Brief History of Chemical Engineering

CHECAL1 Mathematical Principles and Procedures
Dr. Susan A. Roces AY 2016-2017
Brief History of Chemical Engineering:
 1878
 George Edward Davis (1850-1906), an English consultant,
published a lecture series at the Manchester Technical
School which defined Chemical Engineering as a discipline.
 Davis is generally credited with initiating the concept of
Chemical Engineering and regarded as the Father of
Chemical Engineering.
 He wrote the influential book: A Handbook of Chemical
Engineering in 1904
 1888
Lewis M. Norton (1855–1893) taught the first Chemical
Engineering course in the United States at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT).
 1916
Arthur Dehon Little (1863-1935) coined the term, unit
operations to explain industrial chemistry processes.
Together with Little, William H. Walker (1869-1934) and
Warren K. Lewis (1882-1975) were among the pioneers who
defined Chemical Engineering as a distinct profession with a
characteristic training and approach.
1
RA 9297 – “The Chemical Engineering Law of 2004”
Chemical Engineer
☺ a natural person duly registered and a holder of a valid
Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification
Card issued by the Board of Chemical Engineering and the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).
A Chemical Engineer conceptualizes, develops, designs,

improves and applies safety, healthy, ethical and economic ways
of utilizing materials and energy in unit processes and unit
operations for the benefit of society and environment through
the application of chemical engineering subjects and the
knowledge of natural and physical science, mathematics,
information technology and other general education subjects.
Board of Chemical Engineering:

1. Dr. Ofelia Bulaong – Chairman
2. Engr. Jeffrey G. Mijares – member
3. Engr. Cyd P. Aguilera - member
What can Chemical Engineers do?
Chemical Engineers work in a wide variety of industries in

addition to chemicals and petroleum industries:
☺biotechnology
☺drugs and pharmaceuticals
☺fats and oils
☺fertilizer and agricultural chemicals
☺food and beverages
☺lime and cement
2
☺metallurgical and metal products

☺paints, varnishes and pigments
☺pesticides and herbicides
☺plastic materials and synthetic resins
☺solid state materials
☺government
☺academe
Chemical Engineers focus on design, operation, control, trouble

shooting, research management and even politics.
The design of a chemical plant involves three areas:

1. process
2. unit - operation
3. plant - design problems
Process requires attention of the following:

1. preparation of the material and energy balances of the
process
2. establishment of the duties to be performed by the various
items of equipment
Unit – operation
☺ requires determination of the process specifications of the
equipment necessary to perform the duties.
Plant – design problems:

☺ problems of equipment and material selection and the
integration of the various units into a coordinated plan.
3
Time Plan of Procedures

in Chemical Engineering Calculations:
Logical procedure and neat presentation facilitate the
solution of problems and help to prevent the calculation of
unnecessary quantities. The experience of many authors of
books on Chemical Engineering Calculations has shown the
advantage of conformity to the following code:
1. Read the entire problem carefully.
2. Sketch a diagram or simplified flow-sheet of the system

or process. It is often helpful to indicate all pertinent
data or the drawing itself.
3. Write down balanced chemical equations for all the

chemical reactions that occur in the process. Include the
heat effects involved.
4. Plan the solution.

 If the problem is long, make a brief outline of the steps
in the calculation.
 Define the unknown
 Set down possible relevant equations where the
unknown is a factor
 Identify the indirectly given data from these equation,
extract these data from tables and charts or determine
from available equations, substitutes these and the
directly given data into the main equation to obtain
the unknown values.
4
 A complete cycle is traced.
5. Choose a convenient basis. The first choice maybe

tentative.
6. Apply material, element and component balances.
7. Apply energy balances.
8. Used known equilibrium relations applicable to the

process.
9. Employ the relevant reaction-rate relations.
10. Review your solution with a critical eye, making sure

that proper units and labels are attached to the numerical
results, for a number is meaningless without units and
labels.
Note: This course deals only with material balances. Consult

references for the correct procedures of applying energy
balances, equilibrium relations and reaction-rate
equations.
Mathematical Principles and Procedures:
The use of units and dimensions along with the numbers in

calculations require attention.
The proper use of units and dimensions has the following

practical benefits:
5
☻ eliminates considerable time in problem solving because it

reduces intermediate calculations
☻ enable to approach the problem in logical manner
☻ calculation is reduced to simple ratios
☻ it diminished inadvertent inversion of any portion of the
calculations
Definitions:
Dimensions = are properties that can be measured such as

length, time, mass, temperature, etc. or calculated by
multiplying or dividing other dimensions such as velocity,
volume, density, etc.
Two kinds of dimensions:

1. Primary quantities (Fundamental quantities) = the quantity of
a particular dimensional system which are arbitrarily
choose for convenience in setting up scales of measure.
Examples: length, time, mass, temperature, electric charge
2. Secondary quantities (Derived quantities) = a derived quantity

whose dimension is expressed in terms of the dimensions
of primary quantities.
Examples:
Volume = (length) (width) (height)
mass mass
Density  
volume (length ) ( width ) (height )
6
work (mass) (accelerati on) dis tan ce 

Power  
time time
Units = are specific values of dimensions that have been

defined by convention, law or custom such as feet,
meter or miles for length; seconds, minutes or hours
for time, etc.
Label = the word which accompanies a unit to express the kind

of material
Ex. “ 10 barrels gasoline”, “10 % oleum”
Components of a system of units:

1. Fundamental (or basic) dimensions/units = are those that can
be measured independently and are sufficient to describe a
physical quantity.
2. Multiple Units = are those defined as multiple or fractions of
base units
3. Derived (or compound) dimensions/units = are those that can
be obtained as follows:
 Multiplication or division of base or multiple units such as
cm2, ft3/h, kg ● m /s2, etc.
 As defined equivalents of compound units such as P (1
kg/m ● s), erg (1 g ● cm/s2), etc.
Two Metric Systems:

1. American Engineering System Units – English System
2. Systeme Internationale System – SI System
7
 consists of seven (7) base or fundamental units and

twenty-two (22) named units derived from SI base units.
Note:
☺ we are now gradually switching to the SI system so that the
entire world may be placed on a common basis
☻ much of the data needed by Engineers for analysis is only
available in English System and a great deal of equipment
specifications is based on it.
☺ Chemical Engineers must be conversant in both SI and
English units, and be able to convert any unit from one
system to the other with ease.
SI Units
Physical Name of Unit Symb Definition of
Quantities ol for Unit
Unit
Fundamental or
base units
Length (L) meter m
Mass (M) kilogram kg
Time (T) second s
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of Mole mol
Substance
Electric current ampere A
Luminous candela cd
intensity
Named units
derived from SI
base units
8
Angle radian rad

Solid angle steradian sr
Frequency (1/T) hertz Hz s-1
Force(ML/T2) newton N kg●m●s-2
J●m-1
Pressure(M/LT2) newton per N ● m-2
square meter,
pascal Pa
Energy (ML2/T2) joule J kg●m2●s-2
Power(ML2/T3) Watts W kg●m2●s-3
J●s-1
Electric charge coulomb C s●A
Voltage, volt V kg●m2●s-3●A
electromotive
force (W/A)
Electric farad F kg-1●m - 2●s4●A2
capacitance (C/V)
Electric resistance ohm kg●m2●s-3●A-2
(V/A)
Electrical siemens S kg-1●m - 2●s3●A2
conductance
(A/V)
Magnetic flux weber Wb kg●m2●s-2A-1
(v● s)
Magnetic field tesla T kg●s-2●A-1
strength Wb/m2
Inductance henry H kg●m2●s-2●A-2
Wb/A
o
Temperature degree Celsius C
Luminous flux lumen lm cd
9
cd ● sr
Illuminance lux lx m2●cd
lm/m2
Radioactivity becquerel Bq s-1
Absorbed dose gray Gy m2●s-2
J/kg
Equivalent dose sievert Sv m2●s-2
J/kg
Catalytic activity katal kat s-1●mol
English System
Physical Name of Unit Symbol
Quantities for Unit
(Dimensions) Basic Units
Length (L) Feet Ft
Mass (M) pound (mass) lbm
Time (T) second, hour s, hr
o
Temperature degree Rankine R
Force (F) Pound (force) lbf
Derived Units
Energy (LF) British thermal unit, foot- Btu,
pound (force) (ft) (lbf)
Power(LF/T) horsepower Hp
Density pound (mass) per cubic lbm/ft3
foot
Velocity(L/T) feet per second Ft/s
Acceleration(L/T2) feet per second squared Ft/s2
Pressure(F/L2) pound (force) per square lbf/in.2
inch
Heat Capacity Btu per pound mass per
Btu/(lbm)
10
degree F (oF)
Frequency (1/T) Hertz Hz
Rules in handling units:

1. You can add, subtract or equate numerical quantities only if
the units of the quantities are the same.
Examples:
1. 10 pounds + 5 grams
 453.6 grams 
10 lbs    5 grams  4536 grams  5 grams  4541 grams
 1 lbs 
2. 1 hp + 300 watts
 746 watts 
1 hp    300 watts  1046 watts
 1 hp 
3. 5 kg + 3 joules [Nos. 3 & 4 cannot be carried out

bec. the dimensions and the units
4. 2 ft + 4 seconds of the two terms are different]
2. You can multiply or divide unlike units but you can not
cancel or merge units unless they are identical.
Examples:
(kg) (m) 3 m2 3 m2
1. 50
s
2. 60 cm  0.6 m  5 m
11
Notes regarding units writing:
1. a) symbols for units do not take a plural form, but plural

forms are used for the unabbreviated names (liters, seconds)
b) unit abbreviations have the same form for both singular
and plural (m - meter or meters), it is followed by a period in
the case of inches (in. - inches)
2. distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters should be

followed.
3. compound units is formed by multiplication of two or more

other units
a) its symbol consists of the symbols for the separate units
joined by a centered dot (newton meter - N ● m)
b) dot may be omitted in the case of familiar units or if the
symbols are separated by exponents (watt – hour -- wh;
N ● m2 kg-2)
c) hyphens should not be used in symbols for compounds
units
4. Positive and negative exponents may be used with the

symbols for the separate units separated by a solidus or
multiplied by using negative powers (meters per second =
m/s = m ● s-1
The scale factors:

One of the best features of the SI system (except for time) is that
units and their multiples and submultiples are related by
standard factors designated by prefix.
12
SI Prefixes
Factor Prefix Symbol Example
1024 yotta Y
1021 zetta Z
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T terahertz (THz)

109 giga G gigajoule (GJ)
106 mega M megawatt (MW)
103 kilo k kilonewton (kN)
102 hecto h hectoliter (hl)

101 deka(deca) dk(da) dekagram (dkg)
10 - 1 deci d decimeter (dm)
10 - 2 centi c centistokes (cSt)
10 - 3 milli m milliampere (mA)

10 - 6 micro µ microsecond (µ s)
10 - 9 nano n nanobar (nbar)
10 - 12 pico p picofarad (pF)
10 – 15 femto f
10 – 18 atto a
10 – 21 zepto z
10 - 24 yocto y
13
Interpretation of prefixes:
The prefixes in front of a unit become part of that unit and if the
unit is raised to a power, it is understood that the prefix is also
raised to the power as well.
Examples:
1. 1 kilometer = 1000 times 1 meter = 1000 meters
2. (10-3 mm )3 = 10-9 mm3
3. (hectometer)3 = (100 m)3 = 1003 m3
4. (cm)4 = (10-2 m)4 = 10-8 m4
Dimensional Homogeneity:
☺The equations used in chemical engineering calculations

must be dimensionally homogenous, that is, all terms on both
sides must have the same units.
☻Every term in an additive term must have the same unit to be
dimensionally homogenous.
☺ An easy way to check the dimensions in an equation is to
substitute the units and accompanying labels of each term and
then multiply or divide these units and labels as though they
were algebraic equations.
Examples:
1. Determine the dimensional unit of liquid pressure, P, if it is
expressed by the relation:
g
P wh
gc
where: w = liquid density, lbm/ft3
h = depth of liquid from the surface, ft
g = acceleration due to gravity, ft/sec2
14
gc = gravitational constant, ft lbm/lbf sec2
Solution:
ft
 lb   lb   ft   lb f sec 2  lb f
P   m3   ft  sec   m3   ft  
2
   2
 sec 
2
 ft  ft lbm  ft   ft lb m  ft

lb f sec 2
2. Check dimensionally the general equation for heat:

dQ = Cp dt
where: dQ = differential of heat, Joule

dt = differential of temperature, C0
Cp = heat capacity at constant pressure, J/C0
Solution:
 Joule 
Joule   o  C o  
 C 
Joule = Joule
Dimensionless or nondimensional groups = groups of symbols

that have no net units
Ex. Reynolds Number arising in fluid mechanics

DvP
Re ynolds Number  N Re 
u
where: D = diameter of pipe, cm
v = fluid velocity, cm/s
P = fluid density, g/cm3
u = viscosity, g/(cm)(s)
15
Solution:
 cm   g 
(cm )   
N Re   s   cm 3 
g
(cm ) s 
Conversion of units:
☺ occasionally it is necessary to convert a term from one
system of units to another to make an equation
dimensionally correct
☻ the conversion is accomplished by multiplying the given

term by a conversion factor
☺ develop the habit of writing units and labels; you will find
that after the cancellation operations, the uncancelled units
and labels provide a check on the correctness of the equation
used.
Conversion factors:
☻ are the statements of equivalent values of different units in
the same system or between systems of units
☺ are ratios of equivalent values of combinations of dimensions
100 mol dry air 33.9 ft H 2 O

