Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1:2006
NZS 3101.2:2006
Incorporating Amendment No. 1, 2, and 3
COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION
This standard was prepared by the P 3101 Concrete Design Committee for the Standards Council established under the
Standards Act 1988.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Standards New Zealand gratefully acknowledges:
(a) The significant contribution towards the development of this Standard made by (the late) Professor Bob Park;
(b) The assistance provided by Stefano Pampanin for work on Appendix B; and
(c) The American Concrete Institute for permission to use extracts from ACI 318-02, Building Code Requirements for
Reinforced Concrete. Appendix CF contains specific information related to ACI 318 provisions.
COPYRIGHT
The copyright in this document is owned by the Crown and administered by the New Zealand Standards Executive. You
may not reproduce any part of it without the prior written permission from the New Zealand Standards Executive, unless
your actions are permitted by the Copyright Act 1994.
Figures C11.7, C11.8 and C11.9 are adapted from the American Concrete Institute’s ACI 318-08 “Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete and Commentary”. Copyright in the original material is owned by the American Concrete Institute
and has been adapted and reproduced with permission.
We will vigorously defend the copyright in this Standard. Your unauthorised use may result in penalties being imposed
under the Copyright Act 1994, including fines up to $10,000 for every infringing copy (up to a maximum of $150,000 for
the same transaction and for other specified offences) or imprisonment of up to 5 years. If the breach is serious, we may
also seek additional damages from you as well as injunctive relief and/or an account of profits.
Published by Standards New Zealand, PO Box 1473, Wellington 6140. Telephone: (03) 943 4259, Website: www.standards.govt.nz.
AMENDMENTS
Concrete structures
standard
Part 1: The design of
concrete structures
NOTES
NZS 3101:Part 1:2006
CONTENTS
Committee Representation................................................................................................................... IFC
Acknowledgement................................................................................................................................ IFC
Copyright ............................................................................................................................................. FC
Referenced Documents .......................................................................................................................... vi
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... ix
1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................. 1–1 A2
1.1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 1–1
1.2 Referenced documents .................................................................................................... 1–2
1.3 Design ............................................................................................................................. 1–2
1.4 Construction..................................................................................................................... 1–2
1.5 Definitions ........................................................................................................................ 1–3
2 DESIGN PROCEDURES, LOADS AND ACTIONS..................................................................... 2–1
2.1 Notation ........................................................................................................................... 2–1
2.2 Design requirements ........................................................................................................ 2–2
2.3 Design for strength and stability at the ultimate limit state ................................................. 2–3 A3
2.4 Design for serviceability.................................................................................................... 2–4
2.5 Other design requirements ............................................................................................... 2–9
2.6 Additional design requirements for earthquake effects.................................................... 2–10
3 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY ....................................................................................................... 3–1
3.1 Notation ........................................................................................................................... 3–1
3.2 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 3–1
3.3 Design life........................................................................................................................ 3–1
3.4 Exposure classification..................................................................................................... 3–2
3.5 Requirements for aggressive soil and groundwater exposure classification XA ............... 3–10
3.6 Minimum concrete curing requirements .......................................................................... 3–11
3.7 Additional requirements for concrete exposure classification C ....................................... 3–11
3.8 Requirements for concrete for exposure classification U................................................. 3–12
3.9 Finishing, strength and curing requirements for abrasion ................................................ 3–12
3.10 Requirements for freezing and thawing........................................................................... 3–13
3.11 Requirements for concrete cover to reinforcing steel and tendons .................................. 3–14
3.12 Chloride based life prediction models and durability enhancement measures ................. 3–14
3.13 Protection of cast-in fixings and fastenings ..................................................................... 3–15
3.14 Restrictions on chemical content in concrete .................................................................. 3–15
3.15 Alkali silica reaction........................................................................................................ 3–16
4 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE ............................................................................................ 4–1
4.1 Notation ........................................................................................................................... 4–1
4.2 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 4–1
4.3 Design performance criteria.............................................................................................. 4–1
4.4 Fire resistance ratings for beams...................................................................................... 4–2
4.5 Fire resistance ratings for slabs........................................................................................ 4–4
4.6 Fire resistance ratings for columns ................................................................................... 4–6
4.7 Fire resistance ratings for walls ........................................................................................ 4–7
4.8 External walls or wall panels that could collapse inwards or outwards due to fire .............. 4–8 A3
4.9 Increase of fire resistance periods by use of insulating materials ...................................... 4–9
4.10 Fire resistance rating by calculation................................................................................ 4–10
5 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS................................................................................... 5–1
5.1 Notation ........................................................................................................................... 5–1
5.2 Properties of concrete ...................................................................................................... 5–1
5.3 Properties of reinforcement .............................................................................................. 5–2 A3
5.4 Properties of tendons ....................................................................................................... 5–4
5.5 Properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete...................................................................... 5–5
i
NZS 3101:Part 1:2006
ii
NZS 3101:Part 1:2006
18.8 Additional requirements for ductile structures designed for earthquake effects................ 18–8
19 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE.................................................................................................. 19–1
19.1 Notation ......................................................................................................................... 19–1
19.2 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 19–3
