buildings are defined as any normally occupied building, chemical or material
warehouses, shops or any other building necessary for the continued operation of the plant. This
demand shall be in addition to any demand for water-based extinguishment or standpipe hose
systems provided in the building under consideration.
5.7.2 Waste Water Treatment Facilities
A minimum of 454m3/hr (2,000usgpm) of fire water shall be available at the API separator or other
waste water treatment facilities. Where water-based fixed systems are provided at waste water
treatment facilities, the system demand shall be in addition to the minimum demand specified
above.
5.7.3 Loading Racks
(i) A minimum of 454m3/hr (2,000usgpm) of fire water shall be available at any rail car or tank
truck loading/unloading rack. Where water-based fixed systems are provided at loading/unloading
racks, the fire water demand shall include the requirements for the fixed system plus 227m3/hr
(1,000usgpm).
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(ii) Where Class I or II flammable liquids are being transferred, fixed foam protection is required
and the requirements are stated in §12.6.1. Where LPG is involved, fixed water spray protection is
required and the requirements are stated in §10.6.2(v).
5.7.4 Lube-oil Blending/Grease Plants
(i) A minimum of 454m3/hr (2,000usgpm) of fire water shall be available at any lube-oil
blending/grease plant. Where water-based fixed systems are provided, the fire water demand shall
include the requirements for the fixed systems plus 227m3/hr (1,000usgpm), but not less than the
minimum specified above. A fire risk analysis shall be conducted to determine the fire demand for a
specific plant. This analysis shall take into consideration the effects of separation, passive fire
protection designs and the capabilities of public and/or mutual aid fire response services.
(ii) Automatic sprinkler systems for the protection of empty plastic containers shall be designed
to provide a density of 24.4 litres/min/m2 (0.6usgpm/ft2) over the protected area, per ‘NFPA 13’.
If fire separation or segregation of combustible storage areas from the processing areas cannot be
achieved, then sufficient water for sprinkler protection of the entire area should be considered.
(iii) Where provided, finished product warehouse sprinkler systems shall be designed in
accordance with ‘NFPA 13, 16 and 30’, as applicable.
5.8 Fire System - Identification and Labelling

(i) All fire system piping, valves and equipment shall be painted red, or another distinctive
colour, as directed by the Owner.
(ii) Fixed systems shall have simplified operating instructions posted adjacent to the equipment.
Valves shall be numbered/lettered and the numbers/letters included in the instructions. Sign letters
shall be a minimum of 40mm (11⁄2in) high, painted red on a white background.
(iii) Foam solution inlet connections to tanks shall be identified by painting the tank’s number
onto the system piping or attachable metal placards. Foam solution inlet connection signs shall
indicate the required pressure, operational range and minimum solution rate of the semi-fixed foam
system.
6.0 FIRE MAIN PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS
6.1 Residual Pressure

For residual pressure determination, flow shall be through all sections of the grid, with no section
blocked off.
6.1.1 Minimum Residual Pressure
(i) The fire main residual pressure shall be a minimum of 880kPa(ga) (125psig) at the hydrant
outlet farthest from the main fire pumps, or at the location of the greatest head and friction loss.
This will provide adequate pressure for monitors, systems, and the use of 76m (250ft) of 65mm
(21⁄2in) hose directly from hydrants.
(ii) The same shall apply in the tankfarm except that, when fire streams are to be provided only
from fire trucks with adequately sized pumps, and fixed foam systems are not provided, the
minimum residual outlet pressure at the hydrant connection farthest from the main fire pump may
be reduced to 340kPa(ga) (50psig), but only with the Owner’s agreement.
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6.1.2 Maximum Residual Pressure
Primarily to permit proper operation of foam-producing equipment, fire main residual pressure shall
not exceed 1,138kPa(ga) (165psig), unless otherwise approved by the Owner.
6.1.3 Plants on Sloping Sites

(i) When the main fire pumps are located at an elevation higher than 30m above the plant grade,
and fire water system residual pressures exceed 1,138kPa(ga) (165psig), appropriate pressure
controls shall be provided and shall be subject to the Owner’s approval.
(ii) Additional diesel-driven booster pumps with surge supply tanks may be required, subject to
the Owner’s approval, where there is a substantial enough elevation differential between a low
water source and a higher plant area.
6.2 Pressure at Fire Fighting Equipment

6.2.1 General
The residual pressure at a hydrant pumper connection shall be sufficient to satisfy design
requirements of a foam fire truck or fixed foam systems, when such methods of foam generation are
used. Balance pressure foam proportioning equipment is usually limited to a maximum inlet
pressure, after the strainer, of 1,028kPa(ga) (150psig) for proper operation.
6.2.2 Various Types of Nozzles

Required nozzle pressures differ according to size and type of nozzle (smooth bore, adjustable fog,
foam type, etc). Both portable large-capacity and hand-line nozzles used on 65mm (21⁄2in) and
40mm (11⁄2in) hose lines shall be considered.
6.2.3 Fixed Foam/Water Spray Systems

The residual pressure at the main strainer outlet should be at least 620-690kPa(ga) (90-100psig), but
not more than 1,028kPa(ga) (150psig), on balanced pressure foam systems.
6.2.4 Elevated Structures

(i) On high structures, where the static head and pipe friction drop reduce the residual pressure
to a point where the fire fighting device may be ineffective, provision shall be made to boost the
pressure with a local booster pump. The Owner shall approve each such installation, and shall also
approve any bypass and overpressure control system proposed for use with the booster pump.
(ii) Where approved by the Owner (and when the use of a booster pump is not feasible), a fire
hydrant and a standpipe connection on the structure fire water system shall be provided at a safe and
convenient location, adjacent to an unrestricted roadway, for use by a fire truck. Standpipes shall
have a check valve installed to protect against overpressuring the fire main. Standpipes shall be
labelled with legible signs indicating the acceptable operating pressure range and the design inlet
pressure requirement.
7.0 MAIN FIRE PUMPS
7.1 Total Fire Water Pumping Capacity

The total fire water pumping capacity shall exceed the largest fire water demand as determined in
§5.0. As a minimum, the total fire water pumping capacity for the plant must exceed the largest fire
water demand of the facilities by 50%.
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7.2 Pump Size

(i) Two or more pumps, subject to the size limitations in §(ii) below, shall be used to furnish the
total fire water pumping capacity at the required pressure. The number and size of pumps shall be
such that failure of any single fire pump does not decrease the total pumping capacity to below the
largest fire demand for the plant.
(ii) Pump sizes shall be limited as per ‘NFPA 20’, based on two or more pumps in the size range
from 341-681m3/h (1,500-3,000usgpm), at a rated minimum residual pressure between 880-
1160kPa(ga) (125-165psig).
7.3 Pump Type and Arrangement

(i) Fire water pumps and drivers shall be specified in accordance with ‘GPS-G1’, and supplied in
accordance with ‘NFPA 20’ and ‘API 610’, as modified by ‘NYS-G1.10’.
(ii) The pump and driver shall be capable of obtaining an approval or label for fire pump service
by a recognised laboratory (Underwriters Laboratories, Factory Mutual, or the Owner’s approved
equivalent), but the actual approval or label is not a mandatory requirement, unless required by
local authorities.
(iii) Skid or trailer mounted fire pumps shall meet the minimum performance requirements of
‘NFPA 1922 Fire Service Self-Contained Pumping Units’.
(iv) Fire pump installations shall be protected by automatic sprinkler systems, the selection of
which shall be approved by the Owner.
(v) Fire pump and driver installations shall meet the noise limitation requirements of ‘NYS-
A1.15’.
7.4 Discharge Piping

(i) The piping and fittings up to the first block valve shall be suitable for the maximum pump
shutoff pressure.
(ii) Where relief valves are provided, the relief valve will be provided with a chained and locked
open gate valve.
7.5 Types of Drivers

(i) An adequate number of diesel engine driven fire pumps shall be provided to supply the
maximum fire water demand determined in §5.0.
(ii) At least one of the supplemental fire pumps should be electric and/or steam turbine driven to
meet the total fire water pumping capacity requirement. The use of multiple pumping units with
different types of drivers improves availability.
For example: a 150,000 BPSD refinery with a reforming unit has minimum fire water
demand of 6,000usgpm per Table 1. The total fire water pumping capacity therefore
must be at least 150% of this, ie, 9,000usgpm. Diesel engine driven fire pumps must
be provided for the 6,000usgpm demand. Supplemental electric, steam or diesel (as
long as one other is electric or steam) fire pumps are required to meet the additional
3,000usgpm pumping capacity requirement.
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7.5.1 Diesel Engine Drivers
(i) Diesel engine drivers shall be specified in accordance with ‘NFPA 20’ and the additional
requirements of ‘NYS-G1.10’.
(ii) As a minimum, a rain shelter or hood shall be provided to protect the pumping unit, and be so
arranged to permit removal of vertical turbine pumps (where used) without structural alterations or
modifications. Where the minimum ambient temperature drops below 08C (328F), fire pump
installations shall be protected from freezing by enclosing the installation in a heated building.
(iii) Battery-powered emergency lighting shall be provided for all fire pump locations (specifically
at the control panels).
(iv) When the diesel engine is not fully enclosed inside a building, electrical equipment, such as
automatic starter relays or battery chargers, shall be installed in weatherproof enclosures.
(v) Exhaust system design shall prevent condensate from flowing into the engine.
7.5.2 Steam Turbine Drivers
(i) Steam turbine drivers shall be non-condensing, exhausting to atmosphere, and comply with
the requirements of ‘GPS-K1’ and the appropriate referenced material and equipment specifications
(NYS-K series).
(ii) The steam turbine shall be located, and steam lines arranged, such that the supply is obtained
directly from the boiler plant without passing through process units. The steam shall be taken from
the header which is designated as a “last-down priority” (eg, such as that supplying boiler feed
water pump turbines).
7.5.3 Electric Motor Drive
(i) Electric motor drivers and their electrical supply shall conform to the requirements of
‘GPS-P1’ and ‘NYS-P1.10’, with the following motor starting requirement.
(ii) Full voltage starting is acceptable, with the Owner’s agreement, when the fire main is kept at
full operating pressure at all times, and the fire pump discharge is kept open so that pressure surges
caused by starting the fire pump are minimal.
When hydraulic pressure surges are anticipated, such as in fire mains which are kept dry, reduced
voltage starting shall be provided on all motor-driven fire pumps. The method of reduced voltage
starting shall be approved by the Owner.
7.6 Maintenance of Fire Water Pressure

(i) Uniform fire main system pressure shall be maintained at all times by a jockey pump sized
for at least 23m3/h (100usgpm) at a residual design pressure of 860kPa(ga) (125psig). This
enhances system performance and permits early discovery of line failures and leaks.
(ii) Under freezing conditions, when an aboveground dry-pipe system is necessary (refer to
§8.3(v)), the fire main shall be pressurised continuously by air (or nitrogen), to deter corrosion and
assist in determining leakage.
(iii) Fire water main pressure shall alarm at low system pressure and be monitored at a
continuously manned location (to be specified by the Owner).
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7.7 Starting Fire Pumps
(i) A minimum of two-thirds of the total fire water pumping capacity shall be put in operation
automatically, when the system pressure drops below 860kPa(ga) (125psig). The remaining fire
pumps shall be configured for manual starting.
(ii) The order of priority for starting the fire pumps shall be: electric motor driven pumps first;
steam turbine driven pumps second; and diesel engine driven pumps last.
A detailed startup sequence shall be developed to ensure that all pumps are able to enter the system.
In some cases, a pressure control system may be required for automatically operated pumps. Such
controls will be incorporated into the fire pump control panel (see §7.8).
(iii) All fire pumps shall be capable of remote manual starting from a continuously manned
location (to be specified by the Owner).
(iv) Pumps may be started automatically by impulse from the fire alarm circuit, when specified by
the Owner.
7.8 Fire Pump Control Panel
(i) A control panel shall either be installed locally, or at a location specified by the Owner. As a
minimum, this panel should contain the following:
— Fail-safe automatic pump startup logic controls, preferably driven by a DC power supply. When
specified by the Owner, power supply to these controls shall be backed by a UPS system,
meeting the requirements of ‘GPS-P1’.
— The functions specified in ‘NFPA 20’
(ii) In general, the pumpset vendor’s standard for control panels will be acceptable, as long as it
complies with the above requirements as a minimum.
7.9 Pump Enclosure
Fire Pump enclosures shall be provided with large and readily visible warning signs for personnel
safety. The requirements of drawing ‘SD-J-99713’ shall apply, as appropriate.
7.10 Inspection and Tests
(i) Field acceptance tests shall be performed in accordance with ‘NFPA 20’ for fixed pumping
units. For trailer or skid units, a three-hour certification test in accordance with ‘NFPA 1922’ shall
be performed. All acceptance and certification tests will be witnessed by the Owner and
manufacturer’s representatives.
(ii) Adequate field testing facilities, such as a flow meter or test header, shall be provided for all
fire pumps, per NFPA requirements.
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8.0 FIRE MAIN AND HYDRANTS
8.1 General
(i) Piping shall be designed and specified in accordance with ‘GPS-L1’. Fresh water systems
shall conform to the requirements of ‘Piping Specification B7’. Brackish or salt water systems shall
conform to the requirements of ‘Piping Specification B15’ and to the fabrication and installation
requirements of ‘NYS-L1.40 Cement Lined Piping’.
(ii) Some drawings referred to in this Specification will contain piping and hydrant item numbers
(“L” numbers) which refer to ‘NYS-L4.10 Piping Item Ordering Descriptions’.
(iii) Installation shall conform to the construction inspection and testing requirements of
‘GPS-B2’.
(iv) Coating of buried fire lines shall conform to the requirements of ‘GPS-B3’.
8.2 Non-fire or Non-emergency Connections

(i) The fire water supply from the fire pumps shall not be permanently connected to any process
or facility for other than fire fighting use. This will prevent loss of fire water to other water systems
in the event of an emergency, and ensure the future validity of fire water system flow checks and
system leak tests.
(ii) To prevent the fire water system from becoming contaminated with flammable gas, liquid or
other process materials, check that valves or backflow preventers are used when temporary
connections are made to the system. Additionally, most locations require the use of a permit so that
emergency response personnel are aware of all non-emergency fire water use.
8.3 Fire Main Layout and Valving

(i) The fire main system shall be a grid design with loops surrounding process area blocks (or
fire risk areas) and, when needed, appropriate mains across the block between units to the perimeter
mains.
The fire main system layout and design shall provide the required flow to all hydrants, water spray
systems, monitors and foam systems and shall be in general accordance with drawing ‘SD-
S-23193’. Final layout and design shall be subject to the Owner’s approval.
(ii) Provision shall be made, as agreed with the Owner, for future fire main expansions. Tees,
with the open end blinded, shall be provided at the ends of grid sections where the fire main system
may be extended in the future.
(iii) Fire mains shall be below grade in process areas, within 15m (50ft) of the process area
battery limits or within 30m (100ft) of pressure storage areas. This provides for access to the
process unit and permits fire hydrants to be located immediately adjacent to the main. Belowgrade
fire main piping also provides protection of the piping system from direct blast overpressure
damage. In non-freezing climates, except an noted above, fire mains may be located on sleepers
above grade.
(iv) Fire water piping shall generally be located outside tank bundwalls. Where fire lines must
cross tankage areas inside bundwalls, the piping shall be buried to provide protection from spill
fires.
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(v) An abovegrade installation (dry-pipe system) may be provided in a freezing climate, with the
Owner’s approval. It shall be suitably sloped to drain valves, and designed so that the abovegrade
portion can be shut off and drained when not in use. Dry pipe systems, such as for a wharf or pier
fire main, should be relatively short in length.
(vi) A sufficient number of isolation valves (otherwise known as division valves) shall be
provided at grid intersections, at the centre of long loops and at the main fire pump feed, so that any
section of the grid can be taken out of service and the grid still supply water through adjacent
sections to protect all plant areas. No more than a total of six fire protection devices or systems
(hydrants, monitors, water spray or foam systems) may be removed from service at any one time.
(vii) For buried piping, division valves shall be UL listed post-indicating type, clearly identified as
to their purpose, and protected against damage from vehicles. Careful analysis of plant equipment
location and fire hydrant positions will determine the minimum use of division valves to provide
reliability and cost effective installations. Valves shall be provided near the main on branch lines
feeding fire fighting equipment other than single fire hydrants.
8.4 Fire Main Hydraulic Design

(i) As required by §6.1, residual pressure determination shall be based on flow through all
sections of the grid, with no section blocked off.
(ii) The system shall be hydraulically balanced, based upon the required fire water demands and
the residual pressure requirements specified in this section, §8.0.
For hydraulic calculation of pipe sizing, a Hazen and Williams “C” factor of 100 shall be used. For
new systems, or where existing systems are to be expanded, pipe sizing shall be determined by use
of a hydraulic model of the system. The hydraulic model shall be based on the Hazen and Williams
calculation methods. Pipe flow velocities shall not exceed 6.1m/s (20ft/sec) in any area of the
piping distribution system.
8.5 Fire Main Size and Rating

Fire mains shall be a minimum of NPS 8 in size, except for deadend laterals, which may be reduced
down to a minimum of NPS 6 when:
— NPS 6 is suitable for a known flow
— Future expansion is not anticipated (requires the Owner’s approval)
— the length of the lateral is 120m (400ft) or less.
8.6 Fire Hydrants
8.6.1 Hydrant Types
(i) Hydrant types are described in drawing ‘SD-S-10187’. Hydrants shall be designed, specified
and installed in accordance with this drawing.
(ii) Typical applications for the different types and sizes of fire hydrants are shown on ‘SD-
S-10187’ and summarised in Table 2. The following notes apply to Table 2 and the following text.
(a) Hydrants Types 1 (angle hose valves) and 2 (straight gate valves) are equivalent, and the
Owner shall specify his preference. References in the following text to Types 1/1A/1B are
interchangeable with Types 2/2A/2B.
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(b) Pumper connections to be 41⁄2in or 6in, as appropriate for local fire truck connections. The
choice of 6in pumper connections shall be subject to the Owner’s approval
(c) Arrange hydrant locations to permit equipment to be reached from at least two opposite
directions, so that approach can be made from the upwind side. If possible, position hydrants
so that they may also be used to protect equipment in adjacent units or areas.
TABLE 2 Hydrant Types

