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IPA08-G-122

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Thirty-Second Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2008

DIAGENESIS AND POROSITY DEVELOPMENT OF BATURAJA FORMATION IN “X-1” WELL

“X” FIELD, SOUTH SUMATRA

Arif Susanto*
Emmy Suparka*
Dardji Noeradi*
Musalam Latuconsina**

ABSTRACT
The Early Miocene Baturaja Formation is one of the
principal reservoirs in the “X” Field. These
carbonate rocks show complex facies, porosity and
permeability. The objectives of this research are to
work out diagenetic processes and depositional
environments, and to discern the interconnection
between diagenesis and porosity development of
carbonate rocks of the Baturaja Formation. A
detailed diagenetic and porosity development study
was carried out from 143 thin sections of cuttings, 6
thin sections of core using a polarization
microscope, detailed core description, well logging
data analysis, and carbon and oxygen isotopes.
The Baturaja Formation has undergone complex
diagenetic processes, which include microbial
micritization, dissolution, neomorphism,
dolomitization, compaction, dedolomitization,
autigenic quartz cementation, and hydrocarbon
filling. The diagenetic history of Baturaja
Formation can be divided into five stages: marine
phreatic, mixing zone, fresh water vadose, fresh
water phreatic and deep burial environments.
Porosity of the Baturaja Formation in “X-1” well is
mostly secondary : vuggy, moldic, intercrystalline
and fracture porosity. Porosity tends to be
significantly lower below 2546m, at the boundary
between the Upper Baturaja (2438-2546m) and
Lower Baturaja (2546-2719m). The Upper Baturaja
is more porous, with a total porosity of 5-22%,
whereas the Lower Baturaja porosity is 1-13%.
Dissolution formed vuggy and moldic porosity,
developed more intensively in Upper Baturaja than
in Lower Baturaja. The original porosity, as defined
by depositional texture, is highly modified by
multiple diagenetic processes.
* Institute of Technology Bandung
** Pertamina
INTRODUCTION
The “X” field is located in the western part of the
Central Palembang Sub Basin of the South Sumatra
Basin, approximately 165 km northwest of
Palembang (Figure 1). It represents an old field
complex which has been refurbished. The Early
Miocene Baturaja Formation is one of the principal
reservoirs. Vertical and lateral reservoir distribution
are difficult to predict because of the complexity of
carbonate facies and the diagenetic processes.
The objectives of this research are to work out the
diagenetic processes and environments, and show
how the diagenesis modifies the porosity of the
carbonate rocks of the Baturaja Formation.
METHODOLOGY
Objects of the research are cores and cuttings of
Baturaja Formation from X-1 well. Depth range of
cores is 2451-2452.34m (length 1.34 m; 6 thin
sections). Depth range of cuttings is 2438-2719m
(thickness 281m; 143 thin sections), representing
the top and bottom of Baturaja Formation. A
detailed diagenetic and porosity development study
was carried out using a polarization microscope and
detailed core description. These analyses were
integrated with well logging data, and carbon and
oxygen isotopes.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The South Sumatra Basin is subdivided into four
sub-basins : Jambi sub-basin in the northwest, North
Palembang sub-basin, Central Palembang and the
South Palembang sub-basin. The area of study is
located on the western flank of the Central
Palembang Sub Basin, which is the deepest part of
the South Sumatra Basin (Figure 2), and is an
elongated NW-SE trending sub-basin (depression),
approximately 500 km in length and 300 km in
width. Sediment thickness in the central part of the
basin exceeds 6,000 meters.
REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY
The South Sumatra Basin is generally composed of
transgressive-regressive cycles of Tertiary
sediments overlying an eroded basement. The
general stratigraphy of South Sumatra Basin is one
consisting of Pre-Tertiary and Tertiary Rocks.
Basement Pre-Tertiary rocks consist of
metamorphic rocks (meta-sediment), granitic and
ultrabasic igneous rocks, volcanic rocks aged range
from Permo-Carboniferous (248-354 Ma) to
Mesozoic (Jurassic-Cretaceous, 170-110 Ma).
Tertiary Rocks consist of Lemat Formation, Talang
Akar Formation, Baturaja Formation, Telisa
(Gumai) Formation, Air Benakat (Lower
Palembang) Formation, Muara Enim (Middle
Palembang) Formation, and Kasai (Upper
Palembang) Formation. General stratigraphy of
South Sumatra Basin can be seen in Figure 3.
CARBONATE FACIES ANALYSIS
Carbonate facies were interpreted from lithology,
texture, sedimentary structures, composition and
fossil content. Based on core description (depth
2451- 2452.34m) (Figure 4) and petrographic
analysis of thin sections of cuttings and cores, the
Baturaja Formation in X-1 well can be divided into
seven facies : Red Algae Wacke-Packstone Facies,
Coral Wacke-Packstone Facies, Planktonic
