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Plutonism and the growth of Andean Crust at 9’S from 100 to 3 Ma

M.P. ATHERTON and N. PETFORD
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK. Tel: (UK)
0151-794-5159 (International) 44-51-794-5159. Fax: (UK) 0151-794-5170 (International)
44-51-794-5170. EMail: mikea@liverpool.ac.uk
Abstract - In much of the Andes there is a migration of the plutonic locus with time from the coast to the high Andres. As con-
tinental crust also thickens in that direction a simple model involving an increasing continental crust component in the magmas
inboard has been put forward. This is commonly associated with increases in K, Rb, Th and Ce as well as Sr initial away from
the continental margin. This model is examined at 9”s in mid-north Peru in granites intruded between IO0 and 3 Ma. In this sec-
tor of the Andes there is no change/increase in these elements inboard, but there is a marked increuse in Na. Ta, Sr, La,/Yb, and
possibly A/CNK. The latter is associated with high level deformation along the western margin and is not related to source.

The increase in Na, Ta, Sr and La,.,/Yb, is due to a difference in depth of partial melting and a component of subcontinental
lithosphere which becomes more important inboard. However both batholiths were produced from new basaltic crust formed in
rather different settings, the Coastal Batholith from basinal rocks within the Albian marginal basin and the Cordillera Blanca
from an underplate formed during the Miocene.

The difference in composition between the two batholiths reflects the changing continental lithosphere inboard as well as the
residual mineralogy and tectonic setting at the site of partial melting. Copyright 0 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd & Earth Sciences
& Resources Institute

INTRODUCTION GEOLOGICAL SETTING

The Andes have been considered to be the archetype of
a mountain belt produced by subduction of oceanic
crust beneath continental crust. In northern Peru mag-
matism is confined to belts parallel to the present
trench and coast (Fig. 1) and from 100-3 Ma there
was a migration of the plutonic locus with time towards
the interior. Such progressions have been seen as east-
wardly migrating systems directly related to subduction
(Coira et al., 1982) which are usually coupled with
a change in composition considered to reflect the
source in the ocean slab-mantle wedge system and
thickening and reworking of old crust. According to
some authors, this relates to a fundamental plutonic
cycle (e.g. Pitcher, 1983) which is a template or model
for continental margins. Thus the Mesozoic batholiths
of western north America show an eastwards change in
composition and isotopic signature related to an
increase in the continental crust component in that
direction.
The Cordillera Blanca batholith lies 100 km inboard of
the Coastal Batholith (Fig. 1) and together they represent
almost continuous plutonism over the period 100 to 3 Ma,
apart from a gap between 3614 Ma which is filled by
minor intrusions lying between the two batholiths. These
are small stocks and plutons associated with domes, brec-
cia pipes and dykes which lie along major faults (Cobbing
et al., 1981, Fig. 57). Microdiorite and micromonzonite are
common indicating a high level, hypabyssal association.
Here for the first time we contrast the two batholiths
and relate the differences to the evolution of the Andean
margin over the period 100-3 Ma. Aspects of the geologi-
cal setting and plutonism are outlined below (for more
detail see Pitcher et al. 1985 and various papers referred
to below).
Coastal Batholith (CB) Cordillera
BlancaBatholith (CBB)

In Peru the Coastal Batholith (CB) intruded over the A Geological context
period 100-37 Ma has a primitive metaluminous miner- Intruded within the rifted Intruded along the spine
alogy characterised by hornblende and feldspar while continental margin, with of the Andes, over the
the Cordillera Blanca Batholith (CBB, 13-3 Ma) lying Andean trend parallel to newly formed deep crustal
inboard of the CB is peraluminous in part, contains the present trench; keel (+50 km), with
muscovite and was considered by Pitcher (1983) to Andean trend;
approach “S”-type granite and presumably was a partial mainly within the Albian within the axial zone of
melt of an old sedimentary source or had a major crus- volcanogenic marginal the Jurassic basin (graphic
tal component in the source. Here we describe the basin (+ 10 km thick), shales + sandstones) along
transverse changes in chemistry shown by these two along a major crustal, a major, deep megafault
batholiths at about 9”s which are not consistent with extensional lineament, system (200-300 km
generalised models but relate to the geoteconic setting, 1600 km long; long), plunging south
source and depth of melting specific to this sector of the underneath the volcanic
Andes. cover;

I
2 M.P. ATHERTON and N. PETFORD

numerous basic enclaves no country rock or basic

and synplutonic dykes enclaves or dykes, some
passing upwards into granitic inclusions;
enclave swarms (bimodal
magmatism);
porphyritic microgranitic porphyritic microgranitic
rocks very rare. rocks common.
Both batholiths are talc-alkaline with tonalitic rocks
dominating the CB and high SiO, (> 70%) rocks with
trondhjemitic character (Atherton and Petford, 1993)
dominating in the CBB. Representative analyses for both
batholiths are given in Table 1.