TYPE Riser Valved Pumper Typical Applications
Connections Connections
1 4in 2 off 3x21⁄2in - Process areas not adjacent to road or

Angle accessways. In other locations only where
permitted in §8.6.4
1A 6in 2 off 3x21⁄2in 41⁄2in

Angle Process areas adjacent to road or
accessways. In tankfarm areas, except
1B 6in 2 off 3x21⁄2in 6in where Type 3/3A hydrants are required
Angle (see below)
2 4in 2 off 3x21⁄2in Gate -

As for Types 1. Choice of gate valves
2A 6in 2 off 3x21⁄2in Gate 41⁄2in over angle valves to be agreed with the
Owner.
2B 6in 2 off 3x21⁄2in Gate 6in
3 8in 4 off 3x21⁄2in Gate 41⁄2in Where 3x21⁄2in hose connections are
needed, usually around large cone roof
tanks, 45m (150ft) diameter and larger.
6in pumper connections shall be specified
3A 8in 4 off 3x21⁄2in Gate 6in where high capacity, over 230m3/h
(1,000usgpm), fire trucks are provided.
4 6in 3 off 3x21⁄2in Gate -
4A 6in 2 off 3x21⁄2in Gate 41⁄2in As above, but for use in freezing climates
4B 6in 2 off 3x21⁄2in Gate 6in
8.6.2 Process Areas
Fire hydrants shall be located in process areas, generally as indicated in Table 2, at 60m (200ft)
centres, or less, along accessways and roadways. Hydrants shall be so located that they cannot
readily become involved in a fire, ideally approximately 15m (50ft) from the nearest risk to be
protected. A sufficient number shall be provided to permit any portion of a unit to be reached by a
65mm (21⁄2in) hose stream with 76m (250ft) of hose.
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8.6.3 Storage Tank Areas
(i) 150mm (6in) fire hydrants shall be provided, in storage tank areas, at 91m (300ft) centres, or
less, along accessways and roadways. Hydrants shall be located within 15m (50ft) of any semi-
fixed foam injection manifold, standpipe connection or water spray system connections.
(ii) 200mm (8in) hydrants shall be provided as specified by the Owner, but generally as indicated
in Table 2.
8.6.4 Other Locations
(i) Hydrants around buildings (such as administration, shops, etc) shall be located in accordance
with ‘NFPA 24’. Hydrants shall generally be 150mm (6in), Types 1A/B. The use of Type 1 100mm
(4in) hydrants may be permitted, with the Owner’s approval.
(ii) In non-process areas, such as the offsite/utility area, hydrants shall be provided at 91m (300ft)
centres along accessways and roadways. Hydrants shall be 150mm (6in), Types 1A/B.
9.0 MONITORS
9.1 General
(i) Fixed monitors shall be installed around the periphery of the process block or unit, placed
such that they can protect multiple pieces of process equipment and arranged such that a minimum
of two fixed monitor streams can reach all high fire potential equipment (refer to the definition of
“Fire-hazardous equipment” in ‘GPS-M2’). They may also be provided in lieu of a fixed water
spray system, when their use is more effective for fire fighting or when specified by the Owner.
Considerations for the placement of monitors shall include their effectiveness in:
— Cooling fire exposed equipment

— Fire intensity control
— Flushing burning flammable liquids away from equipment (provided care is taken not to spread
the fire)
Further considerations in the application of water sprays for firefighting are contained in Appendix
II.
(ii) Portable monitors shall not be considered as primary protection, but may be placed according
to their ability to provide additional flexibility in fire control operations and supplemental water
cooling. Unless otherwise specified, portable monitors will be furnished by the Owner.
(iii) Standard monitor design and details are described in drawing ‘SD-S-1007’. Monitors shall be
specified in accordance with this drawing. Monitor body types shall be standardised throughout the
facility, unless otherwise agreed by the Owner.
(iv) Monitor capacities of 114m3/h (500usgpm) to 227m3/h (1000usgpm) shall be provided. The
larger monitors (1,000usgpm) may be used with the Owner’s approval. However, the greater
demand on the fire water system and the impact on drainage facilities should be taken into
consideration.
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(v) For purposes of arrangement and spacing of monitors, the following apply:
— The maximum horizontal range for a typical 114m3/hr (500usgpm) monitor shall be 36m
(120ft). 70% of the manufacturer’s effective straight stream range shall be used for larger
capacity monitors.
— Approximate height of the straight stream at 75 degree elevation shall be 45m (148ft).
(vi) Minimum nozzle pressure applied to water monitors shall be 690kPa(ga) (100psig), or as
specified by the nozzle manufacturer.
(vii) Nozzle water pressure for foam monitors shall be as specified in §12.0.
(viii) Water supply pressure to elevated monitors shall take into account the above requirements,
and head differential and friction losses. Preferably, elevated monitors shall provide the required
flow rate at a pressure of 689kPa(ga) (100psig) at the base flange for the monitor.
9.2 Application and Location Requirements and Guidelines
9.2.1 Water Monitors
Typically, fixed or portable monitors shall be used for vessel surface cooling, fire intensity control,
and/or fire extinguishment as listed in Table 3. Further typical arrangement considerations are
shown in Appendix I, along with additional notes on effectiveness, location requirements and
limitations. Note that these placement guidelines also apply to remote controlled monitors.
TABLE 3 Fire Water Monitor Application

Type of Unit or Applications
Equipment
Process unit columns For the vessels and hot oil piping and bottom connections.
and reactors
Heat exchanger For channel sections (or expansion joints) and flanged connections
when units contain high-pressure, volatile or hot materials.
Process unit heaters For exposed return bends, crossovers, headers and the area under the
heater, to cool the structure and wash away spills.
Process unit air coolers For air coolers, when they contain liquids that are volatile and over
1725kPa(ga) (250psig), or for materials over autoignition temperature.
Offsites For offsite pump stations in Class I or II flammable liquids service.

These should be protected by at least one fixed water monitor
positioned to cover both the pumps and adjacent pipe manifolds.
Piers or Wharfs For protection of loading/unloading berths for LPG products. They
shall be spaced to provide coverage of both the loading manifold and
the ship manifold from at least two directions.
Lube-oil units For chillers, filters and similar equipment located outdoors, and
containing volatile flammable liquids in solvent extraction process.
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9.2.2 Fixed Foam-water Monitors
Fixed foam-water monitors shall be provided as shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 Foam-water Monitors Applications

Location Applications
Piers and Wharves Fixed and portable foam-water monitors shall be provided on piers
and wharves handling flammable liquids, and spaced to provide
coverage of the loading manifold and ship manifold from at least two
directions.
Loading/Unloading Fixed monitors, when provided, shall be of sufficient number to assure

Racks complete coverage of an entire railtank car or vehicles’ tanks and cabs.
Blending Manifolds Fixed monitors shall be provided for complete coverage of the
manifold area and surrounding kerbed area.
9.3 Remote Controlled Monitors (RCMs)
9.3.1 Location and Application
(i) RCMs shall be elevated to a height, agreed by the Owner, which provides the most effective
coverage for the area or equipment being protected.
(ii) The remote point from which the nozzle will be controlled shall have an unrestricted view of
the nozzle and the hazard being protected.
(iii) Not more than two monitor nozzles shall be controlled from one control station.
(iv) RCMs that are located in fire potential areas (otherwise known as the “Fire Exposure
Envelope”, as defined by ‘GPS-M2 Fireproofing’), are considered critical and shall be protected
from fire exposure in accordance with ‘GPS-M2’.
(v) RCMs shall be provided, when specified by the Owner, for pier or wharf protection.
When required, each loading berth of a pier or wharf shall be protected by at least two, remotely-
operated, elevated monitors. Such monitors shall be elevated to a height equal to the maximum
draught from the largest vessel to be loaded or unloaded at the berth. RCMs for piers or wharfs
shall be arranged to provide coverage of the loading berth and the vessel manifold.
9.3.2 General Requirements
(i) RCMs shall include fixed grade level or elevated remote-operated monitors with actuation
motors, monitor nozzles, control relay panels and joystick controllers. RCMs shall be operable from
grade level or remotely.
(ii) Remote controlled monitors shall be gear driven by electric motors for both horizontal and
vertical movement. Pneumatic, hydraulic or water-driven RCMs shall only be permitted when
approved by the Owner.
(iii) Rotational horizontal range shall be a minimum of 340 degrees, with the vertical elevation
extending from -45 degrees to +85 degrees from horizontal. RCMs’ movement shall be restricted
by limit switches, with the maximum turning radius adjustable in each direction. RCMs’ nozzle
stream pattern adjustment shall also be remotely operated by electric motor driven gear.
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9.3.3 Monitor Control Systems and Motors
(i) The control system shall provide default positions for the pan and tilt of each RCM, which
the operator pre-sets. This is required to ensure that the monitor is initially aimed away from areas
where it would be dangerous to personnel or equipment.
(ii) The control system shall provide control for the fire water and the foam (when provided) for
each RCM. The controller shall ensure that the correct sequence of operation is maintained. When
provided, foam concentrate injection shall only commence after water flow has been established
(proved by timer) to the RCM.
(iii) RCM controls shall be located a minimum of 15m (50ft) from the risk being protected.
(iv) The control relay panel should be a self-contained unit incorporating all fuses, motor
contactors and power controls required for remote control of the monitor. The panel shall be
designed for 220 volts, single phase, 50hz power supply or per local requirements. Motor contactors
shall be provided with overload protection. The control/relay panel shall be suitable for the area
classification of the installed location.
(v) Electric motors for monitor movement and nozzle adjustment, shall be in accordance with
‘NYS-P1.10’ and suitable for the area electrical classification, as defined in ‘GPS-A12’.
The power supply shall be in accordance with the Basic Electrical Engineering Design Data Sheets.
Motor circuits shall be pre-wired to a terminal box attached to the monitor body, to facilitate
external wiring.
Standby heating of the motor coils shall be provided for the prevention of water condensation inside
the motor housings.
(vi) The monitor motors shall be provided with handwheels and motor disconnection clutches,
designed to allow the operator to manually control the monitor locally on loss of actuator power or
signal.
(vii) For ease of maintenance and spare parts availability, where practicable, the motors used to
manipulate the RCMs shall be obtained from the same manufacturer as the other valve motor
actuators used throughout the facility.
9.3.4 Joystick Controllers
(i) Joystick-type controllers shall be provided with each remote controlled monitor. Each
joystick shall control both horizontal and vertical movement of the monitor. A separate joystick
controller shall be provided for adjustment of the monitor nozzle from straight stream to full fog
patterns. Joystick controllers shall be suitable for the electrical hazardous area classification of the
installed locations.
(ii) When specified by the Owner, additional joystick controllers shall be provided to permit
operation of any single monitor from more than one location. Operation of the monitor from any
location shall not require manual switching of the control circuits.
9.3.5 Remote Radio Controllers
Any nominated RCM should also be controlled from a radio controller. The transfer of control from
the fixed panel joystick to the radio controller shall be automatic, upon use of the radio controller.
The radio controller receiver shall be located outside the fire potential areas. The transmitter shall
be a portable unit with a range sufficient to allow radio control of one RCM from a mobile position.
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9.3.6 Emergency Power Supply

All RCMs shall be provided with an emergency power supply capable of providing monitor
movement for no less than one hour’s intermittent operation of the RCM. This emergency source of
power shall also be provided for the associated motor-operated valves for each RCM.
9.4 Portable Monitors

Unless otherwise specified, the supply of portable monitors shall be the Owner’s responsibility. In
any event, the following requirements apply.
(i) A minimum of two portable 114m3/h (500usgpm) monitors shall be located in or near process
units to supplement fixed fire water monitors. In addition, at least two 227m3/h (1000usgpm) or
larger, foam/water monitors shall be provided in the fire house, for fighting tank and spill fires. The
large monitors shall be capable of being towed by a truck.
(ii) Portable monitors should be positioned near hydrants, at the process area periphery. When it
is necessary to locate them within the process area, portable monitors shall normally be kept hose-
connected to the nearest hydrant.
(iii) Portable foam/water monitors can be provided where needed to use water from the fire main,
or hose connected to a fire truck for foam or water application. Strainers are not required for foam/
water monitors, but they may be required for water monitors equipped with adjustable fog-to-
straight-stream nozzles.
(iv) Portable monitors shall be provided with a means for securing the device to prevent
accidental movement of the monitor as a result of nozzle reaction forces. Acceptable methods of
securing the portable monitor include, but are not limited to:
(a) Lockable wheels or wheel retraction devices on trailer mounted devices.
(b) Chains or clamps for securing the device to stationary equipment and/or provided with stakes
that can be driven into the ground to assist in limiting their movement.
10.0 FIXED WATER SPRAY SYSTEMS

10.1 General Application
(i) Fixed water spray systems are generally required where cooling or exposure protection is
needed, and when:
(a) Passive protection, such as fire proofing, is not practical.
(b) The use of fixed or portable monitors is restricted or not practicable. For instance, when:
— Obstructions or lack of safe access will not allow full coverage of the protected object.
— Thermal shock would be excessive, as would be the case for hot oil pumps.
— The surface area to be covered is very large, eg, LPG spheres.
(ii) Fixed water spray systems provide an efficient method of cooling fire-exposed equipment and
structures, thereby helping maintain their mechanical strength. These systems are also effective in
the control of burning, dispersion of flammables and/or toxic gases/vapours, and fire
extinguishment. Experience has shown that these objectives can be accomplished either
individually or in combination, provided that systems are properly designed.
(iii) The requirements for exposure protection, control of burning and vapour dispersion are
contained in §10.6, §10.7 and §10.8. The use of fixed fire water sprays for extinguishment is
covered in §10.9.
Further general notes and guidance on the application and effectiveness of fixed water spray
systems can be found in Appendix II.
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(iv) Systems shall be designed so that, when extinguishment is achieved, all surfaces are
sufficiently cooled to prevent a flashback when the system is shut off.
(v) Water spray protection for materials which react with water (magnesium, titanium, etc) is
generally not recommended. Where water spray protection is required in such cases, the material
supplier shall be consulted for recommended application rates and other design considerations.
10.2 General Design Basis

(i) The design and installation of fixed water spray systems shall be in accordance with the
requirements of ‘NFPA 13, 15 or 16’ as applicable.
(ii) The application density and water supply requirements are determined by the intended
purpose of the system, and detailed in §10.6 through §10.9. Exposure protection, control of
burning, dispersion of vapours, extinguishment, or a combination of these, may be defined as the
design intention.
(iii) General design considerations shall also include factors such as nozzle spacing, elevation,
direction and discharge angle, and wind velocity, as well as physical properties of materials
involved.
(iv) Further requirements for the sizing and arrangement of nozzles are contained in Appendix III.
10.3 Design Responsibility

(i) The Contractor shall be responsible for the spray system design. Where the Owner
indicates, the Contractor shall utilise the services of a specialist consultant (expert in industrial
water spray systems, rather than just automatic sprinkler systems used in buildings), nominated or
(ii) The Contractor shall submit, for the Owner’s approval, the plans, specifications and
calculations pertaining to the water spray installations. At a minimum, this shall include the
applicable information detailed in Chapter 7 of ‘NFPA 15’.
10.4 System Operation
10.4.1 Manual Systems
(i) Most fixed water spray systems shall be installed as manually operated systems. These are
acceptable where operators or emergency response teams are expected to have sufficient time to
react, and have reasonable access to activate the spray system.
(ii) Where access to the location of a potential fire is limited by distance or lack of manpower, the
activation may be done remotely at the control room or another constantly attended area, as agreed
with the Owner.
10.4.2 Automatic Systems
(i) Where almost instantaneous reaction is required, the Owner shall require automatic actuation
for systems protecting high value unspared equipment, equipment easily damaged by fire (such as
exposed unfireproofed instrumentation) or whenever the Owner considers life safety is a factor.
Automatic actuation could be required to protect equipment that handles toxic materials, to prevent
structural overheating or thermal shock, or given the need to control a fire at the initial stage to
prevent rapid uncontrolled fire spread.
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(ii) Automatically activated systems shall alarm locally and in the control room, or another
constantly manned location, as specified by the Owner.
(iii) All automatic system actuation devices and components shall be specified as either UL listed,
Factory Mutual approved, or approved by other internationally recognised agencies. In locations
where these are not available, equipment to comparable standards may be provided, subject to the
Owner’s approval.
10.5 Design Consideration for Nozzles and Piping

(i) Requirements for size and type of nozzles, and considerations for their arrangement, are
contained in Appendix III. This appendix also contains requirements for the design and layout of
the supply piping.
(ii) Appendix III also contains the requirements for specific equipment protection.
10.6 Exposure Protection