Foraminifera Wackestone Facies, Benthic
Foraminifera Wackestone Facies, Interbedded Coral
Bioclastic Wackestone and Benthic Foraminifera
Wackestone Facies, Coral-Red Algae Wacke-
Packstone Facies, and Benthic Foraminifera
Wackestone with Quartz Clastic Facies. These
facies can be grouped into three facies groups :
Open Marine (Outer Shelf), Open Lagoon
(Restricted Inner Shelf) and Reefal (Inner Shelf).
Based on texture, sedimentary structure,
composition and fossil content observed in these
carbonate facies, it was suggested that Baturaja
Formation in X-1 well developed as a Carbonate
Mudbank (not reefal buildup) in low-moderate
energy. Mud content is occasionally high (mud rich)
in this carbonate rock, indicating that the
depositional environment is relatively deep
(Longman, 1980). Many of the coral bioclasts are
encrusted by red algae and larger foraminifera, and
form part of a bioconstructed build-up (patch reef?).
CARBONATE DIAGENESIS
Petrographic Analysis
Based on petrographic analysis, the diagenetic
processes observed in the Baturaja Formation
includes:
1. Microbial Micritization
This process occurred in a marine environment.
Skeletal grains are drilled by endolithic algae, fungi
and bacteria forming holes, and are then filled by
cement. This process is shown by the replacement
of grains by micrite covering the grain (Figure 5).
Strong completed microbial micritization can
produce a micrite envelope. Micritization is an
important process in both stagnant and active
marine phreatic zones (Longman, 1980).
2. Dissolution
Dissolution occurred in carbonate rocks when the
pore-fluid became undersaturated with respect to
carbonate. Dissolution occured more intensively in
upper Baturaja Formation, producing secondary
porosity as moldic and vuggy (Figure 6).
Dissolution occurred as well in freshwater vadose
or freshwater phreatic environments (Longman,
1980).
3. Cementation
Cementation occurred in carbonate rocks when
pore-fluid are supersaturated and there was no
kinetic factor hampering cement precipitation. This
process requires a large volume of fresh or salt
water to flow through the rocks. In stagnant water
very little cementation occurs (Koesoemadinata,
1984). Mineralogy and cement fabric depend on
pore-fluid composition, the speed of carbonate
supply and precipitation, thus revealing a different
diagenetic environment. Based on petrographic
analysis, cement mineralogy consists of high Mg
calcite, low Mg calcite, dolomite, and quartz, while
cement types are blocky, syntaxial overgrowth,
drusy, equant mosaic, micritic, fibrous and
isopachous (Figure 7).
4. Neomorphism
Neomorphism (Folk, 1965) consists of inverse,
recrystallization and coalescive neomorphism
(aggrading/degrading neomorphism). Based on
petrographic analysis, neomorphism causes micrite
to change to microspar in most of samples. This
process occurred in early burial of freshwater
phreatic and deep burial environments.
Neomorphism occurred in this formation are
recrystallizations, mainly occurred in early burial of
freshwater phreatic environments. (Figure 8).
5. Dolomitization
Dolomitization consists of replacement resulting
from a precipitation process or cementation, found
in mixing zones and deep burial environments.
According to Greg & Sibley (1984; in Boggs 1992),
temperature is the principal factor in dolomite
growth. Under ‘Critical Roughening Temperature’
(CRT) of 50-1000C, dolomite growth produces
euhedral-subhedral crystals in a planar texture,
while above CRT, dolomite growth produces
anhedral crystals in a nonplanar texture. Dolomite
crystals in this formation are euhedral crystals,
limpid dolomite forms and more resistant to
dissolution (Figure 9), so we interpret
dolomitization took place in near-surface mixing
zones during early diagenesis.
6. Compaction
Mechanical and chemical compaction occur in deep
burial environments. Mechanical compaction
results in grain fracture and porosity reduction by
closer packing, and eventually grains may dissolve
on a point contact to produce sutures and concave-
convex contacts. Chemical compaction produces
stylolites and wispy seams, reducing bulk volume
and porosity (Figure 10).
7. Dedolomitization
Dedolomitization predominantly takes place
through contact with meteoric water. Calcite
replacement of dolomite commonly is associated
with the dissolution of gypsum-anhydrite, near-
surface phenomenon as well, and is also found in
deep burial environments. Dedolomitization is
shown by rhombohedral dolomite crystals occupied
by calcite (pseudomorphs), or calcite crystals with
replacement fabric containing small relic inclusions
of dolomite (Figure 11). The dissolution of dolomite
rhombs may lead to a mouldic porosity.
8. Development of Authigenic Quartz
Development of authigenic quartz can take place
during early or late diagenesis. This process was
revealed by euhedral quartz crystals present in
matrix, with inclusions of relic calcite (Figure 12).
9. Emplacement of Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon emplacement in Baturaja Formation is