The zoned tonalitic superunits of the Coastal Batholith

show evidence of pagioclase, clinopyroxene, hornblende k
Coastal Batholith zircon precipitation determining the evolution of the more
evolved units (Atherton and Sanderson, 1985 and Fig. 2). In
Cordillera Blanca Batholith
contrast, the Cordillera Blanca diorites and tonalites, are
earlier (13-9 Ma, Mukasa and Xlton 1984) than the leu-
cogranites (-5 Ma) which show little evidence of fractiona-
tion (Fig. 2). Individual magma batches form an upwardly
younging, nested batholith (Atherton and Sanderson, 1987).

The bimodal magmatism of the Coastal Batholith is

characteristic of many Cordilleran Batholiths (Didier, 1973)
Fig. I. Simplified geological map of the Coastal Batholith and while the absence of basic rocks in the Cordillera Blanc
the Cordillera Blanca Batholith in the region north of Lima. Batholith serves to emphasise the distinctive trondhjemitic
Horizontal lines mark the segment used in calculating the areal character of the latter (see Drummond and Defant 1990).
extent of the two batholiths. Measurements were from the coast
to the thrust fault system, east of Huaraz. C Metamoprhism, deformation and fluid water
interactions and peraluminosity
Pegmatite and aplite rare, Pegmatite and aplite
within a strike-slip system, within a transtensional and centimetric in size; common along western
over the period strike-slip, pull apart, over margin, veins reaching tens
100-37 Ma. the period 13-3 Ma. of metres in width; they
Uplift in Upper Uplift in Miocene. appear to relate to fluid
Cretaceous and Lower movement along this
Tertiary. boundary (Jones et al.,
1992).
The close association of the CB with the volcano- deformation is local and strong penetrative
genie Albian basin was discussed by Atherton ( 1990) limited to some early units. deformation associated with
and the close spatial relationship between the “miogeo- the fault is restricted to the
syncline”, the Chicama Formation (Fig. 1) and the Cor- western margin (Petford
dillera Blanca fault by Cobbing ef ul. (198 1) and and Atherton 1992);
Petford and Atherton (1992). Specifically, both batho- no perlauminious minerals muscovite in deformed
liths were intruded into basinal systems related to con- in any of the granitic granitic rocks; garnet,
tinental margin extension which started in the Jurassic rocks; cordierite, spinel,
at least. andalusite in aplite;
contact relations sharp, strong, localised contact
rare interaction with interactions; tourmaline,
B Character of the plutonism country rock; mica common;
Composition - Composition - mainly subdued high level-low P, extensive deformed
dominantly tonalite, with high-sodium undeformed aureole, with aureole, with garnet,
subordinate diorite, leucogranodiorite, with scapolite, diopside staurolite, cordierite,
grano-diorite and granite; minor diorite, tonalite; (Atherton and Brenchley, andalusite and sillimanite;
many superunits show a no continuous basic - 1972);
basic - acid sequence acid sequence, although K-Ar dates relate to Ar-Ar dates reveal fine age
related to fractionation; some very acid variants intrusion (Beckinsale et structure, partly related to
show limited al., 1985) deformation (Petford and
fractionation; Atherton, 1992).
 Plutonism and the growth of Andean Crust at 9”s from 100 to 3 Ma 3

Table 1

Selected analyses of rocks from the Cordillera Blanca Batholith and Coastal Batholith