Fixed water spray systems for exposure protection, designed for application densities given in
§10.6.1, shall be provided for the equipment covered in the balance of this section, when the
conditions of §10.1(i) apply. Basic design considerations are also given.
10.6.1 Water Spray Application Density
(i) While each specific application may have its own requirements, the minimum design density
shall be 12.2 litres/min/m2 (0.3usgpm/ft2). This includes a safety factor of 20% to allow for normal
wind and system deterioration effects. However, it will not be sufficient where direct flame
impingement from high pressure flammable liquid or gas sources is possible.
(ii) The 12.2 litres/min/m2 application rate is considered adequate (where no unusual conditions
are present) to protect process vessels, structural supports, piperacks, cable trays, conduit runs,
transformers, and process equipment such as pumps and compressors. The requirements for cooling
storage tanks exposed to adjacent fires are listed in §5.4.3.
(iii) Water spray protection for multilevel, open floor structures requires a density of 6.1 litres/
min/m2 (0.15usgpm/ft2) at the abovegrade intermediate levels.
10.6.2 Pressure Vessels
(i) Fixed fire water spray protection shall be provided for pressure storage vessels containing
flammable liquefied gas, process unit accumulators and receivers, gas separators, treaters and
similar vessels, having a liquid holdup capacity of 3.7m3 (1,000usg) or greater, which could be
exposed to a spill or torch fire, and which are not adequately fireproofed or protected by a rapid
vapour depressuring system, or when the vessel cannot be adequately protected (on all sides) by
fixed fire water monitors.
(ii) The minimum design density specified in §10.6.1 for protection of exposed vessel surfaces is
based on the vessel being equipped with emergency relief venting in accordance with ‘GPS-C1’
and ‘NFPA 30’ or ‘API RP 520’.
(iii) For proper placement of spray nozzles, the considerations contained in Appendix III shall be
applied.
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(iv) LPG typical nozzle and piping arrangements for bullets and spheres are shown on drawings
‘SD-S-23381’ and ‘SD-S-23382’ respectively.
(v) Protection for LPG trailers and tank cars at loading racks shall be designed as per the
requirements for pressure vessels. Note that the foam-water deluge system, as specified in §12.6.1,
shall not be used.
(vi) Water film systems (cooling by means of water run-down on the vessel, not by water spray
via nozzles), when provided for pressure vessels, shall be arranged to distribute a uniform film over
the entire surface area above the equator.
Flow capacity should be equivalent to the required density over the entire protected area. Spray
nozzles are needed for the surface area below the equator. Nozzles shall be added where the water
film is interrupted or not uniformly distributed, and where there are obstructions such as from
manways, piping and auxiliary equipment.
10.6.3 Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Fixed water spray protection shall be provided for tanks holding flammable liquids as required by
§5.4.2 and §5.4.3, where the spacing between tanks is not in accordance with ‘GPS-S5’, or where
portable monitors cannot reach the surfaces of tank shell likely to be exposed to an adjacent fire.
Water spray protection shall also be provided when required by local regulations, or when specified
by the Owner.
10.6.4 Cable Runs
Fixed water spray protection shall be provided for instrument tray and multiple cable/conduit runs
which contain vital instruments that are needed to operate during a fire and are not fireproofed in
accordance with ‘GPS-M2’.
10.6.5 Structural Members
(i) Fixed water spray protection shall be provided in congested process areas where fireproofing
is not provided for piperacks, and/or the structural supports for process vessels and heaters. Water
spray protection of structural steel members shall only be used with the Owner’s approval.
(ii) Steel supports requiring protection shall be provided with the required density uniformly
applied over the inside surface of one side of the flange and one side of the web. Nozzles shall be
spaced not more than 3m (10ft) apart and preferably positioned on alternate sides of the web.
10.7 Control of Burning

Fixed water spray systems for the control of burning, designed for application densities given in
§10.7.1, shall be provided for the equipment covered in the balance of this section. Basic design
considerations are also given.
(i) Fixed water spray protection shall be provided for the control of burning, the minimum
design density is 20.4 litres/min/m2 (0.5usgpm/ft2). This should be applied directly on the probable
source of the flammable material release or fire, and on the areas where spills may travel and
accumulate. The extent of the spray coverage is determined by the area drainage and/or
containment diking. Details regarding proper area drainage are further covered in ‘NFPA 30’.
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(ii) For fixed water sprays for protection of alkyds and other catalysts and materials which react
with water, available literature states that copious amounts of water should be applied. Densities as
high as 40.8 litres/min/m2 (1usgpm/ft2) may be appropriate in these cases. The material supplier
should be consulted for assistance in determining the density to be used. Final designs must be
10.7.2 Water Spray Protection for Pumps
(i) Pumps do not require fixed water spray systems if:
(a) The pump suction and discharge lines are provided with remotely operated emergency
isolation valves protected in accordance with ‘GPS-M2’, or
(b) Coverage of the pump can be provided effectively by a fixed fire water monitor. Where
possible, fixed fire water monitors shall be placed so as to eliminate the need for fixed water
spray systems.
(ii) However, pump installations, handling flammable materials, which do not fall into the above
two categories, shall be provided with fixed water spray protection (for control of burning) when
one of the following criteria are met:
(a) Seal location is under or within 3m (10ft) horizontally of air coolers, piperacks or other
overhead equipment
(b) Pumping temperature is above 2608C (5008F)
(c) Pumping pressure is above 3,500kPa(ga) (500 psig)
(d) Pumping temperature is above the fluid autoignition temperature
(iii) Sprays shall be designed to provide the required density over the pump casing and the
horizontal area at least 0.6m (2ft) from the pump periphery. The coverage of spray patterns should
include such items as the pump seals, suction and discharge flanges, check valves, block valves,
auxiliary piping and gauge connections. The minimum covered area shall be 1.5m x 1.5m (5ft x
5ft).
Refer to Appendix III §1.2 for further placement and coverage considerations.
(iv) A single water spray system shall be provided for multiple pumps, compressors or turbines
located in a common area, except for unusually large areas where the system water demand would
exceed 3800 litres/min (1000usgpm), or unless approved by the Owner.
10.7.3 Water Spray Protection for Gas Compressors and Gas Turbines
(i) Fixed water spray protection for control of burning shall be provided for gas compressors of
heavier than air flammable gas systems rated at 150kW (200HP) and over. The lube-oil consoles for
these compressors shall also be protected by water spray systems if:
(a) The console is within 5m (15ft) of other equipment.

(b) The lube-oil console cannot be protected by a fixed fire water monitor. Where possible, fixed
fire water monitors shall be placed so as to eliminate the need for fixed water spray systems.
(ii) Sprays shall be designed to provide the required density over a minimum horizontal area of
1.5m x 1.5m (5ft x 5ft) and extended at least 0.6m (2ft) in all directions from the compressor or
turbine casing. If needed, additional nozzles should be provided to cover areas with high likelihood
of hydrocarbon release and fire, such as the seals, suction and discharge flanges, valves and gauge
connections.
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(iii) Protection for the compressor and turbine lube-oil units shall extend at least 0.6m (2ft) around
the periphery of the system. A separate spray system should be installed when the compressor or
turbine is located more than 6m (20ft) from the lube-oil unit.
10.7.4 Piping Manifolds and Fittings
Fixed water spray protection for the control of burning shall be provided for manifolds handling
flammable liquids/gases at pressures of 3,500kPa(ga) (500psig) and over, or temperatures of 2608C
(5008F) and over, if coverage of the manifold can not be provided effectively by a fixed fire water
monitor.
10.8 Dispersion of Flammable and/or Toxic Vapours

Fixed water spray systems for the dispersion of vapours, designed for application densities given in
§10.8.1, shall be provided for the equipment covered in the balance of this section. Basic design
considerations are also given.
(i) A minimum design density of 24.4 litres/min/m2 (0.6usgpm/ft2) is recommended for vapour
mitigation systems. This high density is needed to provide dilution and dispersion of hazardous
vapours.
(ii) Effective control densities are highly material-specific, and for this reason each specified
vapour mitigation design density must be approved by the Owner.
10.8.2 Protection Requirements
(i) Fixed water spray systems for the dispersion of flammable and/or toxic vapours shall be
considered for:
— High pressure pumps, compressors, pressure vessels, piping manifolds and other piping systems
handling highly hazardous liquids or gases which, if released, would likely form a vapour cloud
with catastrophic life safety potential.
Note that fire water supply should be sufficient to provide this protection until the source of the fire
or release can be shut off and/or the unit can be depressurised and shut down.
(ii) Such systems are considered a necessary adjunct to, not a substitute for, primary engineering
controls to eliminate and prevent the hazard.
(iii) Spray nozzles must be designed to discharge a dense spray into an area of possible vapour
leakage, at sufficient velocity to rapidly dilute the vapours to below the hazardous limit.
(iv) It is critical for the nozzles to be positioned for full coverage of potential leak sources, which
may be numerous. Because of this, the use of a grid pattern for area coverage, similar to automatic
sprinklers, is recommended.
10.9 Fire Extinguishment

(i) Several factors are involved in the design of these specialised water spray systems. The
physical properties of the fuel involved must be known. The placement of spray nozzles is critical
to ensure that the required high density of water is delivered over all surfaces where the fire may
spread.
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(ii) Fixed water spray systems for fire extinguishment are generally limited to automatic sprinkler
systems or foam water systems. ‘NFPA 13’ shall be used as the design basis for any required
sprinkler system, and §12.0 shall be used as the design basis for required foam systems.
(iii) Automatic sprinkler systems for the protection of empty plastic containers shall be designed
to provide a density of 24.4 litres/min/m2 (0.6usgpm/ft2) over the protected area, per ‘NFPA 13’.
(iv) The design density needed for fire extinguishment of combustible solids and liquids ranges
from 8.1-20.4 litres/min/m2 (0.2-0.5usgpm/ft2) of the protected area. The rate of application needed
depends largely on the physical properties of the fuel, such as vapour pressure, flash point,
viscosity, solubility with water and density. The rate of application should be based on test data or
knowledge, based on existing similar installations.
10.10 Supply Headers

Main headers shall be underground installations, or at least as near as possible to ground level, to
protect against fire, explosion and mechanical damage. Overhead supply lines, if unavoidable,
should not pass over other hazardous areas, such as hot oil pumps. Further piping design and
installation guidelines are provided in Appendix III §2.0.
10.11 Acceptance Testing

Field acceptance testing shall be conducted by the Contractor for all systems, in accordance with
‘NFPA 15’ and witnessed by the Owner. Hydrostatic pressure tests of all new piping shall be
performed in accordance with the requirements of ‘NFPA 13’. Further requirements are contained
in Appendix III §2.0.
11.0 LIVE HOSE REELS
11.1 General
(i) The design of live hose reels shall provide immediate fire fighting capability for one person,
with water immediately available at the nozzle. Live hose reels shall therefore be pressurised at all
times, such that the required amount of hose can be removed from the hose reel without shutting off
the water or disconnecting the hose.
(ii) Hose reels shall be of a standard type throughout the facility, unless otherwise specified by
the Owner. Live hose reels shall be installed in accordance with drawing ‘SD-S-10274’ and, as a
minimum, comply with the requirements stated thereon.
(iii) Live water hose reels shall provide a minimum of 9.1m3/h (40usgpm) from 25mm (1in) hose.
Each reel shall be provided with 30m (100ft) of hose, complying with the requirements stated in
Appendix VI §1.0.
(iv) Minimum nozzle pressure shall be 620kPa(ga) (90psig), or as specified by the nozzle
manufacturer.
(v) The water supply connection for a single hose reel shall be a minimum of NPS 2 pipe for
distances up to 60m (200ft) from the nearest fire main. Where more than one hose reel is supplied
by a non-looped branch line, distances are over 60m (200ft) or when nozzle capacities exceed
9.1m3/h, the connection shall be at least NPS 4 sized pipe. Where the water supply line provides fire
water to multiple devices (hose reels, monitors, water spray systems), the pipe size shall be
calculated, assuming all the devices are operating at the required flow and pressure.
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11.2 Location Guidelines
(i) Live water hose reels shall be strategically placed to supplement fixed monitors and fixed
water spray systems. In areas where protection is not provided by fixed water sprays or fixed
monitors, additional hose reels shall be provided.
(ii) In process areas, an adequate number of reels shall be provided such that each piece of
equipment within the process block can be reached by at least one hose reel. They shall be located a
minimum of 6m (20ft) from all high-risk equipment, and shall be positioned such that drainage
slopes carry spilled materials away from the hose reel. They shall be located in the travel path from
the control room or operator shelter to all high hazard areas.
(iii) Live water hose reels shall be provided for all offsite flammable liquid pumps and LPG
pumps/compressors, additive blending areas, lube plants, lube-oil storage and blending facilities.
(iv) Live water hose reels shall be located immediately outside the door of any enclosed or semi-
enclosed pump room or compressor building. They shall be located at the base of the stairway to all
elevated structures, and located elsewhere in the structure to provide coverage of process
equipment.
(v) Live water hose reels shall be provided for piers and wharves. They shall be placed so that
each product loading/unloading berth may be reached by two hose reels.
(vi) Hose reels shall be located to permit the hose to unreel in the general direction of the most
probable travel path to the hazard being protected.
(vii) For rapid-response fire extinguishment, self-contained foam hose reel stations should be
installed approximately 30m (100ft) apart in process areas, near tankfarm transfer pump groupings,
near flammable chemical storage areas and within the maintenance building, when specified by the
Owner. Further specification and installation requirements for live foam hose reels are contained in
§12.9.
12.0 FOAM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

Foam systems shall be capable of controlling and extinguishing the largest single reasonably
expected fire. Frequently, this will be the largest tank or group of smaller tanks. Minimum
requirements are stated for the following areas. Appendices IV and V provide additional detailed
guidance.
12.1 Process Area Protection

(i) Open process areas where Class I and II flammable liquids are present shall be protected by
portable foam equipment backed up by portable monitors, when specified by the Owner.
(ii) Fixed and semi-fixed foam protection shall only be provided where equipment is located in a
congested area which may be inaccessible to portable fire fighting equipment, and where prompt
fire extinguishment, rather than fire control, is essential. In such instances, installation of fixed and
semi-fixed foam protection systems shall be subject to the Owner’s approval.
Fixed and semi-fixed foam protection may also be desirable when manpower is inadequate to
assure a rapid manual fire fighting response.
(iii) Fixed fire monitors with foam capabilities shall be used in place of foam hose reels where a
large liquid hydrocarbon spill fire is possible, or where rapid application of foam over a large area
is warranted by the hazard.
(iv) Hand-held foam protection is provided for extinguishment of fires involving low-flashpoint,
Class III liquids.
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12.2 Atmospheric Tank Protection

(i) ‘NFPA 11’ should be adhered to in designing any of the systems described in this Section.
(ii) This section applies to liquid hydrocarbons, including gasohols and unleaded gasolines
containing no more than 10% alcohol by volume. MTBE, Acetone, Butyl Alcohol, and Isopropyl
Ether require application rates of 6.5 litres/min/m2 (0.15usgpm/ft2). Other polar solvents may
require even higher application rates, depending upon the type of foam concentrate used. The foam
manufacturer should be consulted.
12.2.1 General
(i) Foam protection shall be provided as per Table 5. Supplementary foam hose streams shall be
provided for small spill, fires and shall be supplied by the fire truck. The minimum number of such
streams and their duration of operation are given in Table 6.
TABLE 5 Requirement for Tank Foam Protection
Type of Tank Contents Tank Diameter Foam Req’d Type of Foam Protection
(Note 1) m (ft)
Class I <18 (60) Yes Hand-held if tank is less than

or II 6m (20ft) high; otherwise,
semi-fixed
Cone Roof
18 - 43 (60 - 140) Yes Semi-fixed
. 43 (140) Yes Semi-fixed (Note 2)
Class III No
<18 (60) (Note 3) Hand-held

Class I
or II 18 - 43 (60 - 140) Yes Semi-fixed
Floating Roof . 43 (140) Yes Semi-fixed
Class III < 43 (140) (Note 3) Hand-held
. 43 (140) Yes Semi-fixed
<18m (60) Yes Hand-held if less than 6m

(20ft) high; otherwise, Semi-
Class I fixed.
or II
Internal Floating 18 - 43 (60 - 140) Yes Semi-fixed
Roof
. 43 (140) Yes Semi-fixed (Note 2)
< 43 (140) No
Class III
. 43 (140) No
Notes
1. Because of the susceptibility of crude oils to boilovers, such tanks shall receive special consideration.
2. The successful extinguishment of full-surface fires in tanks over 43m (140ft) diameter has been very limited.
The design of foam systems for such tanks requires special consideration.
3. Requires a foam dam 50mm (2in) higher than the weather shield or 600mm (24in) high foam dam and tank
standpipe system, refer to the definition of a Tank Standpipe System in Appendix VII, and to Figure 7 in
Appendix V.
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TABLE 6 Minimum Number of Foam Hose Streams for Small Spill Fires
Diameter of Largest Tank Minimum Number of Hose Minimum Operating
m (ft) Streams Required Time
< 10.6 (35) 1 10 minutes
10.6 - 20 (35 - 65) 1 20 minutes
. 20 - 29 (65 - 95) 2 20 minutes
. 29 - 36.6 (95 - 120) 2 30 minutes
. 36.6 (120) 3 30 minutes

Note: Each stream shall have a solution rate of at least 190 litres/min (50usgpm).
(ii) Water in sufficient volume, and at an adequate pressure, shall be available for:
— simultaneous foam production and cooling of the tank on fire, or;
— exposed tank protection, whichever is greater.
12.2.2 Rim-mounted Method for Cone Roof Tanks
Where foam protection is required, cone roof tanks shall be furnished with a rim-mounted foam
chamber system which discharges foam onto the burning liquid surface. Sub-surface injection
systems are not a preferred method, and shall only be used with the Owner’s approval (when
approval is given, requirements can be found in Appendix IV §2.0).
12.2.3 Foam Chamber Method for Cone Roof Tanks
(i) The foam chamber method consists of one or more foam chambers installed on the shell of
the tank just below the roof joint. A foam solution pipe is extended from the proportioning source
outside the bundwall to the foam maker located upstream of the chamber. A deflector shall be
located inside the tank shell to direct the discharge against the shell. The minimum discharge times
shall be as given in Table 7.
TABLE 7 Minimum Foam Discharge Times for Cone Roof Tanks

Product Minutes of Operation at the Minimum
and Flash Point Range Solution Rate
Kerosene, diesel fuels, etc,

38-938C (100-2008F) 30
Gasoline, Naphtha and similar liquids

below 388C (1008F), or liquids heated above their flash points 55
Crude Oils 55
Notes
1. The minimum foam solution application rate for liquid hydrocarbons shall be 4 litres/min/m2 (0.1usgpm/ft2) of
product surface area.
2. Flammable liquids having boiling points of less than 388C (1008F) may require higher application rates, which
should be determined by test or upon consultation with the foam manufacturer.
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(ii) The number of foam chambers required shall be determined by the tank diameter. Where two
or more chambers are required, they shall be equally spaced around the tank circumference. Each
chamber shall be designed to deliver foam at approximately the same rate. The number of chambers
required for various diameter cone roof tanks is given in Table 8.
TABLE 8 Number of Foam Chambers for Cone Roof Tanks

Tank Diameter in Minimum Number of Discharge Outlets
Meters (Feet)
Up to 24 (80) 1
24 to 36 (80 to 120) 2
.36 to 42 (120 to 140) 3
.42 to 48 (140 to 160) 4
.48 to 54 (160 to 180) 5
.54 to 60 (180 to 200) 6
6 plus one outlet for each additional 465m2 (5000ft2) of

Over 60 (200)
product surface area.
(iii) All foam chambers shall have diaphragms or vapour seals to prevent the entry of hydrocarbon
vapours to the foam piping system.
(iv) Foam chambers shall be securely attached to the tank shell so that they will not be affected by
displacement of the roof in an explosion.
12.3 External Floating Roof Tanks
(i) Fire protection for open-top floating roof tanks shall consist of a fixed or semi-fixed foam
system to the seal area with foam supplied via a standpipe system.
The primary risk to be protected against in open-top floating roof tanks, in which the roof seal is
well-maintained, is usually only a rim fire in the seal area (resulting from ignition by lightning or by
exposure fires). The Owner’s intention is therefore to contain and extinguish such fires in their
early stages.
However, the overall design of the tankfarm fire protection system shall address the risk of an
uncontrolled rim fire causing the sinking of the roof and a full surface fire.
(ii) Aspirating-type foam makers shall therefore be installed, so that the foam floods the annular
space around the tank periphery. Protection may be by a catenary, rim-mounted or through-the-tank
system.
Details of these three systems may be found in Appendix V of this Specification.