,
21 mol O2 760 mm Hg
16
Common Conversion factors

Length Mass
1 in = 2.540 cm = 25.4 mm 1 lbm = 453.59 g = 0.45359 kg
100 cm = 1 m = 1000 mm 1 kg = 1000 g = 2.2046 lbm
1 micron = 10 m = 1 m
-6
1 ton (British) = 1016 kg
-10
1 Å = 10 m 1 ton (U.S.) = 907.2 kg
1 mile = 5280 ft = 1.609 km 1 ton (short) = 2000 lbm
1 m = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in 1 ton (long) = 2240 lbm
1 ton (metric) = 1000 kg
Volume
1 liter = 1000 cm3 = 0.001 m3 Force
3
1 in = 16.387 cm 3
1 g cm/s2 (dyne) = 10-5 kg m/s2 (Newton)
1 ft3 = 28.317 L 1 g cm/s2 = 7.2330  10-5 lbmft/s2
1 US gal = 4 qt = 3.7854 liters 1 g cm/s2 = 2.2481 x 10-6 lbf
1 ft3 = 0.028317 m3 1 lbf = 4.4482 N
3
1 ft = 7.481 US gal 1 kgf = 9.80665 N
1 British gal = 1.20094 US gal
1 m3 = 264.17 US gal
Power
Pressure 1 hp = 0.74570 kW
1 bar = 1  10 Pa = 1  10 N/m
5 5 2
1 hp = 550 ftlbf/s
2
1 atm = 101,325 N/m = 101,325 Pa 1 hp = 0.7068 BTU/s
1 atm = 14.696 psia = 14.696 lbf/in2 1 BTU/hr = 0.29307 W
1 atm = 760 mm Hg (0C) 1 W = 14.34 cal/min
1 atm = 33.90 ft H2O (4C) 1 kW = 1.34 hp
1 psia = 6.89476  104 g/cms2
1 psia = 6.89476  103 N/m2 Heat, Energy, Work
1 dyn/cm2 = 2.0886  10-3 lbf/ft2 1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kgm2/s2
2 2 7 2 2
1 lbf/ft = 4.7880  10 dyn/cm =
2 2 2 1 kgm /s = 10 gcm /s (erg)
17
47.880 N/m2 1 BTU = 1,055.06 J

1BTU=252.16 cal (thermochemical)
1 cal (thermochemical) = 4.1840 J
Thermal Conductivity 1 cal (IT) = 4.1868 J
1 Btu/hr ft oF = 1.73073 W/m K 1 BTU = 778.17 ftlbf
1 hph = 0.7457 kWh
Viscosity 1 hph = 2,544.5 BTU
1 cP = 10-2 g/cms (Poise) 1 ftlbf = 1.35582 J
1 cP = 6.7197 x 10-4 lbm/ft s
1 cP = 10-3 Pas = 10-3 kg/ms Specific Heat
1 BTU/lbmoF = 4.1868 kJ/kgK
Heat Flux and Heat Flow 1 BTU/lbmoF = 1.000 cal/goC
1 Btu/hrft2 = 3.1546 W/m2 1 cal (IT)/goC = 4.1868 kJ/kg K
1 Btu/hr = 0.29307 W
Temperature
Enthalpy 1 K = 1.8 R
1 Btu/lbm= 2326.0 J/kg T (C) = T (K)
1 ftlbf/lbm = 2.9890 J/kg T (F) = T (R)
18
Examples:
1. If a plane travels at twice the speed of sound. Assume that

the speed of sound is 1100 ft/s, how fast is it going in miles
per hour?
Solution:
1100 ft   1 mile   60 s   60 min 
V plane  2 
miles
       1500
 s   5280 ft  1 min   1 hr  hour
2. Change 400 in3/day to cm3/min.
Solution:
3
 400 in 3   2.54 cm   1 day   1 hour  cm 3
         4.56
 day  1 in   24 hour  60 min  min
3. One kg-mole of water contains 18 kg water while one kg-

