Chapter 17

Electric Utility Applications

• These applications are growing rapidly

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-1

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 HVDC Transmission

• There are many such systems all over the world

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-2

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 HVDC Poles

• Each pole consists of 12-pulse converters

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-3

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 HVDC Transmission: 12-Pulse Waveforms

• Idealized waveforms
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-4
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 HVDC Transmission: Converters

• Inverter mode of operation

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-5

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Control of HVDC Transmission System

• Inverter is operated at the minimum extinction

angle and the rectifier in the current-control mode

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-6

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 HVDC Transmission: DC-Side Filters

Tuned for the lowest (12th

harmonic) frequency

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-7

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 HVDC Transmission: AC-Side Filters

Tuned for the lowest (11th

and the 13th harmonic)
frequencies

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-8

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Effect of Reactive Power on Voltage
Magnitude

• Illustration of the basic principle

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-9

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Thyristor-Controlled Inductor (TCI)

• Increasing the delay angle reduces the reactive

power drawn by the TCI
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-10
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Thyristor-Switched Capacitors (TSCs)

• Transient current at switching must be minimized

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-11

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Instantaneous VAR Controller (SATCOM)

• Can be considered as a reactive current source

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-12

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Characteristics of Solar Cells

• The maximum power point is at the knee of the

characteristics
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-13
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Photovoltaic Interface

• This scheme uses a thyristor inverter

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-14

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Harnessing of Wing Energy

• A switch-mode inverter may be needed on the

wind generator side also

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-15

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Interface with 3-Phase Utility Grid

• Uses a thyristor inverter

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-16
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Interface of SMES

• Can be used for utility load leveling

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-17

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications
 Active Filters for Harmonic Elimination

• Active filters inject a nullifying current so that the

current drawn from the utility is nearly sinusoidal
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 17 Electric 17-18
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Utility Applications