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12.4 Internal Floating Roof Tanks
The design and installation of foam protection on internal floating roof tanks shall be similar to that
for cone roof tanks except that:
(a) Tanks having a pontoon or double-deck floating roof shall be protected as would be an open-
top floating roof (See §12.3).
(b) Separately valved laterals for each foam maker are not required.
(c) The sub-surface method shall not be used.
12.5 Tankfarm Bunded Area Protection

(i) Hand-held foam hose streams or monitor nozzles normally provide adequate protection for
spill fires within bunded areas.
(ii) Where tank spacing does not meet the requirements of ‘GPS-S5’, or where access for spill
fire fighting is available from only one side, or where required by the local regulations, bunded area
protection should be as follows:
(a) Fixed or semi-fixed systems should have a solution delivery rate of 4 litres/min/m2 (0.1usgpm/
ft2) of area to be protected, and an application time of thirty minutes for Class I flammable
liquids and twenty minutes for Class II.
(b) Protection may be by fixed foam spray systems, which shall be in accordance with §12.8.3.
(c) Protection of diked areas that may contain flammable and combustible liquids requiring
alcohol-type foams may be provided by fixed discharge outlets applying foam from the dike,
or by fixed or oscillating monitors.
12.6 Loading Rack Protection

The need for foam protection of loading racks should be based on:
(i) Exposure to or from the rack, particularly to property owned by others.
(ii) Whether or not the rack is attended, or an unattended “key-lock” operation.
(iii) Type of flammable or combustible liquids being transferred.
(iv) Importance to plant operations and company profitability.
(v) Rack design (ie, bottom or top loading)
12.6.1 Tank Truck Loading Racks
(i) Where Class I or II liquids are transferred, and the rack has more than two loading bays, or
where switch loading is permitted, automatic foam-water deluge systems shall be installed (refer to
drawing ‘SD-S-23383’ for schematic details). Note this does not apply to LPG transfer, refer to
§10.6.2(v).
(ii) Whether or not automatic systems are installed, manual actuation stations shall be available at
the rack, and at least 15m (50ft) from the rack. Their locations should be clearly marked by signs
having 40mm (11⁄2 in.) high white letters on a red background.
(iii) Operation of either the detection or extinguishing system should shut down the loading
pumps.
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(iv) Systems should be designed in accordance with ‘NFPA 16’ and have an application rate of
6.5 litres/min/m2 (0.16usgpm/ft2). The system should have sufficient foam concentrate for at least
ten minutes of operation. Remote locations should consider providing sufficient foam concentration
for a minimum of 20 minutes of operation. Systems should be actuated by combination detectors, in
accordance with ‘GPS-S7’. Higher application rates and/or longer application times may be
required for certain flammables, or where high winds are likely.
(v) The area of foam-water spray protection should extend beneath the canopy of a truck rack,
and five feet in all directions from the edge of the tank truck or rail car serviced by the rack when
there is no canopy.
(vi) Directional foam-water nozzles mounted near grade level shall be provided in addition to
overhead spray nozzles, and shall be arranged to discharge foam directly onto the underside of the
tank and beneath the truck cab.
(vii) A less desirable alternative would be foam monitor nozzles positioned to discharge foam
directly into the rack area, for full coverage. Where protection is provided by foam monitors, it
shall be automatically activated by a fire detection system, and the monitor spray patterns shall fully
cover the rack truck bay area. The foam monitor spray pattern shall be fixed with mechanical stops,
and preset to cover the rack area.
(viii) Monitors shall not be located in the likely path of spilled hydrocarbons. They shall be at least
15m (50ft) upwind from the hazard they protect, but within the range of the nozzle spray pattern.
(ix) Drainage and/or spill containment shall be designed for the expected rainfall, spill quantity
and discharge from the foam-water spray protection system. The entire containment or drainage
area shall be protected by the foam-water spray system, if its area exceeds the above required
minimum foam-water spray application area.
(x) When no drainage or spill containment is provided, the spray shall discharge over the
minimum application area required above, but the application density and quantity of foam required
shall be based on a spill area that extends twenty feet in all directions from the edge of tank cars, or
trucks serviced by the rack.
12.6.2 Railcar Loading Racks
Rail racks where Class I or II flammable liquids are transferred, and which are located within a
congested area, shall be protected by automatic foam-water deluge systems. Otherwise, protection
should be by fixed monitor nozzles with foam capability, or by live foam-water hose reels.
12.7 Pier and Wharf Protection

Fixed foam systems shall be installed to protect the areas where Class I and II flammable liquids are
transferred, including loading arms, pump and hose manifolds. Remote-operated, foam-water
monitor nozzles, elevated and at grade level, shall be provided. Remote-operated monitors shall be
in accordance with §9.3.
12.8 General Design and Installation Requirements
12.8.1 Design Approval
The Contractor shall submit, for the Owner’s approval, plans, specifications and calculations
pertaining to any proposed fixed or semi-fixed foam system. As a minimum, the following shall be
included:
(i) A detailed description of the project, including the purpose of the installation.
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(ii) Water requirements, including hydraulic calculations showing that the available water
volume and pressure are adequate, and that the foam system piping is properly sized.
(iii) An analysis of the water to be used for making foam solution, to assure that it is of such
quality that adverse effects on foam formation or stability do not occur.
(iv) Plans which are drawn to scale or suitably dimensioned, containing or accompanied by the
following information:
(a) Physical details of the hazard, including the location, arrangement and hazardous materials
involved.
(b) Type, quantity and percentage of foam concentrate to be used in the system.
(c) Calculations showing required minimum amount of concentrate.
(d) Required solution application rate and application duration.
(e) Hydraulic calculations.
(f) Identification and capacity of all equipment and devices.
(g) Location of all piping, operating devices, discharge outlets and detection devices.
(h) Schematic wiring diagram.
(i) Explanation of any special features, including actuating methods and devices.
(j) Literature describing the equipment, its operation and maintenance requirements.
(k) Plans for system labelling and identification of key equipment, valves, etc, including
instructions to be posted.
(v) A statement that the installation will conform with ‘NFPA 11 or 16’ (as applicable) and local
regulatory requirements.
12.8.2 Foam Concentrate Selection
Foam concentrate selection and supply considerations are contained in Appendix IV. While these
are the Owner’s responsibility, the Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that equipment
design and selection will provide reliable and adequate firefighting performance. The Contractor
shall also be responsible for ensuring that the equipment construction materials are compatible with
the chosen foam type.
12.8.3 Foam Spray Systems
These systems are designed to discharge foam in a spray pattern and are usually used for the
primary protection of specific hazards, such as pump bays or loading racks, and shall conform to
the following requirements.
(i) The requirements of ‘NFPA 16 or 11’ shall apply.
(ii) AFFF or FFFP are the preferred concentrates for foam spray systems.
(iii) Foam spray systems shall not be used for protection of open-top tanks having a liquid surface
area exceeding 18.6m2 (200ft2).
(iv) Foam spray systems should not be the primary means of protection for alcohols or other
water soluble liquids exceeding 25mm (1in) in depth.
(v) The foam application rate shall be 6.5 litres/min/m2 (0.16usgpm/ft2).
(vi) One discharge outlet shall be provided per 9.3m2 (100ft2) of protected area.
(vii) There shall be sufficient foam concentrate for at least ten minutes discharge at the rate
specified above.
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12.8.4 Foam Concentrate Storage
The Contractor shall provide facilities to store foam concentrate reserve supplies in 2m3 (530usg)
or larger tanks, or bulk containers which can be easily transported to the fire scene. Storage in cans
or drums should be avoided, because of the manpower required to move sufficient supplies to the
scene of the fire.
12.8.5 Water Supplies
(i) Firewater shall be provided in sufficient quantity and pressure to assure proper operation of
the foam system.
(ii) The water used for foam production may be fresh or salt, hard or soft, but shall be of such
quality that there is no adverse effect upon foam formation or stability. If the water contains
corrosion inhibitors, emulsion-breaking chemicals or other additives, the foam concentrate supplier
shall be consulted to ensure that these chemicals do not inhibit the fire fighting capability of the
finished foam.
Where there is doubt about the quality of the water for use in foam production, samples shall be
submitted to the foam manufacturer for analysis (refer to §4.2).
12.8.6 Foam System Materials
(i) Foam concentrates, solutions or pre-mixes may be incompatible with certain materials, such
as carbon steel, stainless steel or aluminum. The foam supplier shall be consulted, and materials
shall be approved by Owner.
(ii) Where the foam supplier has no objection, piping shall be in accordance with ‘Piping
Specification B7’. In area where explosions and/or direct flame impingement may occur, the piping
shall be shielded from these hazards as far as practicable.
12.8.7 Foam Piping
(i) Piping that is normally filled with liquid shall, when necessary, be protected against freezing.
(ii) Piping located within bundwalls, or within 15 m (50ft) of tanks that are not bunded, shall be
buried under at least 0.3m (lft) of earth or, if above ground, shall be properly supported and
protected against mechanical damage and any vertical movement of the tank due to settlement, etc.
(iii) Buried piping shall have a swing joint at the base of the tank riser, to absorb any movement
due to tank settlement, etc. Refer to Figure 9 in Appendix VII.
(iv) Readily accessible drain valves shall be provided for low points in aboveground piping.
(v) Valves located inside the hazard area or bunded area shall be firesafe.
(vi) Following installation, underground supply piping and feed connections to fixed systems
shall be flushed with fresh water. Flushing flow velocities of 3.0m/sec (10ft/sec), or the minimum
design flow rate of the system, shall be maintained until the water runs clear.
(vii) Sufficient connections shall be provided to allow all system piping to be flushed with clean
water after operation.
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12.8.8 Foam System Connections
(i) For semi-fixed systems, the solution supply lines for all chambers protecting a single tank
shall be routed to a single location outside the bund, to allow all foam chambers to be fed from one
point by one or more foam trucks. The piping shall terminate at a foam solution inlet connection.
(ii) Inlet connections to foam solution piping supplying tank foam systems and standpipes shall
meet the following requirements:
(a) All inlet connections to semi-fixed foam systems shall be located a safe distance from the
hazard which they protect. Connections to cone roof tanks shall be located at least 15m (50ft)
from tanks having diameters of 15m (50ft) or less, and at least one tank diameter from the shell
of larger tanks.
(b) Where possible, inlets should be located uphill and upwind of the tank or protected hazard.
(c) Inlets shall be located outside the bundwall, kerb or retention basin of the tank which they
supply.
(d) Inlets shall be adjacent to roadways.
(e) Inlets should be within 30m (100ft) of a fire hydrant.
(f) Inlets shall have female connections with removable plugs.
(g) Inlet connections shall be of a size, and have hose threads compatible with, the plant fire
department or responding outside fire service, as appropriate.
(iii) Pump-in connections with the necessary valving shall be provided on the foam solution
discharge piping of fixed systems, such as bladder tanks, so that a mobile foam truck can pump into
the system once the primary foam supply is exhausted. The requirements listed above for other
inlets shall also apply to such installations.
(iv) Rubber-gasketed fittings shall not be used. With the following exceptions, piping within the
fire potential area shall be of all-welded construction:
(a) Foam risers on tanks shall have one flanged joint at a convenient location, preferably
immediately below the foam maker, to permit hydrostatic testing of the piping system up to
this joint.
(b) Threaded pipe fittings may be used in the assembly of foam standpipes up to and including
NPS 4 piping. Piping greater than NPS 4 shall be flanged.
12.8.9 Fixed Foam System Activation
(i) Actuation of fixed foam and foam-water systems shall be manual, unless one or more of the
following apply:
(a) The location is unattended or remotely located, so that personnel cannot activate it promptly.
(b) Prompt extinguishment rather than fire control is desired, such as at tank truck loading racks.
(c) Mandatory codes or standards require automatic actuation.
(d) The appropriate level of trained manpower is not available for manual fire fighting.
(ii) Where immediate actuation is required, fire detection and signalling shall be installed in
accordance with ‘GPS-S7’.
(iii) A means of manual actuation shall be provided on all automatic systems.

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12.9 Live Foam Hose Reels

Foam hose reels shall conform to the requirements of drawing ‘SD-S-10274’ and shall include the
following features:
(i) 0.23m3 (60usg) foam concentrate tank.
(ii) Galvanised hose reel with 30m (100ft) of 40mm (11⁄2in) non-collapsible hose with a 22m3/h
(100usgpm) foam nozzle or adjustable-pattern (when AFFF foam is used) pistol-grip nozzle,
approved for AFFF application.
(iii) While waterside piping up to the foam eductor shall be to ‘Piping Specification B7’, brass
piping and valves, including a water-only bypass piping arrangement, shall be used for foam
concentrate (except as below).
(iv) Variable-ratio, inline eductor with concentrate pick-up tube and clear vinyl suction hose.
12.10 Hand-held Foam Equipment

Unless otherwise specified, portable foam equipment is the Owner’s responsibility. Requirements
for it are contained in Appendix VI.

All fixed foam systems and their fire detection systems shall be acceptance tested by the
Contractor, in the presence of the Owner. Wherever possible, the produced finished foam should
be discharged onto the hazard, and the following ascertained:
(i) That the fire detection systems perform as specified in ‘NFPA 72E’.
(ii) That the complete foam supply distribution and proportioning system was tested. The test
should assure that:
(a) All foam delivery outlets function properly.

(b) Foam distribution to the hazard is uniform and of the specified density.
(c) The produced or finished foam satisfies the provisions of ‘NFPA 11’.
(d) The water quality is acceptable for foam generation.
(e) Water volume and pressure (both static and residual) are adequate.

Unless otherwise specified, the Owner shall be responsible for the supply of portable fire
extinguishers. Detailed requirements can be found in Appendix VI.

Unless otherwise specified, the Owner shall be responsible for the supply of mobile fire apparatus.
Detailed requirements can be found in Appendix VI.
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15.0 STEAM FOR HYDROGEN FIRES
15.1 Steam Lances

(i) In process units handling hydrogen at high pressure, NPS 1 steam lances shall be provided
from a steam supply of 690kPa(ga) (100psig) minimum pressure for extinguishing flange leak fires.
Steam lance design shall be approved by the Owner.
(ii) Sufficient lances shall be provided to cover all main exchanger flanges in hot hydrogen
services (eg, platformer feed/effluent exchangers).
15.2 Steam Rings

(i) In critical cases, exchanger flanges shall be provided with steam rings, when specified by
Owner.
(ii) When provided, steam rings shall be operable from grade and at least 3m (10ft) away
(horizontally) from the protected flanges.
(iii) All steam ring activation valves shall be clearly labelled with red signs bearing 25mm (1in)
white letters indicating the equipment protected.
16.0 FIRE TRAINING SCHOOL

(i) A fire training school shall be provided in general accordance with the equipment and layout
requirements of drawing ‘SD-S-10117’.
(ii) The school shall be so located that fires of some magnitude may be used for training
personnel and demonstrating fire equipment.
17.0 NON-WATER BASED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

“Non-water based fire suppression systems” typically refers to fixed carbon dioxide systems, fixed
dry chemical systems amongst others, as specified by the Owner.
Certain equipment (process control computer, gas turbine generators, etc) within the facility is
critical to the safe operation of the process, and will require protection by non-water based fire
suppression systems. The nature of the hazard posed by certain products, and/or the degree of
confinement by enclosure of critical equipment for noise reduction purposes, may also require the
use of non-water based fire suppression systems.
17.1 Carbon Dioxide Systems

(i) CO2 Fire Suppression Systems shall be installed in accordance with ‘NFPA 12’ provisions for
total flooding systems, in the following locations:
(a) Process control computer rooms (under raised floor area only).
(b) Gas turbine and other equipment enclosures (if provided).
(ii) The CO2 release mechanism shall be capable of activation by all of the following means:
(a) Automatic activation by fire and/or gas detection system.
(b) Manual pull stations located at building entrances, or outside the doorway to the protected
area/room.
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(c) Manual activation by mechanical means at the CO2 unit.
(iii) Activation of the system shall trigger audible and visual alarms in all potentially occupied
areas. After a specified evacuation time delay, building HVAC Systems will automatically shut
down and CO2 discharge will be initiated.
(iv) To avoid the possibility of a fire re-igniting after extinguishment by the CO2 Suppression
System, extended CO2 discharge provisions shall be included in the system. The continued presence
of CO2 will prevent the re-ignition of the fire. Extended CO2 discharge shall be provided by either:
(a) automatically introducing spurts of CO2 into the area, or by

(b) an automatically controlled continuous discharge of CO2 in the area.
(v) The following design considerations shall be incorporated into the design of the CO2 Fire
Suppression Systems:
(a) An evacuation time delay between system alarm and activation.