19.3 General principles and requirements .............................................................................. 19–3
A2 19.4 Additional design requirements for earthquake actions ................................................. 19–22
Appendix
A STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS (Normative).................................................................................... A–1
B SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF DUCTILE JOINTED
PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS (Normative) ............................................... B–1
D METHODS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ACTIONS IN DUCTILE AND LIMITED
DUCTILE MULTI-STOREY FRAMES AND WALLS (Normative)................................................ D–1
A3 E SHRINKAGE AND CREEP (Normative) .................................................................................... E–1
Table
A3 2.1 Minimum thickness of non-prestressed beams or one-way slabs .......................................... 2–5
2.2 Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams............................................................... 2–6
2.3 Minimum thickness of prismatic flexural members of bridge structures.................................. 2–7
A2 2.4 Kd factor for limiting curvatures in flexural plastic regions in beams ,columns and
A3 walls where hw/Lw ≥ 1.0 ...................................................................................................... 2–13
2.5 Maximum available structural ductility factor, µ, to be assumed for the ultimate limit
state................................................................................................................................... 2–13
3.1 Exposure classifications ....................................................................................................... 3–2
A2 3.2(a) Prevailing or common winds................................................................................................. 3–3
3.2(b) Definition of B2 and C zones ................................................................................................ 3–3
3.3 Guide for exposure classification for chemical attack of concrete from natural soil
and groundwater ................................................................................................................ 3–10
3.4 Requirements for concrete subjected to natural aggressive soil and groundwater
A3 attack for a specified intended life of 50 years and 100 years ............................................. 3–11
3.5 Minimum concrete curing requirements .............................................................................. 3–11
3.6 Minimum required cover for a specified intended life of 50 years ........................................ 3–12
3.7 Minimum required cover for a specified intended life of 100 years....................................... 3–12
3.8 Requirements for abrasion resistance for a specified intended life of 50 years .................... 3–13
3.9 Protection required for steel fixings and fastenings for a specified intended life of
50 years............................................................................................................................. 3–15
3.10 Galvanising of steel components........................................................................................ 3–15
3.11 Maximum values of chloride ion content in concrete as placed ........................................... 3–16
4.1 Fire resistance criteria for structural adequacy for simply-supported beams.......................... 4–3
4.2 Fire resistance criteria for structural adequacy for continuous beams................................... 4–3
4.3 Fire resistance criteria for insulation for slabs ....................................................................... 4–4
4.4 Fire resistance ratings for solid and hollow-core slabs .......................................................... 4–5
4.5 Fire resistance ratings for flat slabs ...................................................................................... 4–5
4.6 Fire resistance criteria for structural adequacy for ribbed slabs ............................................. 4–6
4.7 Fire resistance criteria for structural adequacy for columns................................................... 4–7
4.8 Minimum effective thickness for insulation ............................................................................ 4–7
4.9 Fire resistance criteria for structural adequacy for load-bearing walls.................................... 4–8
5.1 Design values of coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete ............................................. 5–2
A3 6.1 Ratios of neutral axis depth and beam or slab span to effective depth for 30%
moment retribution ............................................................................................................... 6–5
8.1 Minimum diameters of bend ................................................................................................. 8–3
8.2 Minimum diameters of bends for stirrups and ties ................................................................. 8–3
iv
NZS 3101:Part 1:2006
11.1 Effective wall height co-efficient kft for walls with a potential nominally ductile plastic A3
region under in-plane loading ............................................................................................. 11–7 A2
D.1 Moment reduction factor Rm ................................................................................................ D–5
E.1 Relative humidity factor k4 ................................................................................................... E–3 A3
E.2 Basic drying shrinkage strain (Ԑcsd.b) for various aggregate types
and locations around New Zealand ..................................................................................... E–3
E.3 Basic creep coefficient ........................................................................................................ E–3
E.4 Modification factor for aggregate type (k6)............................................................................ E–4
Figure
3.1 Exposure classification maps ............................................................................................... 3–4
8.1 Standard hooks.................................................................................................................... 8–7
12.1 Minimum extensions for reinforcement in slabs without beams or walls .............................. 12–5
12.2 Reinforcement of skewed slabs by the empirical method .................................................. 12–12 A2
12.3 Effective span length for non-uniform spacing of beams ................................................... 12–13
17.1 Typical failure surface areas of individual anchors, not limited by edge distances ............... 17–5
17.2 Determination of Av and Avo for anchors ............................................................................. 17–9
19.1 Coefficient k5 ...................................................................................................................... 19–9
A.1 Truss models with struts and ties simulating stress trajectories............................................ A–3
A.2 Typical nodal zone .............................................................................................................. A–8
E.1 Shrinkage strain coefficient (k1) for various values of th ........................................................ E–2 A3
E.2 Coefficient k2 ....................................................................................................................... E–5
v
NZS 3101:Part 1:2006
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS
AMERICAN STANDARDS
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS
Part 20.1:2016 Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and concrete A3
aggregates
AS 1214:2016 Hot-dip galvanised coatings on threaded fasteners (ISO metric coarse thread
series)
AS 1313:1989 Steel tendons for prestressed concrete – Cold-worked high-tensile alloy steel
bars for prestressed concrete
A3
AS 1530:- - - - Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures
Part 4:2014 Fire-resistance tests for elements of building construction
AS 3582:- - - - Supplementary cementitious materials for use with portland and blended
cement
Part 1:2016 Fly ash
Part 2:2016 Slag – Ground granulated iron blast-furnace
AS 3600:2009 Concrete structures
BRITISH STANDARDS
A3
EUROCODES
GERMAN STANDARDS
DIN 4030:- - - - Assessment of water, soil and gases for their aggressiveness to concrete A3
Part 2:2008 Sampling and analysis of water and soil samples
vii
NZS 3101:Part 1:2006
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Alkali aggregate reaction: Minimising the risk of damage to concrete: Guidance notes and model
specification clauses (Technical Report 3), 2004, Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand.
Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Handling, Transportation and Erection of Precast Concrete,
Occupational Safety and Health Service, Department of Labour, 2002.
A3 Bridge Manual (SP/M/022) third edition, New Zealand Transport Agency.
New Zealand Building Code Compliance Documents and Handbook, Department of Building and Housing,
(formerly the Building Industry Authority), 1992 (as amended up to March 2005).
Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Bridges, RRU Bulletin 70, Transit New Zealand 1984.
CEB-FIP Model Code 1990.
A3 European Organisation for Technical Approvals (2013). EOTA TR045, Design of Metal Anchors for Use in
Concrete under Seismic Actions. Brussels. Belgium.
European Organisation for Technical Approvals (2013). ETAG 001 Annex E, Assessment of Metal
Anchors for Use in Concrete under Seismic Actions. Brussels. Belgium.
viii
NZS 3101:Part 1:2006
FOREWORD
This revision of NZS 3101 has been written with the objective of producing a concrete design standard
which is:
(a) Compatible with the loading standards AS/NZS 1170 and NZS 1170.5, and other referenced loading
standards;
(b) Intended to provide, in due course (once cited) a verification method for compliance with the
New Zealand Building Code;
(c) Organised in component focused sections, for ease of use.
During the revision process, the opportunity has been taken to incorporate various technical
advancements and improvements that have been developed since 1995. The non-seismic sections of this
Standard are largely based upon ACI 318-02.
Amendment No. 3 has involved significant revision and the introduction of new material, focusing on five A3
aspects:
(q) A section on elongation has been added;
(r) Creep and shrinkage values for concrete have been added;
(s) The difference between design deformations and peak deformations, and between design
displacements and peak displacements, has been introduced for the serviceability limit state, ultimate
limit state and maximum considered level earthquakes;
(t) Substantial changes relating to design of walls have been implemented;
(u) Precast seating details have been significantly revised.
The standards development committee for Amendment No. 3 are acknowledged for their efforts.
ix
NZS 3101:Part 1:2006
NOTES
x
NZS 3101:Part 1:2006
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Relationship to NZ Building Code
This Standard does not cover the design of brittle elements. A brittle element is defined as a structural A2
member that does not satisfy the minimum requirements specified in this Standard.
1-1
NZS 3101:Part 1:2006
1.1.4.3 Commentary
The Commentary to this Standard, NZS 3101:Part 2:2006, does not contain requirements essential for
compliance with this Standard but explains, summarises technical background and suggests approaches
which satisfy the intent of the Standard.
1.3 Design
1.3.1 Design responsibility
The design of a structure or the part of a structure to which this Standard is applied shall be the
responsibility of the design engineer or his or her representative.
1.3.2 Design information
Consent documentation and the drawings or specification, or both, for concrete members and structures
shall include, where relevant, the following:
(a) The reference number and date of issue of applicable design Standards used;
(b) The fire resistance ratings, if applicable;
(c) The concrete strengths;
(d) The reinforcing and prestressing steel Class and Grades used and the manufacturing method
employed in the production of the reinforcing steel;
(e) The testing methods, reporting requirements and acceptance criteria for any tests of material
properties, components or assemblages that are required by this Standard.
(f) The locations and details of planned construction joints;
(g) Any constraint on construction assumed in the design;
(h) The camber of any members.
1.4 Construction
1.4.1 Construction reviewer
All stages of construction of a structure or part of a structure to which this Standard applies shall be
adequately reviewed by a person who, on the basis of experience or qualifications, is competent to
undertake the review.
1.4.2 Construction review
The extent of review to be undertaken shall be nominated by the design engineer, taking into account
those materials and workmanship factors which are likely to influence the ability of the finished
construction to perform in the predicted manner.
1-2
NZS 3101.1&2:2006 Concrete structures standard