mole of iron filings has a mass of 55.85 kg. What is the
weight of 2 kg-mole of iron expressed in lb- mass?
Solution:
2 kg  mole Fe  55.85 kg Fe   2.205 lbm Fe 
  1 kg Fe   246 lbm Fe
1 kg  mole Fe  
4. The volumetric flow rate of kerosene in 80 mm nominal

diameter pipe is 75 gallons per minute. Taking the density of
kerosene as 0.8 kg/dm3, find the mass flow in kg/s.
Given:
19
Volumetric flow rate (qv)

 gallon  1 min   3.785 x10 3 m3  1000 dm3  dm3
= 75 min   60 s   1 gallon   1 m3   4.73125 s
     
Density    0.8
kg
dm3
Solution:
dm3
Mass flow rate qm   qv x   4.73125
kg
x 0.8
s dm3
kg
 3.785
s
Ratios and Fractions:
Ratio = denotes the proportion between one quantity and

another.
Fraction = is a ratio which signifies that specified quantity is

part of a larger quantity.
= maybe expressed in percent (%) or parts per
hundred.
Example: 4 % by weight salt solution may contain

4 kg NaCl 0.04 kg NaCl

100 kg ( NaCl & H 2 O) 1 kg ( NaCl & H 2 O)
Solution of equations by Trial and Error Method:
☺ usually encountered in solving cubic equations or equations

of higher degree.
20
Assignments:
Study:
Examples 1.2 and 1.3 (p. 16-17); 1.4 (p. 19), 1.5 (p. 20); 1.6-1.7
(p. 22-13)
Solve:
Nos. 2 -7 (p. 20-21)
Nos. 1.1-1.39 except 1.29-1.35 (p. 33-41) ODD Numbers
21

Brief History of Chemical Engineering

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Brief History of Chemical Engineering

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

CHECAL1 Mathematical Principles and Procedures

Dr. Susan A. Roces AY 2016-2017

Brief History of Chemical Engineering:

RA 9297 – “The Chemical Engineering Law of 2004”

A Chemical Engineer conceptualizes, develops, designs,

Board of Chemical Engineering:

What can Chemical Engineers do?

Chemical Engineers work in a wide variety of industries in

☺metallurgical and metal products

Chemical Engineers focus on design, operation, control, trouble

The design of a chemical plant involves three areas:

Process requires attention of the following:

Plant – design problems:

Time Plan of Procedures

1. Read the entire problem carefully.

2. Sketch a diagram or simplified flow-sheet of the system

3. Write down balanced chemical equations for all the

4. Plan the solution.

 A complete cycle is traced.

5. Choose a convenient basis. The first choice maybe

7. Apply energy balances.

8. Used known equilibrium relations applicable to the

9. Employ the relevant reaction-rate relations.

10. Review your solution with a critical eye, making sure

Note: This course deals only with material balances. Consult

Mathematical Principles and Procedures:

The use of units and dimensions along with the numbers in

The proper use of units and dimensions has the following

☻ eliminates considerable time in problem solving because it

Dimensions = are properties that can be measured such as

Two kinds of dimensions:

Examples: length, time, mass, temperature, electric charge

2. Secondary quantities (Derived quantities) = a derived quantity

Volume = (length) (width) (height)

work (mass) (accelerati on) dis tan ce 

Units = are specific values of dimensions that have been

Label = the word which accompanies a unit to express the kind

Ex. “ 10 barrels gasoline”, “10 % oleum”

Components of a system of units:

Two Metric Systems:

 consists of seven (7) base or fundamental units and

Angle radian rad

Rules in handling units:

3. 5 kg + 3 joules [Nos. 3 & 4 cannot be carried out

Notes regarding units writing:

1. a) symbols for units do not take a plural form, but plural

2. distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters should be

3. compound units is formed by multiplication of two or more

4. Positive and negative exponents may be used with the

The scale factors:

1012 tera T terahertz (THz)

102 hecto h hectoliter (hl)

10 - 3 milli m milliampere (mA)

☺The equations used in chemical engineering calculations

gc = gravitational constant, ft lbm/lbf sec2

2. Check dimensionally the general equation for heat:

where: dQ = differential of heat, Joule

Dimensionless or nondimensional groups = groups of symbols

Ex. Reynolds Number arising in fluid mechanics

☻ the conversion is accomplished by multiplying the given

100 mol dry air 33.9 ft H 2 O

Common Conversion factors

47.880 N/m2 1 BTU = 1,055.06 J