Cordillera Blanca

3.51 3.03 -3.88 3.65 3.88-4.03

Average analysis (with ranges) of 14 Cordillera Blanca leucogranodiorites (Aver. Leuco); 14 Coastal Batholith late granites
(Q&s); Representative analysis of early basic facies (EBF), late basic facies (LBF) and basic facks (BF) from the Cordillera
Bianca Batholith compared to similar rocks Tom the Paccho, Nepeti and Santa Rosa superunits of the Coastal Batholith. Starred
trace elements by NNAA, others by XRF analysis.
 M.P. ATHERTON and N. PETFORD

Leucogranodiorites
+ granodiorite
Sample SiO, %
0 928 70
A 925 72
0 915 72
= 914 68

0 Quartz dioritl
0 Granite

lot

Cordillera Blanca

1c

, Ba Rb U Th K Nb La Ce Sr Nd P Zr Ti

Fig. 2. Mantle normalised trace element diagrams for leucogranodiorites and a granodiorite from the Cordillera Blanca Batholith and
a granite and quartz diorite from the Santa Rosa super-unit on the Lima segment of the Coastal Batholith. Note that the Cordillera
Blanca rocks lack the LIL element hump and typical Sr depletion characteristic of the granites of the Coastal Batholith which were
derived by crystal fractionation. Depletions in P and Ti in rocks from both batholiths, relates mainly to source retention, although
some may result from local high level fractionation involving apatite and an iron-titanium mineral (Petford and Atherton, in prep.,
Atherton and Sanderson, 1985).

TRANSVERSE (EAST-WEST) VARIATIONS IN Ranges Batholith of S. California (Gromet and Silver,

CHEMISTRY AT 9”s
A common characteristic of Cordilleran plutonism is
the migration of the site of melting and crystallization
with time inboard of the continental margin. It is usually,
but nut always, accompanied by compositional changes,
such as an increase of K,O and incompatible element
abundances. Thus Saunders et al. (1980) demonstrated
systematic increases in K/Si, Rb/Si, Th/Si and to a lesser
extent Ce/Si and La/Si with increasing distance from the
trench across the Antarctic Peninsula. They related this to
an increasingly enriched continental mantle inboard
rather than depth to the seismic zone or distance from the
trench (Whitford et ul., 1979). Similar variations in vol-
canic rocks from Chile have been related to degree of
upper crustal contamination (Avila-Salinas, 199 1) or
alternatively smaller degrees of partial melting at low
P,,,, of the mantle inboard. In the Cretaceous and Terti-
ary Batholiths of the Andean cycle in Chile there is an
increase in La/Yb and Sr initial ratio (McNutt et al.,
1975), similar to that seen in the Cretaceous Peninsula
1987). Trends in the Sierra Nevada Batholith however
involve Kb, Rb as well as Sr initial and have been related
to deep sources near the crust-mantle boundary (presum-
ably involving some MASH-type process?). To the east in
western north America peraluminous rocks are considered
to relate to a dominantly crustal source and be the other
important element in the model of dual plutonic belts in
which tonalitic batholiths associated with extensive
andesites lie outboard of a metamoprhic belt with migma-
tites and two mica granites (Pitcher, 1983). However,
although many circum-Pacific belt plutonic zones appear
to conform to the model, many do not e.g. the Mesozoic
to Palaeogene magmatism in Japan and the Lachlan and
North Queensland belts of Australia.
In this paper the chemical differences between the “I”-
type Coastal Batholith forming part of the “marginal arc”
and the cordillera Blanca Batholith with an apparent crus-
tal signature (“S-type) are related to changes in enriched
continental mantle inboard and the depth of generation of
the partial melts which formed the batholiths.
 Plutonism and the growth of Andean Crust at 9”s from 100 to 3 Ma 5

