TYPES OF MOTION  Speed

What does motion mean?

Types of motion in physics
“A body is said to be in motion,if it changes its position with  Velocity
respect to its surroundings.”  Acceleration

Surroundings are the places in its neighborhood where various If we observe carefully, we will find that everything in the
objects are present.The state of rest or motion of a body is universe is in motion. However, different objects move
relative.For example,a passenger sitting in a moving bus is at differently. Some objects move along a straight line, some
rest because he is not changing his position with respect to move in a curved path, and some move in some other way.
other passengers or objects in the bus.But to an observer According to this we can say that there are three types of
outside the bus,the passengers and the objects inside the bus motion. Which are given as :
are in motion.Therefore we can defined rest as “A body is said
 Translatory motion
to be at rest ,if it does not change its position with respect to its
 Rotatory motion
surroundings.”
 Vibratory motion
We live in a universe of continual motion. In every piece of
matter, the atoms are in state of never ending motion .We move Translatory motion
around the Earth’s surface, while the earth moves in its orbit
around the sun. The sun and the stars, too, are in motion.
Everything in the vastness of space is in a state of perpetual
motion. Every physical process involves motion of some sort.
Because of its importance in the physical world around us .It is
logical that we should give due attention to the study of
motion. Motion is commonly described in terms of:

 Displacement
 Distance
 Time
“In transnational motion,a body moves along a line without any
rotation.The line may be straight or curved.”Watch how
various objects are moving.Do they move along a straight
line?Do they move along a circle?A car moving in a straight
line has transnational motion.Similarly,an aeroplane moving
straight is in transnational motion. Translatory motion is
further divided into linear motion,circular motion and random
motion.
Examples of translatory motion in daily life
 Motion of train
 motion of earth
 motion of birds
 motion of insects
 motion of aero plane
 motion of gas molecules
Linear motion
“Straight line motion of a body is known as its linear
motion.” linear motion
We come across many objects which are moving in a
straight line. The motion of objects such as car
moving on a straight and level road is linear motion.
Aero planes flying straight in air and objects failing
vertically down are also the examples of linear
motion.
In the above diagram a boy is sliding in straight line
which is the example of linear motion.
Linear motion examples in daily life
 Motion of car on the road
 Motion of football
 Sliding a boy in straight line is the example
of linear motion
Circular motion
“The motion of an object in a circular path is known
as circular motion.” A toy train moving on a circular
track . Earth revolving around the sun is the example
of circular motion.
A bicycle or a car moving along a circular track
possesses circular motion.Motion of moon around
earth is also example of circular motion.
Examples of circular motion in daily life
 Motion of electron around the nucleus
 Motion of toy car on circular track
 Motion of planets around the sun
Random motion
“The disordered or irregular motion of a body is
called random motion.” Have you noticed the type of
motion of insects and birds? Their movements are
irregular and disorder. Motion of insects and birds is
random motion. The motion of dust or smoke
particles in the air is also random motion. The
Brownian motion of a gas or liquid molecules along a
zig–zag is also an example of random motion.”
Random motion of gas molecules is called Brownian
motion.”
Rotatory motion
“The spinning motion of a body about its axis is
called its rotatory motion.”
Study the motion of a tap. It is spinning about an axis. “The motion of a body about its mean position is
Particles of the spinning top move in circles and thus known as vibratory motion.”
individual particles possess circular motion. Does the
Consider a baby in a swing as shown in above figure.
top possess circular motion? The top spins about its
As it is pushed, the swing moves back and forth about
axis passing through it and thus it possess rotatory
its mean position. The motion of the baby repeats
motion .An axis is a line around which a body rotates.
from one extreme to the other extreme with the swing.
In circular motion, the point about which a body goes
Motion of pendulum of a clock about its mean
around, is outside the body. In rotatory motion, the
position, is also example of vibratory motion.
lone, around which a body moves about, is passing
Children playing in a sea saw is the example of
through the body itself.
vibratory motion . Besides these examples a baby in a
Examples of rotatory motion in daily life cradle moving to and fro, to and fro motion of the
hammer of a ringing electric bell and the motion of
 The motion of the earth about its geographic the string of a sitar are some of the examples of
axis that causes day and night is rotatory vibratory motion. Simple harmonic motion is also
motion. example of vibratory motion
 The motion of wheel about its axis and that
of steering wheel are the examples of
rotatory motion.