observed from a detailed core description,
petrographic analysis and routine core analysis
(Figure 13). Hydrocarbon emplacement is the cause
of stopped porosity development or further
diagenesis of rocks, thus preserving porosity .
Stable Isotope Analysis
Analyses of δ 18O and δ 13C stable isotopes of nine
samples from X-1 well show range δ 18O between -
11 and -3, and δ 13C ranging between 0 and -5,
which is interpreted to represent marine limestone
(following Hudson 1977a in Leeder 1982).
(Table 1).
RESUME OF DIAGENESIS
Diagenetic processes and environments are
summarized in Figure 14. The sequence of
diagenetic processes in the Baturaja Formation is:
• First stage of diagenesis occurred in the marine
phreatic zone, characterized by microbial
micritization, producing micritic and fibrous
calcite cement.
• Second stage occurred in the mixing zone,
characterized by dolomitization, producing
euhedral dolomite crystals (limpid dolomite)
and intercrystalline porosity.
• Third stage, occurred in the fresh water vadose
zone, characterized by the dissolution of
aragonite, Mg calcite and calcite, creating
vuggy and moldic porosity and a chalky
appearance.
• Fourth stage occurred in the fresh water
phreatic zone, characterized by dissolution of
grains, matrix and cements, creating vuggy and
moldic porosity; cementation of isopachous and
blocky sparry calcite; also, syntaxial
overgrowth sparry calcite in echinoderms;
neomorphism of micrite to become microspar;
and dedolomitization exhibited by
rhombohedral dolomite crystals changed into
calcite (pseudomorf), or calcite crystals with a
replacement fabric with inclusions of relic
dolomite.
• Fifth stage occurred during burial, shown by
mechanical and chemical compaction, forming
sutures and concave-convex contacts, fracturing
 creating fracture porosity, cementation of
equant spar drusy mosaic and equant spar
equicrystalline mosaic sparry calcite,
stylolitisation (stylolite and wispy seam
development), and hydrocarbon emplacement.
The diagenetic processes and hydrocarbon
emplacement described above for the Upper
Baturaja Formation did not occur in the Lower
Baturaja Formation, so compaction during deep
burial would reduce porosity here
RELATION OF FACIES AND DIAGENESIS
TO POROSITY DEVELOPMENT
The porosity of Baturaja Formation can be divided
into two porosity types :
• Fabric selective, generally intercrystalline (0-
12%) and moldic (0-4%) porosity
• Not fabric selective, generally vuggy (0-13%)
and fracture (0-2%) porosity
Generally, porosity of Baturaja Formation is
secondary porosity controlled by diagenesis
processes. Primary porosity was not preserved, it
was all altered by diagenetic processes, such as
cementation, compaction, dolomitization, and
dissolution.
The porosity curve in Figure 15 shows significant
porosity reduction below 2546m, used as the border
between Upper and Lower Baturaja. The NPHI log
curve suggests this border is at 2546m, while based
on acoustic impedance this border is at 2567m. The
Upper Baturaja Formation porosity range is 5-22%,
while the Lower Baturaja Formation total porosity
is 1-13%. The differences in porosity values
between Upper and Lower Baturaja are the result of
relative sea level change, affecting the diagenetic
environment. In freshwater vadose and freshwater
phreatic there is dissolution. Dissolution formed
more vuggy and moldic porosity in the Upper
Baturaja than in the Lower Baturaja.
Burial compaction was more pronounced in the
Lower Baturaja Formation, thus reducing porosity.
Hydrocarbon emplacement in carbonate pores
during early burial diagenesis is more dominant in
the Upper Baturaja Formation, slowing mechanical
and chemical compaction, hampering porosity loss
and isolating pore fluid from diagenetic water,
slowing transfer fluid and ions, also hampering
cementation, thus is porosity preserving.
CONCLUSION
1. The Baturaja Formation in X-1 well can be
divided into seven facies: Red Algae Wacke-
Packstone Facies, Coral Wacke-Packstone
Facies, Planktonic Foraminifera Wackestone
Facies, Benthic Foraminifera Wackestone
Facies, Interbedded Coral Bioclastic
Wackestone and Benthic Foraminifera
Wackestone Facies, Coral-Red Algae Wacke-
Packstone Facies, and Benthic Foraminifera
Wackestone with Quartz Clastic Facies. These
facies can be grouped into three facies groups :
Open Marine (Outer Shelf), Open Lagoon
(Restricted Inner Shelf) and Reefal (Inner
Shelf).
2. The Baturaja Formation in X-1 well developed
as a Carbonate Mudbank (not reefal buildup) in
low-moderate energy.
3. The Baturaja Formation has undergone complex
diagenetic processes, which include microbial
micritization, dissolution, neomorphism,
dolomitization, compaction, dedolomitization,
autigenic quartz cementation, and hydrocarbon
filling.
4. The diagenetic history of Baturaja Formation
can be divided into five stages: marine phreatic,
mixing zone, fresh water vadose, fresh water
phreatic and deep burial environments.
5. Porosity of the Baturaja Formation in X-1 well
is mostly secondary : vuggy, moldic,