Chemical differences between the two batoliths can be
seen on almost all two component diagrams although in
many cases these are quite subtle. Furthermore, behaviour
across the whole compositional range is often in the
opposite sense e.g. TiO, in the CBB tends to be higher in
the more basic rocks and lower in acid rocks compared to
the CB. Here discussion will be restricted to elements
which have previously been shown to vary inboard from
continental margins or are important in modelling source.
In the traverse in northern Peru there is no increase in
K, Rb, Th, or Ce inboard (Fig. 3) but there is a marked
increase in Na,O, Ta, Sr, La,/Yb, and possibly A/CNK
(Fig. 4) although in the case of the A/CNK ratio it only
relates to those rocks, mostly with high SiO, values,
which come from the western deformed margin of the
CBB.
Transverse variations at 9”s in Peru do not conform to
any of the simple models put forward for continental mar-
gins. Thus the increase in peraluminosity inboard in some
rocks of the CBB is not related to an old crustal compo-
nent in the source. Indeed there is no old crust beneath
this sector of Peru (Atherton and Petford, 1993). Rather it
and the resultant muscovite relates to late deformation,
associated with fluid infiltration and alkali loss, which
was strongly partitioned along the megafault system at
the western margin of the batholith (Petford and Atherton,
1992). For most of the rocks there is no difference in
A/CNK in the two batholiths and both show a gentle
trend to peraluminous compositions above about 65%
SiOz (Fig. 4). To understand these variations it is neces-
sary to appreciate the crustal structure at 9”s.
Nature of the Crust Beneath Northern Peru
The crustal structure beneath the Andes of northern
Peru is best considered in relation to two sets of geo-
physical data. The first, the work of Fukao et al. (1989)
and Kono et al. (1989) and second, the work of Couch et
al. (1981) and Jones et al. (1981) both using gravity data.
The first is more concerned with the high Andes espe-
cially beneath the Western Cordillera where the Cordillera
Blanca Batholith crops out; the former relates to the crus-
tal structure in the coastal region where the Coastal
Batholith crops out.
The conclusion of Kono et al. (1989) with regard to
the crust beneath the Cordillera Blanca was that it is
essentially in isostatic equilibrium and together with the
lack of folding and faulting in the adjacent altiplano indi-
cates uplift occurred without much deformation (see also
Megard, 1984). Kono et al. (1989) considered that young
oceanic lithosphere was being subducted shallowly under
the continent at high speed for a substantial time, allow-
ing major build-up of magmatic material eastwards under
the altiplano since the Miocene. The induced secondary

c 300 0
‘I 0 Coastal Batholith •I Coastal Batholith 0
5 _ m Cordillera Blanca Batholith n . n Cordillen Blanca a
Batholith

4- 200 -

Rb
K20 3-
2- 100 -
n

40 50 60 70 so
Si02

Th 4o
30

20

10

0
50 60 70 80 40 50 60 70 I 80

Si02 Si02
Fig. 3. Harker plots for K,O, Rb, Th and Ce indicating there is no consistent difference in these elements (oxide) between the two
batholiths. Rocks above 74% SiO, in the Cordillera Blanca are aplites or pegmatitic rocks and are depleted in Th and Ce. There are
no equivalent rocks in the Coastal Batholith; those with high SiO, are granites (ss). Data from Atherton and Sanderson (1985) and
Petford and Atherton in prep.
6 M.P. ATHERTON and N. PETFORD

6 , Y I

5-

4- m
m 600

Na20 3 q
qn Sr
n 400
2-
0 Coastal Batholith
200
l-
m Cordillcra Blanca Batholith

0 I I I 0
40 50 60 70 80
Si02 Si02
_
2.0 . 0 Coastal Batholith
0 Coastal Uatholiih
. n Cordillcra Blauca Uathoiith . = 1.4 n Cordillera Blanca I
. ‘ n
Batholith

0.0 ! I 1
0.6 : 1 I -I
50 60 70 80 50 60 70 60

Si02 Si02
Fig. 4. Harker plots for Na,O, Ta and Sr for rocks of the Cordillera Blanca Batholith and the Coastal Batholith showing the higher
Na,O, Ta and Sr and the erratic higher A/CNK values of some of the more evolved rocks of the Cordillera Blanca Batholith (data
from Atherton and Sanderson, 1985 and Petford and Atherton in prep).