Vibratory motion

Isaac Newton
Who Was Isaac Newton?
Isaac Newton (January 4, 1643 to March 31, 1727)
was a physicist and mathematician who developed the
principles of modern physics, including the laws of
motion, and is credited as one of the great minds of
the 17th century Scientific Revolution. In 1687, he
published his most acclaimed work, Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy), which has been
called the single most influential book on physics. In
1705, he was knighted by Queen Anne of England,
making him Sir Isaac Newton.
When Was Isaac Newton Born?
Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in
Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. Using the "old"
Julien calendar, Newton's birth date is sometimes
displayed as December 25, 1642.
Isaac Newton’s Discoveries
Newton made discoveries in optics, motion and
mathematics. Newton theorized that white light was a
composite of all colors of the spectrum, and that light
was composed of particles. His momentous book on
physics, Principia, contains information on nearly all
of the essential concepts of physics except energy,
ultimately helping him to explain the laws of motion
and the theory of gravity. Along with mathematician
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Newton is credited
for developing essential theories of calculus.
What Did Isaac Newton Invent?

Newton's first major public scientific achievement
was designing and constructing a reflecting telescope
in 1668. As a professor at Cambridge, Newton was
required to deliver an annual course of lectures and
chose optics as his initial topic. He used his telescope
to study optics and help prove his theory of light and
color. The Royal Society asked for a demonstration of
his reflecting telescope in 1671, and the organization's
interest encouraged Newton to publish his notes on
light, optics and color in 1672. These notes were later
published as part of Newton's Opticks : Or, A treatise
of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and
Colours of Light.
The Apple Myth
Between 1665 and 1667, Newton returned home from
Trinity College to pursue his private study, as school
was closed due to the Great Plague. Legend has it
that, at this time, Newton experienced his famous
inspiration of gravity with the falling apple.
According to this common myth, Newton was sitting
under an apple tree when a fruit fell and hit him on the
head, inspiring him to suddenly come up with the
theory of gravity. While there is no evidence that the
apple actually hit Newton on the head, he did see an
apple fall from a tree, leading him to wonder why it
fell straight down and not at an angle. Consequently,
he began exploring the theories of motion and gravity.
It was during this 18-month hiatus as a student that
Newton conceived many of his most important
insights—including the method of infinitesimal
calculus, the foundations for his theory of light and
color, and the laws of planetary motion—that
eventually led to the publication of his physics book
Principia and his theory of gravity.
'Principia' and Newton’s Laws of Motion
In 1687, following 18 months of intense and
effectively nonstop work, Newton published
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy),
most often known as Principia. It is said to be the
single most influential book on physics and possibly
all of science. Its publication immediately raised
Newton to international prominence.
Principia offers an exact quantitative description of
bodies in motion, with three basic laws of motion:
1) A stationary body will stay stationary unless an
external force is applied to it.
2) Force is equal to mass times acceleration, and a
change in motion (i.e., change in speed) is
proportional to the force applied.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
Newton and the Theory of Gravity
Newton’s three basic laws of motion outlined in
Principia helped him arrive at his theory of gravity.
Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that two
objects attract each other with a force of gravitational
attraction that’s proportional to their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers.
These laws helped explain not only elliptical planetary
orbits but nearly every other motion in the universe:
how the planets are kept in orbit by the pull of the
sun’s gravity; how the moon revolves around Earth
and the moons of Jupiter revolve around it; and how
comets revolve in elliptical orbits around the sun.
They also allowed him to calculate the mass of each
planet, calculate the flattening of the Earth at the poles
and the bulge at the equator, and how the gravitational
pull of the sun and moon create the Earth’s tides. In
Newton's account, gravity kept the universe balanced,
made it work, and brought heaven and Earth together
in one great equation.
Early Life and Family