intercrystalline and fracture porosity.
6. Porosity tends to be significantly lower below
2546m, at the boundary between the Upper
Baturaja (2438-2546m) and Lower Baturaja
(2546-2719m). The Upper Baturaja is more
porous, with a total porosity of 5-22%, whereas
the Lower Baturaja porosity is 1-13%.
7. Dissolution formed vuggy and moldic porosity,
developed more intensively in Upper Baturaja
than in Lower Baturaja.
8. Burial compaction was more pronounced in the
Lower Baturaja Formation, thus reducing
porosity. Hydrocarbon emplacement in
carbonate pores during early burial diagenesis is
more dominant in the Upper Baturaja
Formation, slowing mechanical and chemical
compaction, hampering porosity loss and
isolating pore fluid from diagenetic water,
 slowing transfer fluid and ions, also hampering
cementation, thus is porosity preserving.
9. The original porosity, as defined by
depositional texture, is highly modified by
multiple diagenetic processes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Pertamina and BPMIGAS
for their permission to publish these data.
REFERENCES
Bishop, Michele G. (2000), South Sumatra Basin
Province, Indonesia: The Lahat/Talang Akar-
Cenozoic Total Petroleum System, U.S. Department
of The Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
Boggs, Sam Jr. (1992), Petrology of Sedimentary
Rocks, University of Oregon, Macmillan Publishing
Company, New York, USA.
Choquette, P.W. and Pray, L.C. (1970), Geologic
nomenclature and classification of Porosity in
sedimentary carbonates, in Beaumont, E.A. and
Foster, N.H., Reservoirs III, Carbonates, Treatise of
Petroleum Geology Reprint Series, No. 5, AAPG,
Tulsa, OK, USA.
Darman, H. and F. Hasan Sidi (2000), An Outline
of The Geology of Indonesia, IAGI, 192.
Dunham, R.J. (1962), Classification of carbonate
rocks according to depositional texture, in Ham,
W.E., ed. Classification of Carbonate Rocks, AAPG
Memoir I, 108-121.
Handford C.R. and Loucks, R.G. (1993), Carbonate
Depositional Sequence and System Tracts-
Responses of Carbonate Platform to Relative Sea-
Level Changes, in: Loucks, R.G dan Sarg, J.F., eds.,
Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy, Recent
Developments and Application, AAPG Memoir 57,
USA, 3-41.
Hartono, K., Widianto, E., and Safrizal (1991),
Hydrocarbon prospect related to the local
unconformities of the Duang area, South Sumatra
Basin, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum
Association Twentieth Annual Convention, 17-36.
Longman, M.W., R.J. Maxwell, A.D.M Mason and
L.R. Beddoes (1987), Characteristics of A Miocene
Intrabank Channel in Baturaja Limestone, Ramba
Field, South Sumatra, Indonesia: AAPG Bulletin,
v.71, no 10, 1261-1273
Longman, M.W. (1980), Carbonate Diagenetic
Textures from Nearsurface Diagenetic
Environments, AAPG Bulletin, 461-487 p.
Longman, M.W. (1993), Southeast Asian Tertiary
Carbonate Reservoirs, Petroconsultants, Singapore.
Moore, C.H. (1989), Carbonate Diagenesis and
Porosity, Developments in Sedimentology 46,
Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, 338.
Pujasmadi, B., Hugh Alley, and Shofiyuddin
(2002), Suban Gas Field, South Sumatra: Example
of a Fractured Basement Reservoir, Giant Field and
New Exploration Concepts Seminar, Indonesia
Association of Geologist, One Day Seminar,
Jakarta.
Pulunggono, A., Agus Haryo S., and Christine G.
Kosuma (1992), Pre-Tertiary and tertiary fault
system as a framework of the south Sumatra Basin;
a study of sar-maps, Proceeding Indonesian
Petroleum Association Twenty first annual
convention, 339-360
Pulunggono, A., and Cameron, N.R (1984).,
Sumatran Microplates, Their characteristics and
their role in the evolution of the central and south
Sumatra Basins, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum
Association Thirteenth Annual Convention.
Read, J. F. (1985), Carbonate Platform Facies
Models, AAPG Bulletin, V. 69, no. 1, 1-21.
Reeckmann, A. and Friedman, G.M., 1982,
Exploration for the Carbonate Petroleum
Reservoirs, John Willey and Sons, New York, 213
pages.
Sardjito, Fadianto, Eddy, Djumlati, and Hansen, S.
(1991), Hydrocarbon prospect of pre tertiary
basement in Kuang Area, South Sumatra,
Proceeding Indonesian Petroleum Association
Twentieth Annual Convention, 255-277.
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Y. (1992), Effects of sea levels drops during late
early Miocene to the reservoirs in South Palembang
sub basin, South Sumatra, Indonesia, Proceedings
Indonesian Petroleum Association Twenty First
Annual Convention.
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Introduction to The Origin of Sedimentary Rocks,
Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 2nd ed.,
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Sedimentology, reprint ed., Blackwell Scientific
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Walker R.G. (1992), Facies, Facies Models and
Modern Stratigraphic Concepts, In: Walker R.G.
and James, N.P. (eds.), Facies Models: Response to
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 TABLES 1