(b) Sufficient CO2 to comply with ‘NFPA 12’ concentration recommendations.
(c) Reserve supply of CO2 equivalent to that of the primary supply.
(d) Abort button that, when activated, will initiate a one-minute timer. Upon time out, the system
will revert back to automatic activation.
(e) Lockout provisions to disable the system during maintenance activities.
17.2 Dry Chemical Systems

(i) Fixed dry chemical fire suppression systems shall be provided, as specified by the Owner.
They shall generally be provided for protection of kitchen and cafeteria vent hood systems.
(ii) Dry chemical systems shall be installed in accordance with ‘NFPA 17’.
18.0 SAFETY SHOWER AND EYEWASH STATIONS
18.1 Design Basis

(i) Safety shower and eyewash stations, hereinafter referred to also as either “emergency shower
and eyewash stations” or “shower and eyewash stations,” are intended for quick drenching and
eye-flushing of personnel in a toxic or otherwise hazardous-exposure emergency. All other, non-
emergency, uses shall be prohibited. All safety showers and eyewash stations shall meet the
requirements of ‘ANSI Z358.1’.
(ii) Safety showers and eyewash stations are required where there exists a potential for the
exposure of personnel to injurious chemicals that can cause immediate and irreversible harm on
contact, or that can have adverse systemic effects upon contact. A continuous water flush for at
least 15 minutes is required when such exposure occurs.
(iii) Applicable Material Safety Data Sheets, along with the specific operating conditions, shall
serve as the basis for determining which chemical areas require safety showers and eyewash
stations. These areas will be demarcated with yellow lines and signposted to warn of the dangers
within. These areas will be referred to in this document as “yellow-lined areas”.
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18.2 General
(i) The Owner’s approval is required for all aspects concerning the safety shower and eye-wash.
This shall include, but is not limited to, the location selection process, location drawings, design
and materials of construction.
(ii) Safety shower and eyewash stations shall consist of combination safety shower and eyewash
station. If the potential exposure only presents a hazard to the eyes, an eyewash unit alone may
suffice, with the Owner’s approval. This situation may exist, for example, in the laboratory. A
safety shower shall not be installed without an accompanying eyewash unit.
(iii) Except as specified above, shower and eyewash stations shall be uniform in all respects
throughout the facility. This shall include, but is not limited to, valve actuation method, paint
colour, dimensions and identification signs.
(iv) Safety shower and eyewash stations shall be configured with the shower head over the
eyewash unit on a single riser, as opposed to a side-by-side arrangement.
(v) A minimum clear volume of 1m x 1m x 2.5m (3.3ft x 3.3ft x 8.2ft) is required for the
installation of safety shower and eyewash stations.
(vi) The 1m x 1m (3.3ft x 3.3ft) area at grade shall be painted a readily visually identifiable colour
(“Safety Green” for instance), in order to designate the area as being safety-related and therefore
prevent permanent or temporary obstructions. Wall areas and structural steel columns immediately
adjacent to a shower and eyewash station shall also be painted in the same colour as an aid in
locating the safety shower in an emergency.
The colour used shall be the same throughout the facility.
(vii) A drain and grating to prevent personnel from standing in contaminated water shall be
provided for each safety shower and eyewash station.
(viii) Cold weather operations require special considerations when providing safety shower and
eyewash stations for outside operation. In locations where the temperature drops below 4.48C
(408F), the following design features must be provided:
(a) Enclosures with see-through doors.
(b) Prefabricated fibreglass or ABS plastic enclosures are preferred. Enclosures should be painted
(or have impregnated into the fibreglass or plastic) the same colour as in §(vi) above.
(c) Where freezing temperature can occur, means must be provided to prevent the freezing of the
pipes. This can be accomplished by housing the water supply in a heated section of the
enclosure, or by providing a heated circulating water system in insulated pipes.
18.3 Water Supply

(i) Only potable water shall be used for safety shower and eyewash stations.
(ii) The water supply system shall provide a minimum of 114 litres/min (30usgpm) to the shower
head and 4 litres/min (1usgpm) to the eyewash fountain. The supply pressure to the eyewash
fountain shall be no greater than 200kPa (30psig).
(iii) A tempered (temperature controlled) water supply shall be provided if the ambient
temperature can drop below 48C (408F), or the water temperature drops below 168C (608F).
The optimum temperature for the tempered water system is 248C (758F), but can vary by 5.58C
(108F). The water temperature should never be able to exceed 358C (958F).
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18.4 Location Criteria

(i) The Contractor shall submit, for the Owner’s approval, plans showing precise locations for
the shower and eyewash stations.
(ii) Caution and judgement must be applied in selecting hazards which would warrant the
installation of an safety shower and eyewash station. Common materials should not be ignored in
this evaluation, with the assumption that they pose no significant health hazard. Material Safety
Data Sheets provide valuable information in this regard.
(iii) Safety shower and eyewash stations shall be located as follows:
(a) Inside the Laboratory.
(b) Inside battery rooms containing lead-acid batteries.
(c) In areas where corrosive materials are stored, processed and/or otherwise used. Corrosives are
defined as materials which have a pH less than 2 or greater than 12.
(d) Dry bag handling areas, such as lime addition for boiler feed water treatment.
(e) Areas that store, handle and/or process chemicals that have the ability to enter the body after
skin contact. Examples of such chemicals would include Tetraethyl Lead, Toluene and Carbon
Disulphide. Applicable Material Safety Data Sheets shall be consulted for other potential
hazard.
(iv) Safety shower and eyewash stations shall be arranged as follows:
(a) Normally no closer than 3m (9.8ft), but no further than 15m (50ft), from a hazard. The nature,
severity and environment of the chemical hazard shall be used as a guide for determining the
maximum allowable unobstructed distance.
(b) Out of the most likely spray path of potential leaks, such as from pump seals, flanges, etc.
(c) On the same level as the potential hazard. Stairs and ladders should not have to be negotiated
in order to reach the shower and eyewash station.
(d) Along or adjacent to the normal path of access or egress.
(e) In a standardised location throughout the plants, wherever possible.
(f) Outside the chemical hazard area (yellow-lined area).
(g) Upwind of potential leak sources of toxic gases.
(h) Where a level, unobstructed area, at least one meter square, centred under the shower head, is
available.
(j) At a safe distance from electrical equipment and power outlets.
(k) In a well-lit area.
(l) In more than one place in the vicinity of a single hazard, if more than one person is likely to be
affected at the same time.
18.5 Equipment Specifications
18.5.1 Size and Dimensions
(i) The following major dimensions shall be used in the fabrication of the safety shower and
eyewash stations:
(a) Grade to bottom of shower head: 2.1m (7ft).
(b) Grade to bottom of shower valve pull handle: 1.7m (5ft 6in).
(c) Grade to top of eyewash bowl: 1.1m (3ft 6in).
(ii) All safety shower and eyewash stations shall be from a major manufacturer and approved by
the Owner. Pre-approved manufacturers include Haws and Encon.
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(iii) Both shower and eyewash valves shall be of a stay-open design; self-closing valves are
unacceptable. The eyewash valve shall be operated by a large, easily-located, imprinted stainless
steel push flag or handle. The push flag shall require no more than 0.3kgf (0.146lb) to operate.
(iv) For eyewash units, a flow regulator shall be installed to ensure a constant flow under varying
upstream hydraulic conditions. The regulator shall be easily removable for inspection and
maintenance. Both eyewash heads shall be fitted with a heavy-duty plastic float-off dust cap, or a
manufacturer’s dust cover that opens when the paddle is actuated. In specific instances, and with the
Owner’s approval, the eyewash heads shall be designed to provide a face wash as well.
18.5.2 Identification
Each safety shower and eyewash station shall be equipped with an operating instruction sign, along
with pictograms for the shower and eyewash approved by the relevant ISO standard. The
instruction/identification sign shall be permanently and securely affixed to the riser pipe. On
enclosures, this signage may be affixed to the outside of the enclosure.
OWNER’S APPROVAL CHECKLIST

§1.1(ii) §7.3(ii) (iv) §9.3.4(ii) §15.2(i)
§1.1(ii)(f) §7.5.3(ii) §10.3(i) (ii) §17.0
§1.2 §7.6(iii) §10.4.1(ii) §17.2(i)
§1.3 §7.7(iii) (iv) §10.4.2(i) (ii) (iii) §18.2(i)
§3.1(i) §7.8(i) §10.6.3 §18.4(i)
§3.2(ii) §8.3(i) (ii) (v) §10.6.5(i) §18.5.1(ii) (iv)
§4.1(iv) §8.5 §10.7.1(ii) App III §1.1(ii)
§4.2(i) §8.6.1(ii)(a) (b) §10.7.2(iv) §1.1(iii)
§5.1.1(i) Table 2 §10.8.1(ii) §2.2.1(i)
§5.6 §8.6.3(ii) §11.1(ii) (vii) Figure 2 – Notes
§6.1.1(i) §8.6.4(i) §12.1(i) (ii) App IV §2.1(i)
§6.1.2 §9.1(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) §12.2.2 App VI §2.0
§6.1.3(i) (ii) §9.3.1(i) (v) §12.8.1 §4.1(ii)
§6.2.4(i) (ii) §9.3.2(ii) §12.8.6
LIST OF REFERENCES
The following publications are referenced in the text of either in the main body of this Specification, or in its
appendices.
GPS-A5 Refinery Layout and Spacing
GPS-A12 Classification of Locations for the Selection of Electrical Equipment
GPS-B2 Field Inspection Requirements
GPS-B3 Coating of External Surfaces
GPS-C1 Pressure Vessels
GPS-G1 Pumps and Drivers
GPS-K1 Compressors and Drivers
GPS-L1 Refinery Piping
GPS-M2 Fireproofing
GPS-P1 Electric Power and Lighting
GPS-S5 Tankfarm Layout and Spill Control
GPS-S7 Hazard Detection and Alarm Signalling Systems
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CES 98 47 of 82
NYS-A1.15 Equipment Noise Limitations

NYS-G1.10 Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service
NYS-L1.40 Cement Lined Piping
NYS-L4.10 Piping Item Ordering Descriptions
NYS-P1.10 Squirrel Cage Induction Motors
SD-S-1007 Standard Fire Monitor

SD-S-10117 Schematic Layout of Fire Fighting Training Area
SD-S-10187 Typical Fire Hydrants
SD-S-10273 Typical Fixed Foam Installations for Floating Roof Tanks Greater than 120ft Diameter
SD-S-10274 Typical Installation Details for Vertical and Horizontal 1in Live Hose Reels
SD-S-23193 Typical Fire Protection Layout for Process Areas
SD-S-23381 Water Spray System for LPG Bullet
SD-S-23382 Drencher and Water Spray System for LPG Spheres
SD-S-23383 Typical TTLR Fixed Fire Protection
SD-J-99713 Nameplates and Caution Sign for Automatic Pump Starter
API RP 520 Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-relieving Devices in Refineries

API 610 Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service
ANSI Z358.1 Emergency Eye-Wash and Shower Equipment
NFPA 10 Portable Fire Extinguishers

NFPA 11 Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems
NFPA 11A Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems
NFPA 11C Mobile Foam Apparatus
NFPA 12 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 15 Water-spray Fixed Systems
NFPA 16 Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler and Spray Systems
NFPA 17 Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 20 Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps
NFPA 24 Installation of Private Fire Service Mains
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
NFPA 72E Automatic Fire Detectors
NFPA 96 Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
NFPA 1901 Pumper Fire Apparatus
NFPA 1903 Mobile Water Supply Fire Apparatus
NFPA 1904 Aerial Ladder and Elevating Platform Fire Apparatus
NFPA 1911 Service Tests of Pumps on Fire Department Apparatus
NFPA 1922 Fire Service Self-Contained Pumping Units
NFPA 1961 Fire Hose
OIL COMPANIES INTERNATIONAL MARINE FORMS (OCIMF)

Guide on Marine Terminal Fire Protection and Emergency Evacuation
American National Standard ANSI Z358.1: “Emergency Eye-Wash and Shower Equipment”
National Safety Council Data Sheet 1-686-80: “Safety showers and Eye-Wash Fountains.”
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following publications are not referenced in the text of this Specification, but nevertheless provide useful design
guidelines and details
API PUB 2030 Guidelines for Application of Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection in the Petroleum
Industry
NFPA 13A Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 16A Installation of Closed-Head Foam-Water Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code
NFPA 80A Exterior Fire Exposures
NFPA 307 Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves
NFPA 321 Basic Classification of Flammable Liquids and Combustible Liquids
NFPA 1902 Initial Attack Fire Apparatus
NFPA 1963 Fire Hose Connections
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Appendix I (sheet 1 of 2)
CES 98 49 of 82
APPENDIX I - FIRE MONITORS SITING
FIGURE 1 Typical Siting of Monitors
1.0 LOCATION GUIDELINES

As a minimum, the following aspects shall be incorporated into monitor placement and design:
(i) Fixed monitors shall be provided on all sides of a process unit and arranged such that a
minimum of two fixed monitor streams can reach all high fire potential equipment. High hazard
equipment may include: heaters, towers, exchangers, air coolers, compressors, pumps and pipe
racks.
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CES 98 Appendix I (sheet 2 of 2)
(ii) Monitors shall be located such that there is a minimum of physical obstructions to water
streams between the monitor and protected equipment.
(iii) Additional monitors shall be provided in areas where shifting wind patterns may restrict the
use of monitors, or reduce the effectiveness of protection.
(iv) Monitors shall be located, where possible, to take advantage of the prevailing wind to
increase the effective use and range of water streams.
(v) Monitors shall be located on the periphery of protected areas, in positions that will be easily
accessible in fire conditions, with minimum exposure to operating personnel.
(vi) The minimum distance from protected equipment to the monitor shall be 7.5m (25ft), and the
maximum distance 15m (50ft).
2.0 FIRE MONITOR LIMITATIONS

In the design, the Contractor shall allow for the following limitations for both fixed and portable
monitors:
(i) Water streams will be ineffective when opposing or cross wind is 16km/h (10mph) or more.
Reduced range of operation of up to 50% occurs in an opposing or cross wind of 8km/h (5mph).
(ii) Poor application or excessive use of monitors may overtax drainage facilities, the capacity of
the fire water system, and/or spread fire from the initial location. Water streams can be blocked by
physical obstructions such as buildings, equipment or pipeways.
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Appendix II (sheet 1 of 2)
CES 98 51 of 82
APPENDIX II - DIRECT WATER SPRAY APPLICATIONS AND OBJECTIVES
This Appendix applies both to fire monitors and fixed water spray systems.
1.0 EXPOSURE PROTECTION

(i) Direct water spray systems provide exposure protection by using water’s ability to absorb
much of the heat generated by exposing fires. The desired cooling is achieved by water spray
impinging upon, and flowing uniformly over, exposed surfaces.
(ii) The direct impingement of water upon exposed vessels, equipment or structures provides a
cooling effect that reduces the potential for major damage. In the case of bare metal distortion, total
failure, or rupture may be averted or delayed. This can be accomplished by proper spacing of spray
nozzles at the correct distances, and coverage for specific equipment items and/or structures.
(iii) Water spray curtains are not as effective as direct spray systems, since radiant heat passes
through to the exposed objects. For this reason, fixed water curtains shall not be provided for
exposure protection.
2.0 CONTROL OF BURNING

(i) The application of water spray to the surface of a burning fuel helps control the burning rate
and spread of fire by heat absorption, reduction of fuel vaporisation, emulsification, dilution or the
combination of these.
(ii) Controlled burning is generally required when the burning fuel is not capable of being
extinguished by water spray, or if extinguishment is not desirable, as in the case of escaping
flammable and toxic gases which cannot be readily shut off.
(iii) The objectives in control of burning are to prevent the fire from intensifying and to reduce
heat damage, but not extinguishment of the fire.
3.0 DISPERSION OF FLAMMABLE/TOXIC VAPOURS

(i) Water spray may be used to disperse gases, so as to prevent the formation of a dangerous
vapour cloud. Water spray droplets discharged at very high velocity and discharge densities have
enough momentum to physically push the vapour. Additionally, entrained air dilutes dangerous
concentrations. Finally, high density droplets can form a physical barrier to the progress of a vapour
cloud.
(ii) A dense spray over the release point source, or in its immediate area, is required for adequate
dispersion. Where the use of fixed or portable monitors is impractical, fixed water spray systems
shall be considered.
(iii) For dispersion of toxic vapour clouds, material property data must be evaluated during the
water spray system design to determine the appropriate application rates and potential effectiveness.
A Fire/Safety Engineer and Occupational Health Specialist should be consulted regarding the
requirements for specific applications.
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CES 98 Appendix II (sheet 2 of 2)
4.0 FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT

(i) The use of direct water spray systems in certain cases can result in fire extinguishment. These
systems are generally effective in fires involving liquids with flash points of 608C (1408F) and
higher. The cooling effect of water spray systems usually results in extinguishment of fires
involving these materials. Other methods of extinguishment make use of the smothering effect of
the steam produced, emulsification with liquids which are not water miscible, dilution of water
miscible materials, and/or combinations of these.
(ii) Another method is the formation of a continuous water film over materials which are not
water miscible and are viscous, such as asphalt. Extra care must be observed with heated and
viscous materials because of the potential of slopover and frothing hazards. When designing for this
type of material, consideration shall be given to the use of non-foaming agents, drainage features,
extra containment capacity and extending the spray system beyond the area of the initial
containment.
5.0 EFFECTIVENESS CONSIDERATIONS

The effectiveness of a water spray system is governed by several factors which must be considered
during the design. These include:
— The physical properties and quantities of the flammable materials which could be involved in a
fire
— The potential for an explosion which could damage water spray piping
— The potential for a vessel BLEVE
— Weather conditions
— Available water supply volumes and pressures
— The size and configuration of the equipment being protected
— Spacing between equipment
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Appendix III (sheet 1 of 7)
CES 98 53 of 82
APPENDIX III - FIXED WATER SPRAY NOZZLES AND ARRANGEMENT

1.0 NOZZLES
1.1 Size and Type
(i) Water spray nozzles shall have a minimum orifice size of 6mm (0.25in), be of a type which
will not easily plug with debris or pipe scale, and provide a uniform discharge pattern with water
droplets well dispersed. Spray nozzles for control of burning shall be designed to provide the
required density and cover all areas where fire is likely to occur. Angus Thermospray, Bete
Series N, Grinnell or Gem Protectospray nozzles shall be used. Other equivalent design, medium-
velocity nozzles shall be used only with the Owner’s approval.
(ii) The use of nozzles which give a hollow cone type discharge pattern is not permitted since this
type will not provide uniform coverage. Modified open-type sprinkler heads or directional water
spray nozzles should be used only when the size and shape of object does not permit uniform
wetting, and must be approved by the Owner.
1.2 Arrangement
(i) Spray nozzles shall be arranged to provide the necessary coverage, in terms of area and
density, of the protected areas, with consideration given to the effect of wind and fire draught. The
nozzles should be positioned such that there is impingement on surface areas that may be exposed
to fires. The design should consider shielded or obstructed spots which may result in incomplete
nozzle coverage, such as the space between the legs and shell of a sphere, and obstructions by
overhead piping, relief valves, manhole and vessel nozzle flanges.
(ii) Care should be exercised in the placement of nozzles to accomplish full coverage when
protecting pipelines and vessels handling pressurised flammable liquids and gases. Attention should
be given to uninsulated structural supports that may collapse when not fully wetted by water spray
discharge.
(iii) For proper placement of spray nozzles on pressure vessels, the following shall be considered:
(a) Curved and horizontal surfaces below the vessel equator shall not be considered wetted by
rundown of water from above. These surfaces shall be protected by additional nozzles
providing adequate coverage from below.
(b) The maximum vertical distance between nozzles shall not be over 3.7m (12ft) when rundown
on inclined or vertical surfaces is a factor.
(c) Additional nozzles shall be installed when uniform wetting is not possible due to obstructions
such as manways, leg supports, pipes and flanges.
(d) Bottom and top surfaces of vertical vessels shall be specifically protected by separate nozzles.
(e) Exposed vessel skirts shall be provided with water spray protection, either on the inside or the
outside surface, when not fireproofed as per ‘GPS-M2’.
(f) LPG storage vessels and other pressure storage spheres or bullets shall be provided with the
required density and arranged as shown in drawings ‘SD-S-23381’ and ‘SD-S-23382’
respectively.
(iv) Spray systems shall be designed to provide direct impingement upon the points of high
likelihood of release or fire, such as over sample connections, strainers, gauge connections and
valves.
2.0 PIPING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

2.1 Piping Selection and Layout
Distribution piping systems should be simple, run by the most direct route and laid out typically as
per Figure 2. They shall be well supported with adequate pipe hangers. Where there is an explosion
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CES 98 Appendix III (sheet 2 of 7)
hazard, main feed lines should be located behind structural members, be well braced and with
piping NPS 3 or larger.
The minimum size piping used in water spray systems should be NPS 1 for individual lateral lines, and not less
than NPS 2 for feed and distribution lines.
To avoid plugging of spray nozzles, Sch 40 minimum stainless steel pipe is preferred. Hot dipped galvanised
.piping may be used as an alternative, but only with the Owner’s agreement.
Epoxy, baked-on, phenolic resins or other corrosion, resistant coatings should be considered when severe
corrosion is anticipated from the environment or available water. Extreme care must be exercised in choosing
an internal coating, since failure of the coating increases the likelihood of nozzle plugging.
Branch lines shall be of simple layout and arranged to provide adequate water spray coverage. Flush-out
connections shall be provided for lines with more than two spray nozzles each.
To minimise thrust loads due to water flow, cross and feed mains supplying branch lines with four or more
nozzles shall be connected close to the branch line centres as much as possible. Piping layout shall be such that
it does not hinder access to equipment during regular maintenance and will not necessitate disassembly of the
spray system whenever routine equipment maintenance is performed.
Piping systems shall be designed to be self-draining. Drain connections shall be provided for those sections of the
system piping which will trap water.
Flushing connecions shall be provided at the ends of cross mains and feed mains NPS 3 and lar ger, to permit
removal of particulate matter.
Fire department connections, if required, shall be provided, with suitable suction hydrants or adequate surface
water supplies accessible to pumper apparatus.
FIGURE 2 Water Spray Distribution Piping Layout

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CES 98 55 of 82
2.2 Fittings
2.2.1 Strainers
(i) Strainers shall be provided for all water spray systems. A typical strainer assembly is shown
in Figure 3 at the end of this Appendix. Proprietary designs, such as the Hellan self-cleaning
strainers, are acceptable subject to the Owner’s approval. The strainer shall be capable of removing
all solids which would obstruct the spray nozzles. A stainless steel mesh screen with 3mm (0.125in)
perforations with maximum size openings of 6mm (0.25in) shall be provided. The total area of
screen openings for each strainer shall be at least three times the inlet pipe cross-sectional area.
Acceptable fabrication details are shown in Table 10 and 11 at the end of this Appendix, which
relate to Figure 3.
(ii) Strainers shall be capable of continuous operation, without serious increase in head loss, for
the anticipated duration of the fire, considering the type of protection provided, the condition of the
water and similar local factors.
(iii) Pipeline strainers shall incorporate flush-out connections that can be used without shutting
down the system. Strainers shall be located upstream of the water spray system control valve or
group of control valves. Strainers shall be accessible during fire emergencies to permit use of the
flush-out connections, should this be necessary.
2.2.2 Actuation Valves
(i) Manual spray system activation valves shall be located at least 15m (50ft) from the hazard
and/or equipment being protected. The use of quick-opening, quarter-turn valves is preferred for
manual spray systems, where the quality of the water supply permits. These should have non-
removable handles.
Where poor water quality does not allow the use of ball or plug valves, gate valves shall be used.
(ii) Buried isolation valves shall be “post indicator valves” (PIV).
(iii) For automatic activation, valves should be specially designed for fire service, as deluge
valves are. Deluge valves open and allow water to enter the dry portions of the distribution piping
system upon actuation of a fire-sensing device or remote activation. The use of a fixed temperature
pilot head system for sensing and actuation is preferred, due to its reliability, low susceptibility to
false trips and resistance to corrosive atmospheres.
2.3 Identification
All control and isolation valves shall be properly labelled and clearly marked with red paint. The
labels shall be of permanent marking with signs having red lettering of 40mm (1.5in) minimum on
white background. The label shall indicate area of application, or equipment protected by each
valve or spray system. Signs should be of weatherproof material.

(i) Field acceptance testing shall be conducted by the Contractor for all systems in accordance
with ‘NFPA 15’, and witnessed by the Owner.
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(ii) Piping for pilot head detection systems shall also be hydrostatically tested, including
instrumentation and actuation devices.
(iii) The completed installation shall be flow tested to observe and correct problems with nozzle
positions, spray patterns, aiming and plugging. Multiple automatically activated systems, which are
expected to operate simultaneously, shall be tested together to verify the adequacy and condition of
the water supply.
(iv) The installation contractor shall furnish completed Contractor’s Material and Test
Certificates for each system, as shown in ‘NFPA 13’.
(v) Lines to system risers shall be thoroughly flushed before connection to the water spray
system piping. In order to remove foreign materials that may have entered the piping during
installation, or may have been present in existing piping, the flushing flow rate shall provide a
minimum velocity of 3m/sec (10ft/sec) and be not less than the calculated water demand of the
system. Table 9 gives the appropriate flows for various pipe sizes. System piping shall also be
flushed at these flow rates.
TABLE 9 Flow Required to Produce a Velocity of 3.0m/sec in Pipe

Pipe Size Flow
mm inches litres/min usgpm
25 1 102 27
30 1.25 178 47
40 1.5 238 63
50 2 397 105
65 2.5 564 149
75 3 833 220
90 3.5 1,136 300
100 4 1,476 390
130 5 2,347 620
150 6 3,331 880
200 8 5,905 1,560
250 10 9,235 2,440
300 12 13,323 3,520

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CES 98 57 of 82
FIGURE 3 Fixed Fire Water Spray Main Feed Strainer

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TABLE 10 Water Spray System Strainer Details (SI units)

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CES 98 59 of 82
TABLE 11 Water Spray System Strainer Details (non-metric units)

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Appendix IV (sheet 1 of 4)
CES 98 60 of 82
APPENDIX IV - FOAM SYSTEMS
1.0 SELECTION AND APPLICATION CRITERIA
1.1 Introduction
This Appendix provides foam systems and foam type selection criteria which need to be considered
in order for foam systems to be capable of controlling and extinguishing the largest single
reasonably expected fire. Frequently, this will be the largest tank or group of smaller tanks.
1.2 Foam Concentrate Selection
(i) While Fluoroprotein is the preferred choice of concentrate, differing applications place
differing demands on the foam concentrate to be used. Table 12 summarises foam concentrates and
their attributes. The major considerations in selecting a concentrate are:
(a) Speed of extinguishment or knockdown

(b) Burnback and re-ignition resistance
(c) Fuel tolerance
(d) Concentrates presently in use
(e) Effect on the environment
TABLE 12 Types of Fire Fighting Foam Concentrate
Properties Fluoro-Protein AFFF FFFP ARC(1)
Speed of surface
flow Good Excellent Excellent Excellent
Burnback and
re-ignition Excellent Fair Good Good
Fuel tolerance Excellent Fair Excellent Poor to

Excellent (2)
Notes
1. Alcohol-resistant Concentrate (ARC) should be provided at facilities having polar solvents or other flammable
liquids which may be destructive to foams other than ARC
2. Fuel tolerance for ARC foam varies depending on the manufacturer.
(ii) Except where a specialised type of concentrate is required for a specific application (ie,
medium expansion foam for LNG, or pre-mixed solutions for fixed extinguishing systems), each
facility should standardise on one type of concentrate. This will reduce the chance of accidentally
mixing incompatible concentrates during a fire.
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CES 98 Appendix IV (sheet 2 of 4)
1.3 Medium and High Expansion Foam Systems

(i) Medium and high expansion foams are mostly used to control or extinguish Class A and B
fires in enclosed spaces (refer to the definition of Classes of Fire in Appendix VII).
The expanded foam is very light and easily displaced by wind or thermal updraughts.
It may be used to blanket and suppress vapours from unignited refrigerated LNG and LPG. High
expansion foam will not normally extinguish LNG fires, but will reduce fire intensity by blocking
radiation feedback to the fuel.
(ii) Three-dimensional fires in falling or flowing flammable liquids under pressure, with flash
points below 388C (1008F), generally cannot be extinguished by medium or high expansion foams,
although they can be controlled.
(iii) ‘NFPA 11A’ shall apply in the design and installation of high or medium expansion foam
systems. In addition:
(a) Foam concentrates and generators shall be UL listed.
(b) Foam concentrates shall be compatible with the foam generators and other application
hardware.
(c) The equipment used for local application shall be capable of a discharge rate to cover the
hazard to a depth of at least 0.6m (2ft) within two minutes.
(d) Sufficient foam concentrate shall be available to allow operation of the system for twelve
minutes.
1.4 Foam Concentrate and Storage Requirements

The type of foam shall be suitable for extinguishing fires of the type most likely to be encountered.
Foam storage and available supplies shall conform to the following:
(a) Each location shall have sufficient foam concentrate supplies on the premises for the largest
single hazard or group of hazards that are to be protected simultaneously, as determined by
‘NFPA 11’ or ‘NFPA 11A’.
(b) There shall be a minimum reserve supply of foam concentrate of 50% of the above operational
requirement. This minimum only applies where there is a readily available offsite source held
by other suppliers. Where no immediately available external source exists, the reserve storage
shall be 100% of the operational requirement.
(c) An emergency plan, listing sources of additional foam concentrate, shall be available and
updated annually.
1.5 Water Supplies

(i) Fire water shall be provided in sufficient quantity and pressure to assure proper operation of
the foam system.
(ii) If there are any concerns regarding water pressure or volume, a complete hydraulic analysis
of the firewater system should be conducted. This may include flow testing and computer modelling
to determine the actual conditions pertaining.
(iii) Pressure available at the inlet to the foam system under flow conditions (residual pressure)
shall be at least the minimum pressure for which the system has been designed.
(iv) Referring to §4.2 of the main body of this Specification, the water used for foam production
may be fresh or salt, hard or soft, but shall be of suitable quality that adverse effects on foam
formation or stability do not occur. If the water contains corrosion inhibitors, emulsion-breaking
chemicals or other additives, the foam concentrate supplier shall be consulted to ensure that these
chemicals do not inhibit the fire fighting capability of the finished foam.
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Appendix IV (sheet 3 of 4)
CES 98 62 of 82
2.0 SUB-SURFACE FOAM PROTECTION FOR CONE ROOF TANKS

The sub-surface method produces foam from a high back pressure foam maker and forces this foam
through a pipe into the bottom of the tank. This pipe may be one of the existing product lines, or a
line installed specifically for foam application. The foam travels up through the product to form a
vapour-tight blanket on the surface.
While the sub-surface method can be effective, rim-mounted foam devices are preferred. Sub-
surface foam is considered too sensitive to the need to be delivered at the correct rate of injecting
and the foam is likely to break up as it passes through the fuel.
2.1 Design and Installation

(i) Even when this method is approved by the Owner, it shall be used only for protection of
liquid hydrocarbons in cone roof atmospheric tanks.
(ii) Sub-surface injection shall not be used for the protection of alcohols, gasohols, esters,
ketones, aldehydes, anhydrides, etc, nor for the protection of Class IA hydrocarbon liquids.
(iii) The foam concentrate used with sub-surface systems must be either FP, FFFP, or AFFF
(because of “fuel shedding” properties). They shall be listed for sub-surface injection.
(iv) In order to avoid foam dilution, the foam inlet point at the tank must be above any water
bottom.
(v) High back pressure foam makers require high inlet pressures. It should be determined that
sufficient pressure is available from the fire water system and/or fire trucks to meet the demand of
the largest tank.
(vi) A sufficient number of high back pressure foam makers shall be available within the plant for
the largest tank.
2.2 Application Rates

(i) The foam solution application rate will in most cases be 4litres/min/m2 (0.1usgpm/ft2) of
product surface area. The injection rate shall not exceed 8litres/min/sq m (0.2usgpm/ft2). The 3%
concentrate should be proportioned at 4% for optimum results.
(ii) Discharge times shall be per Table 7 in §12.2.3 of the main body of this Specification. Lines
and their outlets shall be sized so that the foam generator discharge pressure and velocity are not
exceeded.
(iii) Tanks shall be provided with discharge outlets as per Table 13.
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CES 98 Appendix IV (sheet 4 of 4)
TABLE 13 Sub-surface Foam Discharge Outlets For Cone Roof Tanks

Minimum Number of Discharge Outlets
Tank Diameter
Metres (Feet) Flashpoint Below Flashpoint Above
388C (1008F) 388C (1008F)
Up to 24 (Up to 80) 1 1
24 to 36 (80 to 120) 2 1
36 to 42 (120 to 140) 3 2
42 to 48 (140 to 160) 4 2
48 to 54 (160 to 180) 5 2
54 to 60 (180 to 200) 6 3
Over 60 (200), add one additional outlet for 465m2 (5000ft2) of 697m2 (7500ft2) of
each additional increment in product surface product surface area product surface area
area
Notes
1. Foam velocity at the point of injection into the tank’s contents shall not exceed 3m/sec (10ft/sec) for Class IB
Liquid, or 6m/sec (20ft/sec) for other liquids.
2. Where two or more outlets are required, they shall be located so that foam travel on the surface does not
exceed 27m (90ft). Each outlet shall be sized to deliver foam at about the same rate. For even foam
distribution, outlets may be shell-connected or may be fed through a pipe manifold within the tank from a
single shell connection.
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Appendix V (sheet 1 of 6)
CES 98 64 of 82
APPENDIX V - FLOATING ROOF TANK FOAM PROTECTION SYSTEMS
1.0 CATENARY SYSTEM
1.1 General
(i) The catenary system consists of a series of foam makers at evenly spaced points on the roof
near the seal. Refer to Figure 4.
FIGURE 4 Typical Catenary System for Floating Roof Tanks
(ii) The foam makers are connected to a common section of piping, which in turn is attached to a
flexible hose or piping with flexible joints that ride up and down with the stairway. The top end of
the hose terminates at the upper platform where it connects to a pipe running vertically down the
tank shell and then to the outside of the bund.
(iii) When there is a fire, foam solution is pumped through the vertical pipe and flexible hose to
the foam makers. This system can be designed to discharge foam either above or below the seal.
(iv) Above-the-seal protection requires the use of a foam dam to contain the foam in the seal area.
Refer to Figure 5 at the end of this Appendix.
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(v) Below-the-seal protection is accomplished using foam makers mounted on the floating roof.
Pipe extending from the foam maker injects foam through the fabric seal, secondary seal or weather
shield. A foam dam may be required depending on the seal arrangement (see Table 14).
TABLE 14 Floating Roof Seal Types