convection in the mantle above the slab providing a large
reservoir for melt extraction from the mantle wedge.
Shallow subduction produced volumetrically large vol-
umes of magma forming a major under/intraplate.
The crustal section near the coast north of Lima which
underlies the Coastal Batholith shows extensive splitting
of the continental crust and a major arch structure of 3 gm
cmm3 density material within the rift. This marginal rifting
occurred in the Albian with insertion of basic volcanic
material to a maximum thickness of 10 km in the result-
ant basin above the dense arch structure (Atherton and
Webb, 1989). After the basin filled and was inverted the
Batholith was intruded mainly within the outcrop of the
basin (Atherton, 1990 and Fig. 1). Most of the crustal
thickening is related to this event.
Thus in this sector there is no evidence of crustal
thickening by tectonism; growth is essentially by magma
insertion and underplating. Crustal formation occurring
mainly in the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary in the
west and in the Miocene under the axial region of the
Andes to the east. In both crustal sections the Batholiths
lie above dense (3.0 gm cmm3 and 2.9 gm cm-‘) material.
In the case of the arch material this has been variously
considered to be imbricate ocean crust, mafic-gabbroic, or
upper mantle material intruded or thrust into its present
position (Jones er al., 1981).
The marginal basinal material
(Atherton and Webb, 1989) while the crust under the Cor-
dillera Blanca which was thickened by magma accretion
from the wedge above a subduction zone produced rocks
with densities compatible with basalt or perhaps basaltic
andesite (Kono et al., 1989). This is in line with the net
flux from the mantle to crust along destructive margins
being basaltic (Ellam and Hawkesworth, 1988).
The difference in composition between the two batho-
liths relates to shallow melting (> 10 km) of Albian basin
basaltic fill to produce the CB magmas (Atherton, 1990)
and deep melting (ca. 50 km) of the newly thickened
basaltic keel of the Andes in the Miocene to produce the
CBB magmas (Atherton and Petford, 1993). Both are
therefore crustal melts of new basaltic material from the
mantle, inserted within the rifted marginal basin at the
continental lip (CB) and under/intraplated the base of the
thickening keel (CBB). This two stage model for batho-
lith formation which involves melting of basaltic crust
recently added from the mantle is compatible with the
isotopic data which indicates both batholiths have domi-
nantly mantle signatures with no old continental crust
component (Muksasa and Tilton, 1984; Beckinsale et al.,
1985; Petford and Atherton this volume).
CB magmas are talc-alkali with compositions deter-
mined by slab enriched sources with residues of mainly
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole and plagioclase. In contrast
the Na-rich magmas of the CBB are more alkalic and
is essentially basaltic relate to garnet, horblende + plagioclase residues in the
 Plutonism and the growth of Andean Crust at 9”s from 100 to 3 Ma 7

high-Al tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) field of

. l CordillemBlanca
Batholith Drummond and Defant (1990). As adakites and Archean
I
I
I
I
I a CoastalBatholith high-Al TTG rocks are considered to be slab melts by
I
many workers (see Drummond and Defant, 1990) it
‘1’ -&k&e 6yi Archem high-Al lTG
might be argued that the Cordillera Blanca rocks are too,
I-
’be : I
I+ \ especially as they have very similar characteristics
l , . \
\a.., ;. \ (Table 1). However the evidence, particularly with regard
to the age of the oceanic slab, which is too cold and too
old to melt (Atherton and Petford, 1993) is overwhelm-
ingly in favour of lower crust melting. This being so it
might be pertinent to query the uniqueness of the charac-
teristics of slab melts as shown in Table 2.

Similar Tertiary Na-rich plutons in Chile in the high

ll-
Andes inboard of older plutons suggest that this trans-
0 10 20 30
verse pattern is not unique to Peru. However, it is clear
Y r.v that this variation will only relate to sectors of the conti-
Fig. 5. WY v Y plot for rocks of the Coastal and the Cordillera nental margin where the source is basaltic and old lower
Blanca Batholiths. The rocks of the CBB fall in the Adakite and crust is not involved (see Petford and Atherton, this vol-
Archean high-Al TTG field (see Atherton and Petford, 1993) ume). It follows that in many cases spatial variation may
while the CB rocks fall in the Island are andesite-dacite-thyolite well be unique to a particular continental segment.
fields.

PLUTONIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE ANDEAN

source. The magmas of the Cordillera Blanca are Y and
HREE poor, due to retention in garnet, and Sr enriched
due to anorthitic plagioclase being relatively unstable at
depths near 50 km (Rushmer, 1993). They are also Ta
enriched relative to the Coastal Batholith (Fig. 4) indicat-
ing a within plate component, which becomes more
important with increasing distance into the continent
away from the influence of water-rich subduction proc-
esses in the mantle wedge.
The batholiths are readily distinguished on a SrN v Y
plot (Fig. 5) in which the Coastal Batholith rocks plot in
the Island Arc andesite - dacite - rhyolite (ADR) field
i.e. mantle wedge derived magmas while the Cordillera
Blanca Batholith rocks plot in the Adakite/Archean
CRUST BETWEEN 100 AND 3 MA
Plutonic additions to the Andean crust at 9”s since
100 Ma began with the Coastal Batholith where intrusion
took place along the same lineament for 63 Ma. Geo-
physical work indicates the batholith was assembled from
multiple plutons, the whole forming a thin tabular struc-
ture with an aspect ratio (width to thickness) near 20.
Individual plutons have values near 5 (Aederle pers.
comm.) and maximum thicknesses do not exceed 10 km.
The Cordillera Blanca Batholith was intruded over a
period of 10 Ma. The 3-D geometry is less well known
that of the Coastal Batholith, but with exposed sections
extending vertically over 1,000 m along the length of the