DATA RESULTS OF MEASUREMENT OF STABLE ISOTOPES δ 18O and δ 13C

Well Depth Results

No. Unit
(cutting) (meter) δ 13C δ 18O
0
1 X-1 2438 /00 PDB -2.02 -10.79
0
2 X-1 2476 /00 PDB -4.51 -11.28
0
3 X-1 2510 /00 PDB -2.88 -9.82
0
4 X-1 2544 /00 PDB -5.20 -10.76
0
5 X-1 2578 /00 PDB -4.55 -11.66
0
6 X-1 2612 /00 PDB -4.70 -10.70
0
7 X-1 2646 /00 PDB -1.40 -3.07
0
8 X-1 2680 /00 PDB -5.04 -8.39
0
9 X-1 2716 /00 PDB -1.34 -8.09
Figure 1 - Location of X Field in South Sumatra Basin (Bishop, 2000).
Figure 2 - Regional Tectonic Setting of Sumatra (Darman, 2000).
Figure 3 - Stratigraphic Column of South Sumatra Basin (Pujasmadi, 2002).
Figure 4 - Detailed Core Description of Baturaja Formation.
 Neo
Mic
Mic
VU

Neo Mic FR

VU 1 mm 1 mm

A. Cutting Sample, depth 2451,6 m B. Cutting Sample, depth 2548 m

Figure 5 - A. Microbial micritisation (Mic) in Miliolid, neomorphism (Neo) of micrite to microspar and
dissolution forming vuggy porosity (VU); B. Microbial micritisation (Mic) in Miliolid,
neomorphism (Neo) of micrite to microspar and dissolution forming vuggy porosity (VU),
compaction forming fracture (FR) porosity.