Seal Type Top-of-seal Protection Below-seal Protection
Mechanical Shoe Seal Floating roof foam makers or foam Floating roof foam makers.
(Pantograph) chambers. Foam dam required. Foam dam not required.
Tube Seal - (top-of-seal Floating roof foam makers or foam Floating roof foam makers.
more than 150mm (6in) chambers. Foam dam required. Foam dam not required.
from top of roof deck)
Tube Seal - (top-of-seal less Floating roof foam makers or foam Floating roof foam makers.
than 150mm (6in) from top chambers. Foam dam required. Foam dam required.
of roof deck)
(vi) Spacing of points of foam application for top-of-seal protection is based on the height of the
foam dam. Below-seal protection is determined by the type of seal. Spacing information is given in
Table 15.
TABLE 15 Maximum Foam Discharge Device Spacing for Floating Roof Tanks
Maximum Discharge Device Spacing
Height of Foam Dam
Type of Seal Top-of-seal Below-seal
mm inches metres feet metres feet
Mechanical Shoe Seal 300 12 12 40 – –

(Pantograph) 600 24 24 80 – –
Tube Seal - (top-of- 300 12 12 40 – –

seal more than 150mm 600 24 24 80 – –
(6in) from top of roof
deck)
Tube Seal - (top-of- 300 12 12 40 18 60

seal less than 150mm 600 24 24 80 18 60
(6in) from top of roof
deck)
(vii) The application rate of foam solution is calculated using the area of the annular ring between
the tank shell and the foam dam. Minimum solution rate shall be 12.2 litres/min/m2 (0.3usgpm/ft2)
with foam application through the metal weather shield or secondary seal, or 20.4 litres/min/m2
(0.5usgpm/ft2) otherwise, for twenty minutes of operation in either case.
(viii) Catenary foam systems shall be subjected to an engineering evaluation to ensure that the
additional weight of the ladder piping, catenary hoses, foam ring, foam makers, foam discharge
outlets, foam dam and foam will not upset the buoyancy of the floating roof. All piping and
equipment shall be considered full of foam solution for this evaluation.
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1.2 Foam Dams

Typical details for foam dams are contained on sheet 2 of drawing ‘SD-S-10273’.
1.3 Catenary Hose

(i) The catenary hose shall be of hard rubber construction with carbon steel wire braid to protect
it against weathering, abuse and abrasion. The selected hose shall also have a high resistance to
ultraviolet light and chemical degradation.
(ii) The length of the catenary hose shall be chosen so that it is fully extended when the tank roof
is at its lowest elevation, to prevent possible entanglement with roof fixtures.
2.0 RIM-MOUNTED MULTIPLE CHAMBER SYSTEM

(i) Rim-mounted (Multiple Chamber) Systems require a foam dam to retain the foam over the
primary and/or secondary seals, or the weather shield.
Refer to drawing ‘SD-S-10273’ for typical installation details.
(ii) The rate of application and supply of foam liquid should be calculated using the area of the
annular ring between the circular dam and tank shell. The minimum foam solution rate shall be 12
litres/min/m2 (0.3usgpm/ft2). The supply of foam liquid shall be adequate to operate the system for
twenty minutes.
3.0 THROUGH-THE-TANK SYSTEM

(i) Through-the-tank “Coflexip” or “HMT” systems are foam application methods for floating
roof tanks in which finished foam, produced by high back pressure foam makers, or by solutions
supplied from outside of the bund, is directed into a Coflexip line at the tank base.
Only Coflexip or HMT manufactured hose shall be used in through-the-tank systems. The hose
shall be one continuous length, without couplings.
Typical details may be found in Figure 6 at the end of this Appendix.
(ii) The foam or solution enters the tank through fixed steel piping, and connects with a
reinforced flexible pipe which carries it to a distribution manifold on the floating roof. The foam or
solution is then piped to discharge outlets located at the seal area on the perimeter of the tank.
(iii) The system is also suitable for internal floating roof tanks, provided the roof construction is
adequate.
(iv) Prior to installation, an engineering evaluation shall be made to ensure that the floating roof is
capable of carrying the added load of the Coflexip system equipment and foam.
4.0 TANK STANDPIPE SYSTEMS

(i) This system shall be designed for a flow of 475 litres/min (125usgpm), and shall typically be
constructed as illustrated by Figure 7 at the end of this Appendix
(ii) The system consists of steel piping extending from outside the bundwall to a “Y” or Siamese
foam hydrant connection and foam maker at the tank stairway platform.
(iii) The system be used to supply foam handlines, or as a point for foam application into the foam
dam and to the tank seal. During a fire, the operator carries a hand-held nozzle around the wind
girder, and applies foam to the seal area where it is burning.
(iv) Piping shall be sized to allow the simultaneous flow of one handline and the foam maker.
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CES 98 Appendix V (sheet 4 of 6)
FIGURE 5 Arrangement for Catenary, Multiple Chamber or Co-flexip Systems

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Coflexip system piping shall be arranged to be self-draining, or be provided with low point drains.
When discharge outlets pass through the primary or secondary seals, a flexible seal shall be fitted between
the discharge outlet and the edge of the opening. To prevent vapours from entering the piping below it, a
blowout plug shall be provided within the manifold.
Foam dam requirements, location and spacing of discharge outlets, foam applications rates and times are
the same as for Catenary Systems, refer to drawing ’SD-S-10273.’
FIGURE 6 “Through-the-tank” Piped Foam System

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The standpipe shall be properly secured to the tank and platform to minimise piping movement, and support
the weight of the piping and solution.
Valves for the hose outlets and to the foam maker shall be no higher than 1.5m (5ft) above the platform.
Hose, if stored on the stairway platform, shall be sufficient in length to reach all areas of the seal, and shall
be fitted with an appropriate foam nozzle. Hose should be protected from the weather by a metal cabinet,
or a weather-resistant fabric or plastic cover.
FIGURE 7 Tank Standpipe Foam System

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Appendix VI (sheet 1 of 4)
CES 98 70 of 82
APPENDIX VI - FIRE HOSES, PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS AND MOBILE FIRE-FIGHTING

EQUIPMENT
1.0 HOSES
(i) Hose shall be furnished in 15m (50ft) lengths, and with couplings and threads compatible
with the location’s fire-fighting equipment, or local and outside aid fire protection, as appropriate.
(ii) Hose shall be single or double jacket, lined and suitable for use with water or foam solution,
as specified in ‘NFPA 1961’. Hose shall be rated for at least 2070kPa(ga) (300psig) service
pressure and have a test pressure of 4140kPa(ga) (600psig).
(iii) Hose 65mm (21⁄2in) in diameter is usually only provided where adequately manned and well-
trained fire brigades are available. Otherwise 40mm (11⁄2in) hose is preferred.

Unless otherwise specified, the Owner shall be responsible for the supply of portable fire
extinguishers.
The term “portable fire extinguishers” refers to all:
— Hand portable fire extinguishers in capacities up to and including 12kg (30lb) of dry chemical
agent, and up to and including 9kg (20lb) of carbon dioxide, and 10 litres (21⁄2gallon) of
pressurised water.
— Wheeled fire extinguishers in capacities up to and including 150kg (350lb) of dry chemical
agent, and up to and including 9kg (20lb) of carbon dioxide, and 10 litres (21⁄2gallon) of
pressurised water.
2.1 Minimum Requirements/Approved Fire Extinguishers

(i) Only approved fire extinguishers shall be provided. Approved fire extinguishers include all
portable fire extinguishers listed by Underwriters Laboratories (UL), or by an equivalent testing
agency or governmental authority. All fire extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with
‘NFPA 10’.
(ii) Dry chemical extinguishers shall be either cartridge-operated (preferred type) or pressurised-
type, meeting the following minimum requirements:
(a) Pressurised extinguishers shall be equipped with a suitable relief device and shall be designed
for automatic pressure relief upon disassembly.
(b) Only dry chemical fire extinguishers hydrostatically tested at twice the service pressure shall
be provided. Pressurised extinguishers shall be hydrostatically tested at twice the service
pressure. Cartridge operated extinguishers with service pressures below 1.4MPa(ga) (200psig)
shall be hydrostatically tested to at least 2.75MPa(ga) (400psig).
(iii) Only carbon dioxide fire extinguishers designed for a minimum pressure of 12.2MPa(ga)
(1800psig) shall be provided. All carbon dioxide fire extinguishers shall be provided with a suitable
pressure relief device, in accordance with ‘NFPA 10’.
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CES 98 Appendix VI (sheet 2 of 4)
(iv) Only gas-operated, pressurised water fire extinguishers, hydrostatically tested to at least
1.4MPa(ga) (200psig) shall be provided. The design shall provide automatic pressure relief upon
disassembly, and the shell shall be stainless steel.
(v) Expellant gas cylinders provided for wheeled fire extinguishers shall be steel, and the test
pressure shall be at least 1.67 times the service pressure stamped on the cylinder.
2.2 Refill, Recharge, and Spare Parts

(i) To simplify training, the stocking of spare parts, repair and recharge of extinguishers, all
extinguishers of a specific type should be from the same manufacturer.
(ii) Extinguishers shall be refilled, recharged, repaired or otherwise serviced by qualified
personnel trained in the proper service techniques.
(iii) The extinguisher manufacturer shall be asked to provide the necessary adapters required for
servicing, and to recommend a spare supply of complete extinguishers and extinguisher parts.
2.3 Location of Extinguishers

Portable fire extinguishers shall be located in accordance with ‘NFPA 10’, and take into
consideration the potential area fire hazards. The general sizes of portable fire extinguishers for
various locations are given below.
2.3.1 Buildings and Amenities
(i) An appropriate number of 3kg (5lb), or larger, multi-purpose, dry chemical and pressurised
water fire extinguishers shall be provided for office buildings, auditoria, field offices, changing
rooms, etc. Travel distance from any hazard to an extinguisher shall not exceed 23m (75ft).
(ii) An appropriate number of 9kg (20lb), multi-purpose, dry chemical extinguishers shall be
provided in warehouses, shop buildings, lube-oil blending, grease manufacturing and compounding,
or similar operations where wood, paper, plastics, other ordinary flammables and flammable liquids
may be stored or used. Extinguishers shall be located not more than 23m (75ft) away from potential
fire areas involving wood, paper, and plastics, and not more than 15m (50ft) from flammable/
combustible liquid fire areas.
(iii) An appropriate number of 2kg (5lb) or larger carbon dioxide, and at least one 9kg (20lb)
multipurpose dry chemical fire extinguisher, shall be provided no more than 15m (50ft) from the
potential fire area. All kitchen hoods shall also be protected with an automatic dry chemical system,
in accordance with ‘NFPA 17’ and ‘NFPA 96’.
(iv) An appropriate number of 7kg (15lb) carbon dioxide extinguishers shall be provided for
electrical fires. An appropriate number (but not less than two) of 9kg (20lb), multi-purpose, dry
chemical extinguishers shall be provided in laboratories. Extinguishers shall be located not more
than 23m (75ft) from potential fire areas involving wood, paper, and plastics, and not more than
15m (50ft) from flammable/combustible liquid fire areas.
2.3.2 Process Areas
(i) Within process unit battery limits, 9kg (20lb) potassium bicarbonate dry chemical fire
extinguishers shall be located along main access ways. On overhead structures with landings
accessed by stairways, the extinguisher locations should be near the stairways. Extinguishers should
also be located on the landings immediately below air-coolers. Extinguishers should also be
provided in areas of hydrocarbon pumps, compressors, hot oil manifolds or similar areas.
Consideration should be given to the normal travel path of operators from the control room or
operator shelter to the referenced locations. Extinguishers shall be provided throughout the process
area, such that an extinguisher can be reached without travelling more than 15m (50ft) from any
potential hazard area.
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(ii) At least two, 9kg (20lb), potassium bicarbonate, dry chemical fire extinguishers shall be
provided around each fired heater, and located on opposite sides adjacent to accessways around the
heater.
(iii) At least one, 9kg (20lb), multi-purpose, dry chemical and one, 7kg (15lb), carbon dioxide fire
extinguisher shall be located inside each control room and operator shelter main door.
(iv) At least one, 7kg (15lb), carbon dioxide, fire extinguisher shall be located outside the doors to
electrical switch gear/motor control centres, for electrical fires.
(v) At least one, 9kg (20lb), multi-purpose, dry chemical and one, 7kg (15lb), carbon dioxide fire
extinguisher shall be located outside the gate to all oil-immersed transformer areas.
(vi) The top deck of cooling towers shall be provided with a 9kg (20lb), multi-purpose, dry
chemical, fire extinguisher at the stairway. Where the travel distance to an extinguisher will be
greater than 15m (50ft), additional extinguishers shall be provided.
(vii) Utility plants shall be provided with an appropriate number of 9kg (20lb), potassium
bicarbonate, dry chemical, fire extinguishers, such that the travel distance to an extinguisher will be
no greater than 15m (50ft).
(viii) Offsite areas, such as pump manifolds, LPG storage facilities, truck loading racks, piers/
wharfs, etc, shall be provided with an appropriate number of 9kg (20lb), potassium bicarbonate, dry
chemical, fire extinguishers, such that the travel distance to an extinguisher will be no greater than
15m (50ft).
(ix) At least two, 68kg (150lb) or larger, wheeled, potassium bicarbonate, dry chemical
extinguishers shall be provided for each process block.
2.3.3 Lube Blending, Grease Manufacturing and Compounding Plants
(i) An appropriate number of 9kg (20lb), multi-purpose, dry chemical, fire extinguishers shall be
provided, such that the travel distance to an extinguisher will be no greater than 15m (50ft).
(ii) At least one, 7kg (15lb), carbon dioxide, fire extinguisher shall be located outside the doors to
electrical switch gear/motor control rooms, for electrical fires.
2.4 Installation
(i) Hand portable fire extinguishers located outside shall be installed in red fibreglass cabinets
for maximum protection from the elements. Wheeled units should be placed in cabinets, or
provided with a cover.
(ii) When mounting the equipment, the top of hand portable fire extinguishers larger than 3kg (5
lb) shall be located no more than 1m (3ft) above floor or grade level. The top of hand portable fire
extinguishers 3kg (5lb) and smaller shall be located no more than 1.5m (5ft) above floor or grade
level.
2.5 Extinguisher Location Identification

When an extinguisher is mounted on a column or support, such that the extinguisher is not readily
visible from all sides, a red band shall be painted around the column or support to improve
visibility. The band shall extend a minimum of 300mm (12in) above and below the fire extinguisher
(or cabinet). When such banding will be blocked by storage, such as in warehouses, the band shall
extend to within 1m (3ft) of the ceiling.
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CES 98 Appendix VI (sheet 4 of 4)
3.0 PORTABLE FOAM EQUIPMENT

Portable foam equipment shall comply with the requirements of ‘NFPA 11’ and the following:
(i) Air-aspirating nozzles are required for application of protein-base solutions. They are also
preferred for synthetic foams (AFFF, FFFP, etc) because, in general, they produce a better quality
foam, with improved fire-fighting, performance and burnback resistance, than foam generated by
non-aspirating devices.
(ii) Unless specifically approved otherwise, only UL-listed nozzles, proportioners and foam
hardware shall be used.
(iii) Inline foam eductors shall have flow rates compatible with the nozzles with which they are
used.