TABLE 2

Characteristics Cordillera Coastal

of slab melts Blanca Batholith
Batholith from mantle
granite \wedge
La/Yb >20 71 13.2

Sr/Y >40 67 9

Yb I l-l.5 0.36 1.99

Y 515-18 6.9 23.9

Al@, >15% 15.1 14

Contemporaneous very very voluminous

basic rock rare rare synplutonic

Na,O 4.31 3.67

8 M.P. ATHERTON and N. PETFORD

batholith it would appear that the minimum volume of the turn ut a Plate Edge: The Peruvian Andes (edited by Pitcher, W.S.,
Atherton, M.P., Cobbing, E.J. & Beckinsale, R.D.). pp. 177-202.
Cordillera Blanca Batholith is some 6,000 km3 (Petford el
Blackie Halstead Press, Glasgow, 328~.
al., 1993).
Cobbing, E.J., Pitcher, W.S.. Wilson, J.J., Baldock. J.W., Taylor, W.P.,
Assuming therefore, an average thickness of about McCourt, W. & Snelling, N.J. 1981. The geology of the western
5 km for both batholiths and ignoring the high level Cordillera of northern Peru. Overseas Memoir Institute Geological
stocks which, although important petrogenetically and Sciences 5, 143p.

economically, are vulumetrically minor (< 3% of the post Corra, B., Davidson, J.. Mpodozis, C. & Ramos, V. 1982. Tectonic and
100 Ma plutonism), we can estimate the contribution of magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile.
plutonic rocks to the crustal segment south of Trujillo and Earth Science Reviews 18. 303-332.

north of the southern tip of the Cordillera Blanca and Couch, R., Whitsett, R., Huehn, B. & Briceno-Guarupe, L. 1981. Struc-
from the coast to the thrust fault marking the eastern tures of the continental margin in Peru and Chile. In: Nazcu Plate;
margin of the Chicama basin (Fig. 1). Crude calculations Crustal formation and Andean convergence (edited by L.D. Kulm,
D. Dymond, E. Dasch & D.M. Hussong). Memoir Geological Soci-
indicate the batholiths make up 39% by area, or
ety America 154, 703-726.
2,585 km2 of this segment. Taking an average thickness
of 5 km, this indicates 14,290 km3 of batholith material Didter, 1 1973. Granites and their enclaves. The bearing of enclaves on
the origin of granites. Development in Petrology 3, Elsevier. 393~.
was intruded into the upper few kilometres of the crust in
this segment. Drummond, M.S. & Defant, M.J. 1990. A model for trondhjemite -
tonalite - dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting:
This plutonic addition represents shallow and deep Archean to modem comparisons. Journal Geophysical Research 96,
partial melting of new basaltic crust of less than 20% for 21503-21521.

the granites and granodiorities, and up to 40% for the Ellam. R.M. & Hawkesworth, C.J. 1988. Is average continental crust
tonalites and diorites (Petford and Atherton, in press). generated at subduction zones? Geology 16, 314-317.
Such values imply that a maximum of 70,000 km’ of WM’
Fukao, Y.. Yamamoto, A. cb Kono, M. 1989. Gravity anomaly across the
crust was involved in the production of the batholith Peruvian Andes. Journal of Geophysical Research 94, 3867-3890.
rocks in the 90 km long section at 9”S, over the period
Gromet, L.P. & Silver, L.T. 1987. REE variations across the Peninsular
100 Ma to 3 Ma.
Ranges Batholith: implications for batholithic petrogenesis and crus-
tal growth in magmtic arcs. Journal of Petrology 28, 75-125.

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