DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

1. Differentiate y = log10 ( x2 + 1 )2.

Solution:
y = log10 ( x2 + 1 )2

𝑑𝑢
Note: d( log10 u) = log10 e ( 𝑢 )

Where:
u = ( x2 + 1 )2
du = 2 ( x2 + 1 ) (2x) = 4x ( x2 + 1 )

4𝑥 ( 𝑥 2 +1)
y’ = log 10 e [ ]
(𝑥 2 +1)2
4𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑒
y’ =
𝑥 2 +1

2. Find the derivative with respect to x of 2 cos2 (x2 + 2).

Solution:
y = 2 cos2 (x2 + 2)

1+cos 2𝜃
Note: cos2 θ =
2

Simplifying:

y= 2cos2(x2+ 2)

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥 2 +2)
y= 2 [ 2
]

y= 1 + cos2(x2 +2)
y= 1 + cos(2x2 +4)

Note: d(cosu) = -sinu du

Where:
u = 2x2 + 4; du= 4x

y’ = -sin(2x2 + 4) (4x)
y’ = -4x sin2 (x2 + 2)
Note: sin 2θ = 2cosθ sinθ

y’ = -4x [ 2cos (x2 +2) sin (x2+2) ]

y’= -8x[ cos (x2 +2) sin (x2+2) ]

3. Find the slope of the curve x2 + y2 -6x + 10y + 5 = 0 at point (1,0).

Solution:
x2 + y2 -6x + 10y + 5 = 0

Note: slope = y’
Differentiate and substitute x = 1 and y = 0
2x + 2yy’ – 6 + 10y’+0 = 0
y’ (2y + 10) = 6 – 2x
6−2𝑥
y’ = 2𝑦+10
6−2(1)
y’ = 2(0)+10
4
y’ = 10
2
y’ = 5

4. Water is pouring into a conical vessel 15cm deep and having a radius of 3.75cm across the top. If
the rate at which the water rises is 2cm/sec, how fast is the water flowing into the conical vessel
when the water is 4cm deep?

Solution:

1
V = 3 πr2h equation 1

By ratio and proportion:

3.75 𝑟
15
=ℎ

ℎ
r= 4 equation 2

Substitute equation 2 in equation 1:

1 ℎ
V= 3 π(4 )2 h

𝜋
V= 48 ℎ3

Differentiate both sides with respect to t:

𝑑𝑣 3𝜋 2 𝑑ℎ
= ℎ
𝑑𝑡 48 𝑑𝑡

Substitute dh/dt = 2 and h=4:

𝑑𝑣 3𝜋
= (4)2 (2)
𝑑𝑡 48
𝑑𝑣
= 6.28 cm3/s
𝑑𝑡

5. A fencing is limited to 20ft length. What is the maximum rectangular area that can be fenced in
using two perpendicular corner sides of an existing wall?

Solution:
x + y = 20
y= 20 – x equation 1
A=x y equation 2

Substitute eq.1 in eq.2:

A = x (20-x)
A=20x-x2

Differentiate:
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑥
=20 – 2x

0= 20 – 2x
x=10

Substitute x=10 in equation 1:

y= 20 – 10=10ft.

Substitute x and y in equation 2:

A = (10)(10) = 100 ft2
INTEGRAL CALCULUS:
1. What is the integral of cos 2x e sin2x dx ? (integration of powers of sine and cosine)

Solution:
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let: u = sin2x ; du = cos2x (2)
Note: ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐

1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐

2. What is the area bounded by the curve x2=-9y and the line y + 1=0 ? (area of a plane region)

Solution:
𝑥 2 = −9𝑦 equation 1
𝑦+1=0
y = -1 equation 2

Substitute eq. 2 in eq. 1 :

𝑥 2 = −9(−1)
𝑥 = ±3

3 3
A= ∫−3 −𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫−3 −(𝑦𝐿 − 𝑦𝑃 )𝑑𝑥

3 𝑥2
A=∫−3 [−1 − ( )] 𝑑𝑥
9

3 𝑥2
A=∫−3( 9 − 1)𝑑𝑥
(𝑥)3 3
A = − [ 27 − 𝑥] -3

(3)3 (−3)3
A = - [ 27 − 3] + [ 27
− (−3)
A = 4 square units

𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate ∫ (integrals yielding inverse trigonometric functions)
√4−9𝑥 2

Solution:

Note:
𝑑𝑢
∫ √1−𝑢2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢 + 𝐶
Where: a= 2, u = 3x, du= 3dx

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑(3𝑥) 1 3𝑥
∫ √4−9𝑥2 = 3 ∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +𝐶
√4− (3𝑥)2 3 2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. Solve the differential equation dy – xdx = 0, if the cure passes through ( 1, 0 )?

Solution:
dy – xdx = 0
dy = xdx

Integrating: ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
y= 2
+C
at x=1 ; y= 0

(1)2
0= 2
+𝐶
1
C= -2
Thus the solution is,
𝑥2 1
y= −
2 2
2y = x2 – 1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0

2. Find the differential equation whose general solution is y = C1x + C2ex.

Solution:
y = C1x + C2ex eq.1
y’ = C1 + C2 ex eq. 2
y’’ = C2 ex eq. 3

Substitute (3) in (2):

𝑦 ′ = C1 + y’’
C1 = y’ –y’’ eq. 4

Substitute (3) in (1):

𝑦 =C1x + y’’ eq. 5

Substitute (4) in (5):

𝑦 =(y’ – y’’)x + y’’ = y’x – y’’x + y’’
(x – 1)y’’ – xy’ + y =0
 3. Determine the differential equation of the family of circles with center on the y – axis.

Solution:

𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

Differentiating:

2x + 2 (y – k )y’ = 0

X + yy’ – ky’ =0
𝑥
K= 𝑦′ + 𝑦

Differentiating:

𝑦 ′ (1)−𝑥𝑦 ′′
(𝑦 ′ )2
+y’ = 0

Y’ – xy’’ + (y’)3 = 0

Xy’’ – (y’)3 = 0