Disease Descriptions

Disease Key Identification Histology Deposits

Nephritic Syndrome
PSGN 2-4 weeks after Group A Starry Sky, lumpy IgG, IgM, C3 deposits
strep infection bump
Type III Hypersensitivity
RPGN Crescent shaped Fibrin, plasma proteins
Goodpasture Type III Hypersensitivity Linear IF PR3-ANCA/ c-ANCA
Syndrome
Wegerner Linear IF MPO - ANCA/c-ANCA
polyangitis
Diffuse proliferative Due to SLE or Wire looping, IgG-Immune complex,
Glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative granular C3
glomerulnephritis
IgA Nephropathy Renal pathology of HSP Mesangial IgA-Immune complexes
(Berger diseae) (Gross hematuria occurs proliferation
with GIT/Respiratory
Infection)
Alport Syndrome Thinning, splitting of IC deposits
BM
MPGN Thinning, splitting of Decreased serum C3
BM, Tram Track
Nephrotic Syndrome
Minimal Change MCC in children Foot process
Disease Triggered by recent effacement
infection, immunization,
immune stimulus
Focal Segmental MCC in African Effacement, IgM, C3, C1
Glomerulosclerosis Americans, Hispanics Segmental Sclerosis,
Hyalinosis
Membranous MCC in Caucasian Spike and Dome,
Nephropathy GBM thickening
Amyloidosis Congo Red Stain: Amyloid
Apple green
biregrinfence under
polarized light
Diabetic Kimmelstiel Wilson Due to glycosylation
Glomerulonephropathy lesion
GBM thickening
Mesangial
Expansion
Disease Histology Description
Hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s Thyroidits Lymphoid aggregate sin Anti Enlarged, non tender
germinal centers, Thyroidperoxidase
granular cytoplasm Antibodies
Hurthle Cells Antithyroglobulin
Antibodies
Subacute Thyroidits Mixed cellular Follows flu-like Jaw pain, tender thyroid
infiltration, multinuclear illness
giant cells
(Granulomatous
inflammation)
Rieder’s Thyroiditis Fibrosis Hard rock like, painless
(Silent thyroidits) goiter
Thyroid Cancer
Follicular Carcinoma Uniform follicles
invading capsule
Anaplastic Thyroid Pleomorphic giant cells
Cancer
Thyroid cancer Psammoma
bodies(concentric
calcifications), ground
glass nucleus w/
intranuclear grooving
Papillary Cancer Intranuclear grooving. RET and BRAF
Orphan Annie’s Eye mutations
Medullary Thyroid C cells, amyloid deposit MEN 2A and 2B
Cancer (RET)

Transplant Rejection

Type Onset Notes Histology

Hyperacute Minutes Type III Thrombosis of graft
Host Ab x Donor Ag IschemiaNecrosis
Acute Weeks-months Type IV Vaculitis of graft vessel
Host CD8 x Donor MHC Lymphocytic infiltrate
Chronic Months - years Type II/IV Parencymal atrophy,
Host CD4 x APC arteriosclerosis. Organ specific:
Host Ab x Donor Ag Bronchiolits obliterans, Vanishing
bile duct
Graft vs Host Varies Type IV Maculopapular rash,
Donor T Cells x Host cells hepatosplenomegaly
Usually in bone marrow and liver
transplants(rich lymphocytes)
 Beneficial in bone marrow
transplant for leukemia

Genetic

Disease Identification Labs Comorbidities

Down Syndrome Flat Face, High beta hCG, low Duodenal atresia, umbilical
(Trisomy 21) Epicanthal folds, single AFP hernia, Hirschprung
palmar crease, gap b/w 1st 2 Disease, Early onset
toes, Alzheimers
Endocardial cushion defects
(ASD, VSD)
Edwards Rocker bottom feet, Low beta hCG Congenital Heart disease
(Trisomy 18) micrognatiha (small jaw),
low st ears, clenched hands
with overlapping fingers
Patau (Trisomy Rocker Bottom feet, Congenital heart disease
13) micropthalmia,
microcephaly, cleft
lip/palate,
holoprosencephaly,
polydactyly
Cri du Chat High pitched crying VSD
(5 arm deletion)
Williams Elfin face, hypercalcemia
Syndrome
(7 arm deletion)
Klinefelter Testicular atrophy, tall long Inactivated X Dysgenesis of seminiferous
(47XXY) extremities, gynecomastia, chromosome tubules: Low inhibin B, high
female hair distribution. FSH
Leydig Cells: low
testosterone, high estrogen
and LH
Turner Streak ovary, Webbed neck, Bicuspid aortic valve,
(45 XO) cystic hygoma, nipples wide Coarctation, horseshoe
apart kidney

Bone Diseases
Disease Description
Osteoporosis Trabecular bone Normal lab values
Osteopetrosis Stone bone Defective osteoclasts
Bone filled marrow spaces
Extramedullary
hematopoiesis
Osteomalacia (Rickets) Epiphyseal widening,
metahysel cupping, bead
like costochondral
junctions, bow legs,
craniotabes(soft skull)
Paget’s disease Mosaic Pattern of lamellar
bone
Osteitis fibrosa cystica Sub periosteal thinning,
(Hyperparathyroidism) Brown tumors, Salt-Pepper
appearance of Skull
Neurology
Childhood tumors
Tumor Histology
Pilocytic Astrocytoma Rosenthal Fibers
Cystic + Solid Tumor
GFAP +
Medulloblastoma Homer Wright Rosettes
Small blue cells
Ependymoma Perivascular rosettes
Rod shaped
blepharoblasts
Cranipharyngioma Cholesterol Crystals,
Motor oil like fluid
Pinealoma
Adult tumors
Tumor Histology
Glioblastoma Pseudopalisading
pleomorphic tumor cells
Meningioma Psammoma bodies
Spindle cells in whorled
patter
Schwannoma S100
Defective
Mineralization. Low
Vit. D, Low Ca, Low
PO4 High PTH, ALP
Increased osteocalstic
activity, increased
osteoblastic (forms
poor quality bone)
Ca, PTH - Normal, High
ALP
Increased osteoclastic
activity
Notes
Common in children,
posterior fossa
Compress 4th ventircle 
non communicating
hydrocephalus
MC in 4th ventricle
Hydrocephalus
Derived from Rathke
Pouch
Parinaud Syndrome
(compression of
tectumVertical gaze),
obstructive
hydrocephalus,
precocious puberty
Notes
MC Vestibulocochlear
Can’t affect CN 2
Oligodendroglioma Fried egg cells, calcified MC frontal lobe
(Oligodendrocytes)
chicken Wire capillary