Isaac Newton was the only son of a prosperous local
farmer, also named Isaac Newton, who died three
months before he was born. A premature baby born
tiny and weak, Newton was not expected to survive.
When he was 3 years old, his mother, Hannah
Ayscough Newton, remarried a well-to-do minister,
Barnabas Smith, and went to live with him, leaving
young Newton with his maternal grandmother. The
experience left an indelible imprint on Newton, later
manifesting itself as an acute sense of insecurity. He
anxiously obsessed over his published work,
defending its merits with irrational behavior.
At age 12, Newton was reunited with his mother after
her second husband died. She brought along her three
small children from her second marriage.
Albert Einstein
Who Was Albert Einstein?
Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 to April 18, 1955)
was a German mathematician and physicist who
developed the special and general theories of
relativity. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for physics
for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. In the
following decade, he immigrated to the U.S. after
being targeted by the Nazis. His work also had a
major impact on the development of atomic energy. In
his later years, Einstein focused on unified field
theory. With his passion for inquiry, Einstein is
generally considered the most influential physicist of
the 20th century.
Albert Einstein’s Inventions and Discoveries
As a physicist, Einstein had many discoveries, but he
is perhaps best known for his theory of relativity and
the equation E=MC2, which foreshadowed the
development of atomic power and the atomic bomb.
Theory of Relativity
Einstein first proposed a special theory of relativity in
1905 in his paper, “On the Electrodynamics of
Moving Bodies,” taking physics in an electrifying
new direction. By November 1915, Einstein
completed the general theory of relativity. Einstein
considered this theory the culmination of his life
research. He was convinced of the merits of general
relativity because it allowed for a more accurate
prediction of planetary orbits around the sun, which
fell short in Isaac Newton’s theory, and for a more
expansive, nuanced explanation of how gravitational
forces worked. Einstein's assertions were affirmed via
observations and measurements by British
astronomers Sir Frank Dyson and Sir Arthur
Eddington during the 1919 solar eclipse, and thus a
global science icon was born.
Einstein’s E=MC2
Einstein’s 1905 paper on the matter/energy
relationship proposed the equation E=MC2: energy of
a body (E) is equal to the mass (M) of that body times
the speed of light squared (C2). This equation
suggested that tiny particles of matter could be
converted into huge amounts of energy, a discovery
that heralded atomic power. Famed quantum theorist
Max Planck backed up the assertions of Einstein, who
thus became a star of the lecture circuit and academia,
taking on various positions before becoming director
of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics from 1913
to 1933.
Family
Albert Einstein grew up in a secular Jewish family.
His father, Hermann Einstein, was a salesman and
engineer who, with his brother, founded
Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a Munich-
based company that manufactured electrical
equipment. Albert’s mother, the former Pauline Koch,
ran the family household. Einstein had one sister,
Maja, born two years after him.
Einstein’s Wives and Children
Albert Einstein married Milena Maric on Jan. 6, 1903.
While attending school in Zurich, Einstein met Maric,
a Serbian physics student. Einstein continued to grow
closer to Maric, but his parents were strongly against
the relationship due to her ethnic background.
Nonetheless, Einstein continued to see her, with the
When and Where Was Albert Einstein Born?
two developing a correspondence via letters in which
he expressed many of his scientific ideas. Einstein’s Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm,
father passed away in 1902, and the couple married Württemberg, Germany.
thereafter.

That same year the couple had a daughter, Lieserl,

who might have been later raised by Maric's relatives
or given up for adoption. Her ultimate fate and
whereabouts remain a mystery. The couple went on to
have two sons, Hans and Eduard. The marriage would
not be a happy one, with the two divorcing in 1919
and Maric having an emotional breakdown in
connection to the split. Einstein, as part of a
settlement, agreed to give Maric any funds he might
receive from possibly winning the Nobel Prize in the
future.

During his marriage to Maric, Einstein had also begun

an affair some time earlier with a cousin, Elsa
Löwenthal. The couple wed in 1919, the same year of
Einstein’s divorce. He would continue to see other
women throughout his second marriage, which ended
with Löwenthal's death in 1936.