Unless otherwise specified, mobile fire apparatus shall be supplied by the Owner.
Mobile fire apparatus refers to fire engines (pumping trucks - water and/or foam), aerial devices,
foam trailers or tenders, large capacity foam monitors on trailers required to be transported by
another vehicle, dry chemical trucks, twin agent (foam/dry chemical) trucks, command post vehicle
and other vehicles, as required.
4.1 Minimum Number and Capacity of Fire Apparatus

(i) There shall be a minimum of two fire engines provided. An adequate number of fire engines
shall be provided with foam making capacity to handle the largest foam demand, as determined in
§12.0. Where the largest foam demand is provided by fixed foam systems, fire engine foam making
capacity shall provide for the largest demand not protected by a fixed system.
(ii) Subject to the Owner’s approval, reliance on mutual aid from area industries may be taken
into consideration when more than two fire engines are required.
4.2 Approvals
(i) All fire pumping apparatus shall be provided in accordance with ‘NFPA 11C’, ‘1901’,
‘1903’, ‘1904’ and/or ‘1911’, as applicable, except as modified herein.
(a) Extension ladders are not required to be carried on fire apparatus, provided the facility has
suitable portable ladders, man lifts, etc.
(b) Hard suction hose is not required to be carried on fire apparatus, but must be kept in a readily
available location and protected from the environment.
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Appendix VII (sheet 1 of 9)
CES 98 74 of 82
APPENDIX VII - DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
Air-aspirating Discharge Devices

Apparatus (foam nozzles, foam chambers, etc) specially designed to mechanically aspirate the foam
solution to generate foam. See Figure 8 at the end of this Appendix.
Airfoam
See Foam.
Alcohol-resistant Foam
See Foam Concentrate §(v).
Application Rate
The rate at which a foam solution is applied to a fire, usually expressed in litres of foam solution
per minute per square meter (litre/min/m2) or gallons per minute per square foot (usgpm/ft2) of fire
area.
Automatic Activation
The process by which the fire extinguishing agent is applied as a result of an initiating signal from a
detection device.
Base Injection
See Sub-surface Injection.
Boilover
The expulsion of oil from a burning tank, caused by a heat wave reaching a water stratum. Light
fractions in the oil distill and burn off. The combustion generates the heat wave in the residue.
Burnback Resistance
The ability of an applied foam to resist direct flame and heat impingement as would occur in a
partially extinguished petroleum fire or contact with hot surfaces.
Catenary System
A permanent piping network mounted on top of a tank’s floating roof which discharges foam into
or onto the seal area.
Classes of Fire (per NPFA 10)
Class A - ordinary combustibles (wood, paper, rubber, plastics)
Class B - flammable/combustible liquids and gases
Class C - involves energised electrical equipment
Class D - combustible metals (aluminum, magnesium, etc)
Combustible Liquid
A liquid having a flashpoint at or above 388C (1008F). Combustible liquids are subdivided into
Classes based on flashpoint as follows (see Flammable Liquid for Class I definitions):
Class II - Those liquids having flashpoints at or above 388C (1008F) and below 608C (1408F)
Class IIIA - Those liquids having flashpoints at or above 608C (1408F) and below 938C (2008F)
Class IIIB - Those liquids having flashpoints at or above 938C (2008F)
Concentrate
A concentrated, liquid, fire fighting, foaming agent, as received from the manufacturer. It is diluted
with water to form a 1% to 10% solution, depending on the type of concentrate and product
application.
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Concentration
The percentage of foam concentrate contained in a foam solution. The type of foam concentrate
being used, and/or the material which is burning, determine the concentration required. A 3% foam
concentrate is mixed in the ratio of 3 parts foam concentrate to 97 parts water to make foam
solution. A 6% concentrate is mixed with 94 parts water to 6 parts foam concentrate.
Control of Burning
The application of water spray to equipment or areas to reduce the rate of burning and limit the heat
release from a fire, until the source of fuel can be shut off or the fire can be extinguished.
Covered Floating Roof
See Internal Floating Roof.
Density
The unit rate of water application to an area or surface expressed in litres per minute per square
meter (litres/min/m2) or gallons per minute per square foot (usgpm/ft2) of protected area.
Dry Pipe Fire Main System
A fire main system for use in freezing climates, that can be shut off and drained when not in use.
Eductor
A proportioning device using the venturi principal to introduce foam concentrate into a stream of
water, thus forming foam solution.
Exposed Equipment
Equipment subject to fire damage, usually from a source of fire or heat other than the equipment
being protected.
Exposure Protection
Application of water spray to structures or equipment to limit absorption of heat to a level that will
minimise damage and prevent failure, whether source of heat is external or internal to the protected
area.
Fire Extinguishment
Refers to the disruption or cessation of the combustion process with the use of fire protection
systems through surface cooling, smothering action, emulsification, dilution or the combination of
these and other factors.
Fire Insulated Equipment, Structures or Vessels
Equipment, structures or vessels provided with fire proofing insulation that, for the expected
duration of exposure, will protect steel from exceeding a temperature of 4548C (8508F) for
structural members, or 3438C (6508F) for vessels.
Fixed Foam Discharge Outlet
A device permanently attached to a tank through which foam may be introduced into the tank.
There are three types:
Type I Discharge Outlet - A device that conducts and delivers foam gently onto the liquid surface
without submerging the foam or agitating the surface, for example, a foam trough or the semi-
subsurface injection method.
Type II Discharge Outlet - This is the type of discharge normally used. It is a device that delivers
foam onto the liquid surface, partially submerging the foam and producing some agitation of the
surface, for example, a foam chamber (see Figure 9 at the end of this Appendix).
Type III Discharge Outlet - A device that delivers foam in a manner that causes the foam to fall
directly onto the surface of the burning liquid causing general agitation, for example, lobbing with a
foam nozzle or handline.
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Flammable gases
In NFPA usage, any gas that will burn in the normal concentrations of oxygen in the air is
considered a flammable gas. Flammable gases will burn in air the same way flammable liquid
vapours burn in air, ie, each gas will burn only within a certain range of gas-air mixture
compositions (the flammable or combustible range) and will ignite only at or above a certain
temperature (the ignition temperature).
Flammable Liquid
A liquid having a flashpoint below 388C (1008F) and a vapour pressure not exceeding 275kPa(abs)
(40psia) at 388C (1008F). Flammable liquids are subdivided into Classes based on flashpoint and
boiling point as follows:
Class 1A - Those liquids having flashpoints below 238C (738F) and boiling points below 388C
(1008F).
Class 1B - Those liquids having flashpoints below 238C (738F) and boiling points at or above 388C
(1008F).
Class 1C - Those liquids having flashpoints at or above 238C (738F).
Foam (also referred to as applied or finished Foam)
A stable aggregation of small air-filled bubbles, of lower density than oil or water, which shows
tenacious qualities in covering and clinging to vertical or horizontal surfaces. It is made from
aerated solutions of water and foam concentrate, which flow freely over a burning liquid surface
forming a tough, air-excluding continuous blanket that denies volatile flammable vapours access to
air. (See ‘NFPA 11’ for a detailed description and system requirements.)
Foam Cannon
See Foam Monitor.
Foam Concentrate
The foaming agent, as received from the manufacturer, for dilution with appropriate amounts of
water to produce foam solutions. The principal foam concentrates include:
Protein - consists primarily of organic concentrates derived from animal or vegetable sources.
Stabilising additives and inhibitors protect against freezing, equipment corrosion and resist bacterial
decomposition. They are diluted with water to form 3% to 6% solutions. Protein foams are
particularly stable and heat-resistant. They are compatible with certain dry chemicals. These foam
concentrates are now rarely used.
Fluoroprotein - similar to the above described protein foams, but with a synthetic fluorinated
surfactant additive. They are particularly resistant to fuel entrainment when submerged and
therefore can withstand rougher application. This characteristic makes fluoroprotein foams
particularly suitable for subsurface injection into tanks or for use through monitor nozzles or hose
streams. Fluoroprotein foams are compatible with most dry chemical extinguishing agents. They
have good burnback resistance and will readily seal against a hot metal surface.
AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) - a synthetic foam concentrate containing fluorocarbon
surfactants plus stabilisers. It is usually diluted with water to a 3% or 6% solution. The foam
formed acts both as a barrier to exclude air or oxygen and to provide an aqueous film on the fuel
surface capable of suppressing the evolution of fuel vapours. The foam produced with AFFF
concentrate is dry chemical compatible. It is highly fluid and has a high fire knockdown rate.
FFFP (Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam) - a relatively new foam using fluorinated surfactants to
produce a fluid aqueous film for suppressing hydrocarbon fuel vapours. This type of foam also
utilises a protein base plus stabilising additives and inhibitors to protect against freezing, corrosion
and bacterial decomposition. It resists fuel pickup. The concentrate is usually mixed with water to a
3% or 6% solution. It is dry chemical compatible. FFFP is particularly effective on flammable
liquid spill fires and on pooled hydrocarbons.
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ARC (Alcohol Resistant Concentrate), also referred to as PSL (Polar Solvent Liquid) - foam
specifically designed for fighting fires in water-soluble liquids. Alcohol-resistant concentrates are
generally used in 3% to 10% solutions, depending upon the hazard being protected and the type of
concentrate. Alcohol-resistant concentrates may also be used on hydrocarbon fires, however, they
may be destructive to other foams.
Foam Dam
A thin vertical sheet steel barrier mounted on the floating roof of a storage tank around the
perimeter of the roof near the seal area. This serves to retain foam at the seal area.
Foam Handline
A hose and nozzle that may be held and directed by hand. Because of nozzle reaction forces,
handlines are usually 40-45mm (11⁄2in-13/4in) diameter and limited to a solution flow of about 1135
litres/min (300usgpm).
Foam Maker
A device designed to introduce air into a pressurised foam solution stream.
Foam Monitor
Fixed - a large capacity turret, usually 1900litres/min (500usgpm) or more, having a nozzle
mounted on a stationary support, either elevated or at grade. The nozzle may be fed foam solution
by fixed piping, hose or from a container. Monitors may be hydrant-mounted, free-standing or
supported by a process-structure or building. Operation of the nozzle may be local or remote.
Portable - a device that delivers a foam stream, and is on a movable support or wheels so that it may
be transported to the fire scene.
Foam Pourer
See Fixed Foam Discharge Outlet.
Foam Solution
A mixture of foam concentrate and water in suitable proportions, usually 3% foam and 97% water
for most fuels and 6% foam and 94% water for polar solvent fires.
Foam System Types
Fixed Foam System - a complete installation in which foam is piped from a central foam station,
discharging through fixed delivery outlets (foam chambers, monitor nozzles, foam spray systems,
etc) to the hazard being protected. Any required pumps and proportioning devices are permanently
installed. Such systems may include fire detection, which may be arranged either to alarm or to
actuate the foam system.
Semi-fixed Foam System - systems in which fixed discharge outlets are supplied by permanent
piping which terminates at a safe distance from the equipment or tank being protected. The fixed
piping installation may or may not include a foam maker. Necessary foam-producing equipment
and materials are transported to the scene after the fire starts.
Portable Foam System - one in which all foam-making equipment, including foam concentrates, is
transported to the fire scene after the fire has started.
Mobile Foam System - a self-propelled or towed foam-producing unit on wheels. Such equipment
is Owner-supplied.
Foam-Water Spray System
A system connected by permanent piping to a source of foam concentrate and a water supply, and
equipped with foam-water spray nozzles for extinguishing-agent discharge (foam or water
sequentially, in that order or in reverse order) and distribution over the area to be protected.
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Fuel Tolerance
The ability of a foam to resist fuel mixing during foam application, and to resist ignition.
Hazard
A potentially or inherently dangerous condition.
High-back-pressure Foam Maker
A device for aspirating foam water solutions prior to injection into a storage tank. Used with
subsurface foam injection systems.
High Expansion Foam
An aggregation of bubbles resulting from the passage of air or other gas through a screen or net that
is wetted by a solution of a special synthetic foam concentrate and water. The finished foam has a
foam-to-solution volume ratio of 200:1 to approximately 1000:1.
Impingement
The striking of a protected surface by water droplets issuing directly from a water spray nozzle.
Inductor
See Eductor.
Internal Floating Roof
A relatively lightweight cover which floats on the liquid surface within a cone roof tank. Tanks
having floats of plastic foam for buoyancy, even if encapsulated in metal or fibreglass, shall be
considered and treated as cone roofs.
Jockey Pump
A small pump, usually electric motor driven and designed for a flow rate of about 23m3/h
(100usgpm), used to maintain pressure on the fire main system. When the flow exceeds 23m3/h, the
main fire pumps are started automatically.
Live Foam-water Hose Reel
A reel equipped with swivel pipe inlet and non-collapsible 40-45mm (11⁄2in - 13/4in) hose, so that
only the amount of hose needed is pulled from the reel before use. The reel is mounted on a 150-
225litre (40-60gallon) foam concentrate tank, with an eductor.
Live Hose Reel
A reel equipped with swivel pipe inlet and non-collapsible hose, so that only the amount of hose
needed is pulled from the reel before use.
Low Expansion Foam
Foams made by mixing air into a water solution containing foam concentrate, with equipment
designed for that purpose. Low expansion foams have an expansion ratio of up to 20:1. This
includes most of the foam equipment and systems in this Specification.
Manual Water Spray Systems
Water Spray systems that must be actuated by a person.
Mechanical Foam
See Foam.
Medium Expansion Foam
An aggregation of bubbles resulting from the passage of air or other gas through a screen or net that
is wetted by a solution of a special synthetic foam concentrate and water. The finished foam has a
foam-to-solution volume ratio between 20:1 and 200:1.
Monitor
A turret supporting a nozzle with water or foam capacity for fire fighting, yet operable by one
person and arranged so that it can be locked in position for a fixed discharge of water or foam.
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Non-air-aspirating Discharge Devices

Devices, usually nozzles, designed to provide a specific water discharge pattern. They can be used
with AFFF or FFFP, and produce a discharge pattern similar to a water discharge pattern. However,
the quality and expansion ratio of foam from these devices is less than that of air-aspirating devices.
See Figure 8 at the end of this Appendix.
Pickup Tube
A device for the introduction of foam concentrate into a water stream by venturi. See Figure 10 at
the end of this Appendix.
Polar Solvent Liquid (PSL)
See Foam Concentrate §(v).
Premixed Foam Solution
A mixture of foam concentrate and water in the proper proportion and stored ready for use.
Proportioning
The continuous metering of foam concentrate, at a specified ratio, into a water stream to produce
foam solution. Proportioning may be accomplished by two general methods:
Inline Eduction - a venturi eductor is located in the water supply line to the foam maker to provide a
constant flow of concentrate.
Balanced Pressure Foam Proportioning - a system designed to inject automatically the proper
amount of foam concentrate into a water stream over wide flow ranges and pressures.
Residual Pressure
The fire water pressure at a defined location, which is measured at a specified flow.
Sub-surface Injection
A method of fighting fires in fixed roof hydrocarbon fuel tanks in which a fuel-resistant air-
aspirated foam is pressure-injected into the base of the tank at a point below the burning fuel
surface. The foam rises through the fuel to the surface, cooling the fuel and blanketing the fuel
vapours at the surface. This method requires the use of a high-back-pressure foam maker
(sometimes called a forced foam-maker) to introduce air into the foam solution to produce finished
or expanded foam in a sub-surface injection system. See Figures 11 and 12 at the end of this
Appendix.
Tank Standpipe System
A foam supply piping system extending from outside the tank bundwall to the stairway platform of
an open-top floating roof tank, used to supply foam solution to handlines. See Figure 7 at the end of
Appendix V.
Topside Application
Foam discharge method where foam is applied on top of the involved tank’s fuel surface. Refer to
drawing ‘SD-S-10273’.
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FIGURE 8 Aspirated vs Non-aspirated Foam Discharge Devices

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FIGURE 9 Type II Foam Chamber Discharge Outlet
FIGURE 10 Line Proportioner with Pickup Tube

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FIGURE 11 Typical Connection for Portable High-back-pressure Foam Makers
FIGURE 12 Typical Fixed Installation High-back-pressure Foam Makers

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0888 ID: 7004C---0001-1 MFK page 1

REV: 04-08-97 PAGE: 1 TIME: 10:51 OP: GZ BASE S2

Revised 3/95 GPS-S3

CALTEX GENERAL ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION GPS-S3

FIRE PROTECTION AND SAFETY SYSTEMS

Revised 3/95 GPS-S3

1.0 BASIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

2.0 CODE COMPLIANCE 8

3.0 SCOPE AND RESPONSIBILITIES

4.0 FIRE WATER SOURCES

5.0 FIRE WATER REQUIREMENTS

6.0 FIRE MAIN PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS

7.0 MAIN FIRE PUMPS

GPS-S3 Revised 3/95

10.0 FIXED WATER SPRAY SYSTEMS

11.0 LIVE HOSE REELS

12.0 FOAM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

Revised 3/95 GPS-S3

12.6 Loading Rack Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

13.0 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 41

14.0 MOBILE FIRE APPARATUS 41

15.0 STEAM FOR HYDROGEN FIRES

16.0 FIRE TRAINING SCHOOL 42

17.0 NON-WATER BASED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

18.0 SAFETY SHOWER AND EYEWASH STATIONS

OWNER’S APPROVAL CHECKLIST 46

APPENDIX I FIRE MONITORS SITING 49

1.0 LOCATION GUIDELINES 49

2.0 FIRE MONITOR LIMITATIONS 50

APPENDIX II DIRECT WATER SPRAY APPLICATIONS AND

1.0 EXPOSURE PROTECTION 51

2.0 CONTROL OF BURNING 51

3.0 DISPERSION OF FLAMMABLE/TOXIC VAPOURS 51

4.0 FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT 52

5.0 EFFECTIVENESS CONSIDERATIONS 52

GPS-S3 Revised 3/95

2.0 PIPING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

APPENDIX IV FOAM SYSTEMS 60

1.0 SELECTION AND APPLICATION CRITERIA

2.0 SUB-SURFACE FOAM PROTECTION FOR CONE

APPENDIX V FLOATING ROOF TANK FOAM PROTECTION

1.0 CATENARY SYSTEM

2.0 RIM-MOUNTED MULTIPLE CHAMBER SYSTEM 66

3.0 THROUGH-THE-TANK SYSTEM 66

4.0 TANK STANDPIPE SYSTEMS 66

APPENDIX VI FIRE HOSES, PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS AND

2.0 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

3.0 PORTABLE FOAM EQUIPMENT 73

4.0 MOBILE FIRE APPARATUS

APPENDIX VII DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS 74

Revised 3/95 GPS-S3

Revised 3/95 GPS-S3

1.0 BASIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

1.1 Design and Fire Protection of New Refinery Plant

1.2 Standard of Existing Plant Design

1.3 Fixed Personnel Safety Equipment

GPS-S3 Revised 3/95

3.0 SCOPE AND RESPONSIBILITIES

3.2 Contractor’s Responsibilities

3.3 Owner’s Responsibilities

Revised 3/95 GPS-S3

(c) Steam lances and steam hoses.

4.0 FIRE WATER SOURCES