MO
VU
Sem

VU

VU
MO
1 mm 1 mm

A. Core Sample, depth 2451,6 m B. Core Sample, depth 2452,2 m

Figure 6 - A. Dissolution of grain, matrix and cement forming moldic (MO) dan vuggy (VU) porosity; B.
Dissolution of grain, matrix and cement forming moldic (MO) dan vuggy (VU) porosity, calcite
cementation (Sem).

Sem
Coral
Sty
Coral
FR
Sem
MO MO
1 mm MO 1 mm

A. Core Sample, depth 2451 m B. Core Sample, depth 2452,2 m

Figure 7 - A. Dissolution of coral body, then filled by calcite cementation (Sem), compaction forming
fracture (FR) porosity; B. Dissolution of coral body, then filled by calcite cementation (Sem),
dissolution of red algae forming moldic (MO) porosity, compaction forming stylolite (Sty).
 Neo

MO
Neo
VU Sem
Sem
FR
1 mm 1 mm

A. Core Sample, depth 2451,6 m B. Cutting Sample, depth 2608 m

Figure 8 - A. Neomorphism (Neo) in coral skeletal? to microspar and pseudospar, compaction forming
fracture (FR) porosity; B. Neomorphism (Neo) of micrite to microspar, dissolution of
Lepidocyclina forming moldic (MO) dan vuggy (VU) porosity, fracture filled by calcite
cementation (Sem).

Dol BC
Dol
BC
Sem
Dol
1 mm 1 mm

A. Cutting Sample, depth 2636 m B. Core Sample, depth 2451,6 m

Figure 9 - A. Dolomitization (Dol) forming euhedral rombohedral dolomite and intercrystalline (BC)
porosity; B. Dissolution of coral body, then filled by calcite cementation (Sem),
dolomitization (Dol) of calcite cement forming euhedral rombohedral dolomite and
intercrystalline (BC) porosity.

Red Algae

FR Coral
FR
Sty
Sem
Coral
Sem Sty
Sem
Red Algae

1 mm
MO 1 mm

A. Core Sample, depth 2451 m B. Core Sample, depth 2452,2 m

Figure 10 - A. Compaction forming fracture (FR) porosity, suture and stylolite (Sty), dissolution of coral
body, then filled by calcite cementation (Sem). B. Compaction forming fracture (FR) porosity,
suture, stylolite (Sty) and offset in red algae; dissolution of coral body, then filled by calcite
cementation (Sem)
 BC Ded
VU
BC
Ded Dol
VU
1 mm 1 mm

A. Core Sample, depth 2451,9 m B. Cutting Sample, depth 2492 m

Figure 11 - A. Dolomitization (Dol) forming dolomite and intercrystalline (BC) porosity, then followed
dedo-lomitization forming calcite (pink color), dissolution forming vuggy (VU), B.
Dolomitization (Dol) forming dolomite and intercrystalline (BC) porosity, then followed
dedolomitization forming calcite (pink color).

Qtz

Sty
HC
Fib
Qtz Dol
FR Qtz
MO
1 mm 1 mm

A. Cutting Sample, depth 2566 m (X nicol) B. Cutting Sample, depth 2528 m

Figure 12 - A. Development of autigenic quartz (Qtz), in quartz present inclusion of relic calcite,
compaction forming fracture (FR) porosity and stylolite (Sty); B. Development of autigenic
quartz (Qtz), dolomite (Dol), fibrous calcite cement (Fib), hydrocarbon (HC) filling rock
pores,.

FR HC

BC HC
HC
Dol

1 mm MO 1 mm

A. Cutting Sample, depth 2492 m B. Cutting Sample, depth 2458 m

Figure 13 - A. Hydrocarbon (HC) filling rock pores, dolomitization (Dol) forming dolomite and
intercrystalline (BC) porosity, compaction forming fracture (FR) porosity; B. Hydrocarbon
(HC) filling rock pores, dolomitization (Dol) forming euhedral rombohedral dolomite.
Figure 14 - Resume of Diagenesis and Porosity Development of Baturaja Formation.
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Figure 15 - Composite log of Baturaja Formation in X-1 Well, X Field